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Search Results (1,186)

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Keywords = hybrid nano-composites

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21 pages, 12700 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Developed TiO2 NWs-Fe2O3 Modified PES Membranes for Efficient NBB Dye Removal
by Mouna Mansor Hussein, Qusay F. Alsalhy, Mohamed Gar Alalm and M. M. El-Halwany
ChemEngineering 2025, 9(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering9040082 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Current work investigates the fabrication and performance of nanocomposite membranes, modified with varying concentrations of hybrid nanostructures comprising titanium nanowires coated with iron nanoparticles (TiO2 NWs-Fe2O3), for the removal of Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) dye from industrial wastewater. [...] Read more.
Current work investigates the fabrication and performance of nanocomposite membranes, modified with varying concentrations of hybrid nanostructures comprising titanium nanowires coated with iron nanoparticles (TiO2 NWs-Fe2O3), for the removal of Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) dye from industrial wastewater. A series of analytical tools were employed to confirm the successful modification including scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis, porosity and hydrophilicity measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction. The incorporation of TiO2 NWs-Fe2O3 has enhanced membrane performance significantly by increasing the PWF and improving dye retention rates of nanocomposite membranes. At 0.7 g of nanostructure content, the modified membrane (M8) achieved a PWF of 93 L/m2·h and NBB dye rejection of over 98%. The flux recovery ratio (FRR) analysis disclosed improved antifouling properties, with the M8 membrane demonstrating a 73.4% FRR. This study confirms the potential of TiO2 NWs-Fe2O3-modified membranes in enhancing water treatment processes, offering a promising solution for industrial wastewater treatment. These outstanding results highlight the potential of the novel PES-TiO2 NWs-Fe2O3 membranes for dye removal and present adequate guidance for the modification of membrane physical properties in the field of wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Chemical Engineering)
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13 pages, 3341 KiB  
Article
Regulation of Electrochemical Activity via Controlled Integration of NiS2 over Co3O4 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
by Mrunal Bhosale, Rutuja U. Amate, Pritam J. Morankar and Chan-Wook Jeon
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080887 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 144
Abstract
Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable approach for hydrogen production, yet efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts operating in alkaline environments remain critically needed. Herein, we report the fabrication of Co3O4–NiS2 nanocomposites synthesized through a facile coprecipitation and [...] Read more.
Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable approach for hydrogen production, yet efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts operating in alkaline environments remain critically needed. Herein, we report the fabrication of Co3O4–NiS2 nanocomposites synthesized through a facile coprecipitation and subsequent thermal treatment method. Detailed characterization via physicochemical techniques confirmed the successful formation of a hybrid Co3O4–NiS2 heterostructure with tunable compositional and morphological characteristics. Among the synthesized catalysts (Co–Ni–1, Co–Ni–2, and Co–Ni–3), the Co–Ni–2 sample demonstrated optimal structural integration, displaying interconnected nanosheet morphologies and balanced elemental distribution. Remarkably, Co–Ni–2 achieved exceptional HER performance in 1 M KOH electrolyte, requiring an ultralow overpotential of only 84 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and exhibiting a favorable Tafel slope of 67.5 mV dec−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical surface area measurements further substantiated the superior electrocatalytic kinetics, rapid charge transport, and abundant active site accessibility in the optimized Co–Ni–2 composite. Additionally, Co–Ni–2 demonstrated outstanding durability with negligible activity decay over 5000 cycles. This study not only highlights the strategic synthesis of Co3O4–NiS2 nanostructures but also provides valuable insights for designing advanced, stable, and efficient non-noble electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen generation. Full article
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14 pages, 4052 KiB  
Article
ZnO/PVDF Nanogenerators with Hemisphere-Patterned PDMS for Enhanced Piezoelectric Performance
by Kibum Song and Keun-Young Shin
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152041 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 358
Abstract
In this study, we present a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator based on a zinc oxide (ZnO)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite electrospun onto a hemisphere-patterned PDMS substrate. The nanogenerator was fabricated by replicating a silicon mold with inverted hemispheres into PDMS, followed by direct electrospinning of [...] Read more.
