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24 pages, 6260 KiB  
Article
Transforming Product Discovery and Interpretation Using Vision–Language Models
by Simona-Vasilica Oprea and Adela Bâra
J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030191 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 191
Abstract
In this work, the utility of multimodal vision–language models (VLMs) for visual product understanding in e-commerce is investigated, focusing on two complementary models: ColQwen2 (vidore/colqwen2-v1.0) and ColPali (vidore/colpali-v1.2-hf). These models are integrated into two architectures and evaluated across various [...] Read more.
In this work, the utility of multimodal vision–language models (VLMs) for visual product understanding in e-commerce is investigated, focusing on two complementary models: ColQwen2 (vidore/colqwen2-v1.0) and ColPali (vidore/colpali-v1.2-hf). These models are integrated into two architectures and evaluated across various product interpretation tasks, including image-grounded question answering, brand recognition and visual retrieval based on natural language prompts. ColQwen2, built on the Qwen2-VL backbone with LoRA-based adapter hot-swapping, demonstrates strong performance, allowing end-to-end image querying and text response synthesis. It excels at identifying attributes such as brand, color or usage based solely on product images and responds fluently to user questions. In contrast, ColPali, which utilizes the PaliGemma backbone, is optimized for explainability. It delivers detailed visual-token alignment maps that reveal how specific regions of an image contribute to retrieval decisions, offering transparency ideal for diagnostics or educational applications. Through comparative experiments using footwear imagery, it is demonstrated that ColQwen2 is highly effective in generating accurate responses to product-related questions, while ColPali provides fine-grained visual explanations that reinforce trust and model accountability. Full article
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26 pages, 10354 KiB  
Article
The Role of Regional Codes in Mitigating Residential Sector Energy Demand Sensitivity to Climate Change Scenarios in Hot–Arid Regions
by Mohammed A. Aloshan and Kareem Aldali
Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111789 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 592
Abstract
Rising temperatures are intensifying residential cooling demands in hot–arid regions, with national building codes playing a pivotal role in mitigating these effects. This study evaluates the energy performance of two high-density residential buildings, Noor City in Cairo and Banan City in Riyadh, using [...] Read more.
Rising temperatures are intensifying residential cooling demands in hot–arid regions, with national building codes playing a pivotal role in mitigating these effects. This study evaluates the energy performance of two high-density residential buildings, Noor City in Cairo and Banan City in Riyadh, using DesignBuilder version 7.0.2.006 simulations for 2023, 2050, and 2080 under RCP 4.5 projections, followed by comparative and code-swapping analysis that assessed the role of envelope design parameters. All parameters were constant, except for those dictated by each country’s code. Results show that under future climate conditions, cooling loads in the uninsulated Noor City rise by 69% by 2080, compared to a 32% increase in Banan City. A code-swapping analysis confirmed the regulatory impact; applying the Saudi envelope to Noor City reduced annual energy use by over 40%, while using the Egyptian code in Banan City increased it by more than 50%. Solar exposure analysis further revealed that Noor City’s unshaded façades contribute to elevated thermal loads. Additionally, a 20.48 kWp rooftop photovoltaic system offsets 32:35% of annual energy consumption in both cases. While operational benefits are evident, no full life cycle cost (LCC) analysis was conducted; future studies should address economic feasibility to guide code adaptation in lower-income contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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14 pages, 8597 KiB  
Article
AI-Based Enhancing of xBn MWIR Thermal Camera Performance at 180 Kelvin
by Michael Zadok, Zeev Zalevsky and Benjamin Milgrom
Sensors 2025, 25(10), 3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103200 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
Thermal imaging technology has revolutionized various fields, but current high operating temperature (HOT) mid-wave infrared (MWIR) cameras, particularly those based on xBn detectors, face limitations in size and cost due to the need for cooling to 150 Kelvin. This study explores the potential [...] Read more.
Thermal imaging technology has revolutionized various fields, but current high operating temperature (HOT) mid-wave infrared (MWIR) cameras, particularly those based on xBn detectors, face limitations in size and cost due to the need for cooling to 150 Kelvin. This study explores the potential of extending the operating temperature of these cameras to 180 Kelvin, leveraging advanced AI algorithms to mitigate the increased thermal noise expected at higher temperatures. This research investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach for remote sensing applications