In this study, we present a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator based on a zinc oxide (ZnO)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite electrospun onto a hemisphere-patterned PDMS substrate. The nanogenerator was fabricated by replicating a silicon mold with inverted hemispheres into PDMS, followed by direct electrospinning of ZnO-dispersed PVDF nanofibers. Varying the ZnO concentration from 0.6 to 1.4 wt% allowed us to evaluate its effect on structural, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties. The nanogenerator containing 0.8 wt% ZnO exhibited the thinnest fibers (371 nm), the highest β-phase fraction (85.6%), and the highest dielectric constant (35.8). As a result, it achieved the maximum output voltage of 7.30 V, with excellent signal consistency under an applied pressure of 5 N. Comparisons with pristine PVDF- and ZnO/PVDF-only devices demonstrated the synergistic effect of ZnO loading and patterned PDMS on the enhancement of piezoelectric output. The hemisphere-patterned PDMS substrate improved the mechanical strain distribution, interfacial contact, and charge collection efficiency. These results highlight the potential of ZnO/PVDF/PDMS hybrid nanogenerators for use in wearable electronics and self-powered sensor systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Applied Polymers in Renewable Energy)
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16 pages, 1870 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Development and Industrial Applications of Wax Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Nano, Green, and Classic Materials Approaches
by Parham Joolaei Ahranjani, Hamed Sadatfaraji, Kamine Dehghan, Vaibhav A. Edlabadkar, Prasant Khadka, Ifeanyi Nwobodo, VN Ramachander Turaga, Justin Disney and Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080395 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 277
Abstract
Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to [...] Read more.
Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to mitigate these issues, operate by altering wax crystallization, aggregation, and adhesion over the pipelines. Classic wax inhibitors, comprising synthetic polymers and natural compounds, have been widely utilized due to their established efficiency and scalability. However, synthetic inhibitors face environmental concerns, while natural inhibitors exhibit reduced performance under extreme conditions. The advent of nano-based wax inhibitors has revolutionized wax management strategies. These advanced materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites, leverage their high surface area and tunable interfacial properties to enhance efficiency, particularly in harsh environments. While offering superior performance, nano-based inhibitors are constrained by high production costs, scalability challenges, and potential environmental risks. In parallel, the development of “green” wax inhibitors derived from renewable resources such as vegetable oils addresses sustainability demands. These eco-friendly formulations introduce functionalities that reinforce inhibitory interactions with wax crystals, enabling effective deposition control while reducing reliance on synthetic components. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, applications, and comparative performance of classic and nano-based wax inhibitors. It highlights the growing integration of sustainable and hybrid approaches that combine the reliability of classic inhibitors with the advanced capabilities of nano-based systems. Future directions emphasize the need for cost-effective, eco-friendly solutions through innovations in material science, computational modeling, and biotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
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29 pages, 42729 KiB  
Article
Sustainable and Functional Polymeric Coating for Wood Preservation
by Ramona Marina Grigorescu, Rodica-Mariana Ion, Lorena Iancu, Sofia Slamnoiu-Teodorescu, Anca Irina Gheboianu, Elvira Alexandrescu, Madalina Elena David, Mariana Constantin, Iuliana Raut, Celina Maria Damian, Cristian-Andi Nicolae and Bogdan Trica
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080875 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
The development of sustainable and functional nanocomposites has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their broad spectrum of potential applications, including wood preservation. Also, a global goal is to reuse the large volumes of waste for environmental issues. In this context, [...] Read more.
The development of sustainable and functional nanocomposites has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their broad spectrum of potential applications, including wood preservation. Also, a global goal is to reuse the large volumes of waste for environmental issues. In this context, the aim of the study was to obtain soda lignin particles, to graft ZnO nanoparticles onto their surface and to apply these hybrids, embedded into a biodegradable polymer matrix, as protection/preservation coating for oak wood. The organic–inorganic hybrids were characterized in terms of compositional, structural, thermal, and morphological properties that confirm the efficacy of soda lignin extraction and ZnO grafting by physical adsorption onto the decorating support and by weak interactions and coordination bonding between the components. The developed solution based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and lignin-ZnO was applied to oak wood specimens by brushing, and the improvement in hydrophobicity (evaluated by water absorption that decreased by 48.8% more than wood, humidity tests where the treated sample had a humidity of 4.734% in comparison with 34.911% for control, and contact angle of 97.8° vs. 80.5° for untreated wood) and UV and fungal attack protection, while maintaining the color and aspect of specimens, was sustained. L.ZnO are well dispersed into the polymer matrix, ensuring a smooth and less porous wood surface. According to the results, the obtained wood coating using both a biodegradable polymeric matrix and a waste-based preservative can be applied for protection against weathering degradation factors, with limited water uptake and swelling of the wood, UV shielding, reduced wood discoloration and photo-degradation, effective protection against fungi, and esthetic quality. Full article
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63 pages, 4971 KiB  
Review
Electrochemical Nanosensors Applied to the Assay of Some Food Components—A Review
by Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi, Florin Iordache, Loredana Stanca, Petronela Mihaela Rosu, Nicoleta Ciocirlie, Ovidiu Ionut Geicu, Liviu Bilteanu and Andreea Iren Serban
Chemosensors 2025, 13(8), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080272 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 503
Abstract
Nanomaterials’ special features enable their extensive application in chemical and biochemical nanosensors for food assays; food packaging; environmental, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications; and photoelectronics. The analytical strategies based on novel nanomaterials have proved their pivotal role and increasing interest in the assay of [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials’ special features enable their extensive application in chemical and biochemical nanosensors for food assays; food packaging; environmental, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications; and photoelectronics. The analytical strategies based on novel nanomaterials have proved their pivotal role and increasing interest in the assay of key food components. The choice of transducer is pivotal for promoting the performance of electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical nano-transducers provide a large active surface area, enabling improved sensitivity, specificity, fast assay, precision, accuracy, and reproducibility, over the analytical range of interest, when compared to traditional sensors. Synthetic routes encompass physical techniques in general based on top–down approaches, chemical methods mainly relying on bottom–up approaches, or green technologies. Hybrid techniques such as electrochemical pathways or photochemical reduction are also applied. Electrochemical nanocomposite sensors relying on conducting polymers are amenable to performance improvement, achieved by integrating redox mediators, conductive hydrogels, and molecular imprinting polymers. Carbon-based or metal-based nanoparticles are used in combination with ionic liquids, enhancing conductivity and electron transfer. The composites may be prepared using a plethora of combinations of carbon-based, metal-based, or organic-based nanomaterials, promoting a high electrocatalytic response, and can accommodate biorecognition elements for increased specificity. Nanomaterials can function as pivotal components in electrochemical (bio)sensors applied to food assays, aiming at the analysis of bioactives, nutrients, food additives, and contaminants. Given the broad range of transducer types, detection modes, and targeted analytes, it is important to discuss the analytical performance and applicability of such nanosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensor for Food Analysis)
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19 pages, 4188 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Epoxy Nanocomposites Through Hybrid Reinforcement of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets: A Synergistic Route to Balanced Strength, Stiffness, and Dispersion
by Saba Yaqoob, Zulfiqar Ali, Alberto D’Amore, Alessandro Lo Schiavo, Antonio Petraglia and Mauro Rubino
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(7), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9070374 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have attracted significant interest as hybrid reinforcements in epoxy (Ep) composites for enhancing mechanical performance in structural applications, such as aerospace and automotive. These 1D and 2D nanofillers possess exceptionally high aspect ratios and intrinsic mechanical [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have attracted significant interest as hybrid reinforcements in epoxy (Ep) composites for enhancing mechanical performance in structural applications, such as aerospace and automotive. These 1D and 2D nanofillers possess exceptionally high aspect ratios and intrinsic mechanical properties, substantially improving composite stiffness and tensile strength. In this study, epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated with 0.1 wt.% and 0.3 wt.% of CNTs and GNPs individually, and with 1:1 CNT:GNP hybrid fillers at equivalent total loadings. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces confirmed that the CNTGNP hybrids dispersed uniformly, forming an interconnected nanostructured network. Notably, the 0.3 wt.% CNTGNP hybrid system exhibited minimal agglomeration and voids, preventing crack initiation and propagation. Mechanical testing revealed that the 0.3 wt.% CNTGNP/Ep composite achieved the highest tensile strength of approximately 84.5 MPa while maintaining a well-balanced stiffness profile (elastic modulus ≈ 4.62 GPa). The hybrid composite outperformed both due to its synergistic reinforcement mechanisms and superior dispersion despite containing only half the concentration of each nanofiller relative to the individual 0.3 wt.% CNT or GNP systems. In addition to mechanical performance, electrical conductivity analysis revealed that the 0.3 wt.% CNTGNP hybrid composite exhibited the highest conductivity of 0.025 S/m, surpassing the 0.3 wt.% CNT-only system (0.022 S/m), owing to forming a well-connected three-dimensional conductive network. The 0.1 wt.% CNT-only composite also showed enhanced conductivity (0.0004 S/m) due to better dispersion at lower filler loadings. These results highlight the dominant role of CNTs in charge transport and the effectiveness of hybrid networks in minimizing agglomeration. These findings demonstrate that CNTGNP hybrid fillers can deliver optimally balanced mechanical enhancement in epoxy matrices, offering a promising route for designing lightweight, high-performance structural composites. Further optimization of nanofiller dispersion and interfacial chemistry may yield even greater improvements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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15 pages, 5712 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticle/Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites with Induced Magnetic Performance
by Anastasios C. Patsidis, Aikaterini Sanida, Georgia C. Manika, Sevasti Gioti, Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Nicholas Petropoulos, Athanasios Kanapitsas, Christos Tsonos, Thanassis Speliotis and Georgios C. Psarras
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141913 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 399
Abstract
In this work magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4, or ZnFe2O4, or SrFe12O19) and BaTiO3 microparticles were embedded in an epoxy resin for the synthesis of three series of hybrid magnetic polymer nanocomposites. [...] Read more.
In this work magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4, or ZnFe2O4, or SrFe12O19) and BaTiO3 microparticles were embedded in an epoxy resin for the synthesis of three series of hybrid magnetic polymer nanocomposites. Barium titanate content was kept constant, while magnetic phase content was varied. Fabricated specimens were structurally and morphologically characterized by employing scanning electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns. Results implied successful synthesis of the hybrid nanocomposites. The magnetic behavior of the pure magnetic nanoparticles and the fabricated nanocomposites was investigated via a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The magnetic performance of each type of magnetic phase (i.e., soft and hard) was induced in the nanocomposites, and magnetic performance is strengthened with the increase in magnetic phase content. Initial magnetization curves were used for the determination of mass magnetic susceptibility of all nanocomposites. Magnetic saturation and magnetic remanence have been found to follow a linear relationship with magnetic phase content, giving the opportunity to predict the system’s response in advance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Inorganic Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications)
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20 pages, 3918 KiB  
Article
Engineered Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4/GCN Spinel Nanostructures for Dual-Functional Energy Storage and Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
by Abdus Sami, Sohail Ahmad, Ai-Dang Shan, Sijie Zhang, Liming Fu, Saima Farooq, Salam K. Al-Dawery, Hamed N. Harharah, Ramzi H. Harharah and Gasim Hayder
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072200 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
The rapid growth in population and industrialization have significantly increased global energy demand, placing immense pressure on finite and environmentally harmful conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources. In this context, the development of hybrid electrocatalysts presents a crucial solution for energy conversion and storage, [...] Read more.
The rapid growth in population and industrialization have significantly increased global energy demand, placing immense pressure on finite and environmentally harmful conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources. In this context, the development of hybrid electrocatalysts presents a crucial solution for energy conversion and storage, addressing environmental challenges while meeting rising energy needs. In this study, the fabrication of a novel bifunctional catalyst, copper nickel aluminum spinel (Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4) supported on graphitic carbon nitride (GCN), using a solid-state synthesis process is reported. Because of its effective interface design and spinel cubic structure, the Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4/GCN nanocomposite, as synthesized, performs exceptionally well in electrochemical energy conversion, such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and energy storage. In particular, compared to noble metals, Pt/C- and IrO2-based water-splitting cells require higher voltages (1.70 V), while for the Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4/GCN nanocomposite, a voltage of 1.49 V is sufficient to generate a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline solution. When used as supercapacitor electrode materials, Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4/GCN nanocomposites show a specific capacitance of 1290 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and maintain a specific capacitance of 609 F g−1 even at a higher current density of 5 A g−1, suggesting exceptional rate performance and charge storage capacity. The electrode’s exceptional capacitive properties were further confirmed through the determination of the roughness factor (Rf), which represents surface heterogeneity and active area enhancement, with a value of 345.5. These distinctive characteristics render the Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4/GCN composite a compelling alternative to fossil fuels in the ongoing quest for a viable replacement. Undoubtedly, the creation of the Cu0.5Ni0.5Al2O4/GCN composite represents a significant breakthrough in addressing the energy crisis and environmental concerns. Owing to its unique composition and electrocatalytic characteristics, it is considered a feasible choice in the pursuit of ecologically sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Full article
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22 pages, 4871 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Multi-Module Micro–Nano Satellite Components Assignment and Layout
by Hao Zhang, Jun Zhou and Guanghui Liu
Aerospace 2025, 12(7), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070614 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
The assembly optimization design of satellite components is a crucial element in the overall design of satellites. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional assembly optimization design problem (3D-AODP) for multi-module micro–nano satellite components is proposed according to the engineering requirements, aiming at optimizing [...] Read more.
The assembly optimization design of satellite components is a crucial element in the overall design of satellites. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional assembly optimization design problem (3D-AODP) for multi-module micro–nano satellite components is proposed according to the engineering requirements, aiming at optimizing the satellite mass characteristics, and taking into account constraints such as space interference, space occupation and special location. Multi-module micro–nano satellites are a new type of satellite configuration based on the assembly of multiple U-shaped cube units. The 3D-AODP of its components is a challenging two-layer composite optimization task involving discrete variable optimization of component allocation and continuous variable optimization of component layout, which interact with each other. To solve the problem, a hybrid assembly optimization method based on tabu search (TS) and multi-objective differential evolutionary (MODE) algorithms is proposed, in which the assignment problem of the components is converted into a domain search problem by the TS algorithm. The space interference constraints and space occupancy constraints of the components are considered, and an assignment scheme with the minimum mass difference is obtained. On this basis, a bi-objective differential evolutionary algorithm is used to develop the layout optimization problem for the components, which takes into account the spatial non-interference constraints and special location constraints of the components, and obtains the Pareto solution set of the assembly scheme under the optimal mass characteristics (moment of inertia and product of inertia). Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by an engineering case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)
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37 pages, 5280 KiB  
Review
Thermal Issues Related to Hybrid Bonding of 3D-Stacked High Bandwidth Memory: A Comprehensive Review
by Seung-Hoon Lee, Su-Jong Kim, Ji-Su Lee and Seok-Ho Rhi
Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132682 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 2467
Abstract
High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) enables the bandwidth required by modern AI and high-performance computing, yet its three dimensional stack traps heat and amplifies thermo mechanical stress. We first review how conventional solutions such as heat spreaders, microchannels, high density Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs), and Mass [...] Read more.
High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) enables the bandwidth required by modern AI and high-performance computing, yet its three dimensional stack traps heat and amplifies thermo mechanical stress. We first review how conventional solutions such as heat spreaders, microchannels, high density Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs), and Mass Reflow Molded Underfill (MR MUF) underfills lower but do not eliminate the internal thermal resistance that rises sharply beyond 12layer stacks. We then synthesize recent hybrid bonding studies, showing that an optimized Cu pad density, interface characteristic, and mechanical treatments can cut junction-to-junction thermal resistance by between 22.8% and 47%, raise vertical thermal conductivity by up to three times, and shrink the stack height by more than 15%. A meta-analysis identifies design thresholds such as at least 20% Cu coverage that balances heat flow, interfacial stress, and reliability. The review next traces the chain from Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) mismatch to Cu protrusion, delamination, and warpage and classifies mitigation strategies into (i) material selection including SiCN dielectrics, nano twinned Cu, and polymer composites, (ii) process technologies such as sub-200 °C plasma-activated bonding and Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) anneal co-optimization, and (iii) the structural design, including staggered stack and filleted corners. Integrating these levers suppresses stress hotspots and extends fatigue life in more than 16layer stacks. Finally, we outline a research roadmap combining a multiscale simulation with high layer prototyping to co-optimize thermal, mechanical, and electrical metrics for next-generation 20-layer HBM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Semiconductor Devices)
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28 pages, 11703 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Strength of Pultruded ECR–Glass Fiber Composites with Nanofiller-Infused Epoxy Resin
by Poorna Chandra, Ravikumar Venkatarayappa, Savitha D. Chandrashekar, Kiran Raveendra, Asha P. Bhaskararao, Suresha Bheemappa, Dayanand M. Goudar, Rajashekhar V. Kurhatti, K. Raju and Deesy G. Pinto
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(7), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9070321 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 843
Abstract
The effect of the interaction between silica (nS) and hydroxyapatite (nHap) nanomaterials on the characteristics of unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy (GF/Ep) composite systems is investigated in this work. The goal of the study is to use these nanofillers to improve the microstructure and mechanical [...] Read more.
The effect of the interaction between silica (nS) and hydroxyapatite (nHap) nanomaterials on the characteristics of unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy (GF/Ep) composite systems is investigated in this work. The goal of the study is to use these nanofillers to improve the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Pultrusion was used to produce hybrid nanocomposites while keeping the GF loading at a consistent 75% by weight. The hybrid nanocomposites were made with a total filler loading of 6 wt.%, including nHap, and a nS loading ranging from 2 to 4 wt.%. The mechanical performance of the composite was greatly improved by the use of these nanofillers. Compared to neat GF/Ep, hybrid nanocomposites with 6 wt.% combined fillers exhibited increased hardness (14%), tensile strength (25%), interlaminar shear strength (21.3%), and flexural strength (33%). These improvements are attributed to efficient filler dispersion, enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion, and crack propagation resistance. Incorporating 4 wt.% nS alone improved hardness (6%), tensile strength (9%), tensile modulus (21%), interlaminar shear strength (11.4%), flexural strength (12%), and flexural modulus (14%). FTIR analysis indicated Si-O-Si network formation and increased hydrogen bonding, supporting enhanced interfacial interactions. Ultraviolet reflectance measurements showed increased UV reflectivity with nS, especially in hybrid systems, due to synergistic effects. Impact strength also improved, with a notable 11.6% increase observed in the hybrid nanocomposite. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the nanofillers act as secondary reinforcements within the matrix. These hybrid nanocomposites present a promising material choice for various industries, including marine structural applications and automotive components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials and Joints)
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18 pages, 6693 KiB  
Article
Tensile Resistance and Fracture Mechanisms of Silica Aerogels Reinforced by Nanotube–Graphene Hybrid Networks
by Lin Guo, Mu Du, Jiaqian Li, Wei Li, Mingyang Yang and Gongming Xin
Gels 2025, 11(6), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11060471 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
Despite their outstanding thermal insulation and ultralight structure, silica aerogels suffer from inherent mechanical fragility, making the investigation of their mechanical behavior crucial for expanding their practical utility in advanced applications. To enhance their mechanical performance, this study introduces a dual-phase reinforcement strategy [...] Read more.
Despite their outstanding thermal insulation and ultralight structure, silica aerogels suffer from inherent mechanical fragility, making the investigation of their mechanical behavior crucial for expanding their practical utility in advanced applications. To enhance their mechanical performance, this study introduces a dual-phase reinforcement strategy by anisotropically incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) sheets into the aerogel matrix. Using molecular dynamic simulations, we systematically investigate the tensile behavior and pore structure evolution of these hetero-structured composites. The results reveal a non-monotonic dependence of tensile strength on loading ratio, distinguishing three strain-dependent reinforcement regimes. High loading content (11.1%) significantly improves strength under low strain (0–26%), whereas low loading levels (1.8%) are more effective at preserving structural integrity under large strain (44–50%). Moderate loading (5.1%) yields balanced performance in intermediate regimes. While increasing carbon content reduces initial pore size by partially filling the framework, tensile deformation leads to interfacial debonding and the formation of larger pores due to CNT–GO hybrid structure interactions. This work elucidates a dual reinforcement mechanism—physical pore confinement and interfacial coupling—highlighting the critical role of nanostructure geometry in tuning strain-specific mechanical responses. The findings provide mechanistic insights into anisotropic nanocomposite behavior and offer guidance for designing robust porous materials for structural and functional applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerogels: Synthesis and Applications)
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23 pages, 7235 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Resistance Behavior of Mg-Zn-Ce/MWCNT Magnesium Nanocomposites Synthesized by Ultrasonication-Assisted Hybrid Stir–Squeeze Casting for Sacrificial Anode Applications
by S. C. Amith, Poovazhagan Lakshmanan, Gnanavelbabu Annamalai, Manoj Gupta and Arunkumar Thirugnanasambandam
Metals 2025, 15(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060673 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
The influence of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcements on electrochemical corrosion investigations at varying NaCl concentrations (0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, 1 M) of Mg-Zn-Ce nanocomposites is studied in this work. The Mg-Zn-Ce/MWCNT nanocomposites were developed by using an ultrasonication-assisted hybrid stir–squeeze [...] Read more.
The influence of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcements on electrochemical corrosion investigations at varying NaCl concentrations (0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, 1 M) of Mg-Zn-Ce nanocomposites is studied in this work. The Mg-Zn-Ce/MWCNT nanocomposites were developed by using an ultrasonication-assisted hybrid stir–squeeze (UHSS) casting method with different MWCNT concentrations (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 wt.%) in a Mg-Zn-Ce magnesium alloy matrix. The microstructural characterizations shown using X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of secondary phases (MgZn2, Mg12Ce), T-phase (Mg7Zn3RE), α-Mg, and MWCNT peaks. Optical microscopy results showed grain refinement in the case of nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscope studies revealed well-dispersed MWCNT, indicating the good selection of processing parameters. The uniform dispersion of MWCNTs was achieved due to a hybrid stirring mechanism along with transient cavitation, ultrasonic streaming, and squeeze effect. The higher Ecorr value of −1.39 V, lower Icorr value (5.81 µA/cm2), and lower corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/Yr (↑77%) were obtained by 0.8% nanocomposite at 0.4 M NaCl concentration, when compared to the monolithic alloy. The Mg(OH)2 passive film formation on 0.8 wt.% nanocomposite was denser, attributed to the refined grains. At higher NaCl concentration, the one-dimensional morphological advantage of MWCNT helped to act as a barrier for further Mg exposure to excessive Cl attack, which reduced the formation of MgCl2. Therefore, the UHSS-casted Mg-Zn-Ce/MWCNT nanocomposites present a good potential as sacrificial anodes for use in a wide range of industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Corrosion and Protection of Materials (Third Edition))
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36 pages, 2142 KiB  
Review
Bioinspired Nanoplatforms: Polydopamine and Exosomes for Targeted Antimicrobial Therapy
by Barathan Muttiah and Alfizah Hanafiah
Polymers 2025, 17(12), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121670 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 684
Abstract
Global growth in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has accelerated the need for novel therapy beyond the scope of conventional antibiotics. In the last decade, polydopamine (PDA), a mussel-inspired polymer with redox capability, remarkable adhesion, and biocompatibility, has emerged as a universal antimicrobial coating with [...] Read more.
Global growth in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has accelerated the need for novel therapy beyond the scope of conventional antibiotics. In the last decade, polydopamine (PDA), a mussel-inspired polymer with redox capability, remarkable adhesion, and biocompatibility, has emerged as a universal antimicrobial coating with widespread uses. At the same time, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particularly exosomes have gained prominence for their intrinsic cargo delivery and immune-modulating properties. Here, we summarize the synergistic value of PDA and exosome integration into multifunctional antimicrobial nanoplatforms. We discuss the inherent antimicrobial activity of PDA and exosomes; the advantages of PDA coating, including increased exosome stability, ROS generation, and surface functionalization; and current methodologies towards designing PDA-exosome hybrids. This review also mentions other antimicrobial polymers and nanocomposites that may be employed for exosome modification, such as quaternized chitosan, zwitterionic polymers, and polymer–metal composites. Most significant challenges, such as the maintenance of exosome integrity, coating uniformity, biocompatibility, scalability, and immunogenicity, are addressed. Finally, future research directions are highlighted, with emphasis on intelligent, stimulus-responsive coatings, AMP incorporation, and clinical translation. Collectively, this review underscores the promise of PDA-coated exosomes as potential antimicrobial therapeutics against AMR with potential applications in wound healing, implant protection, and targeted infection control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Innovations in Biomedicine)
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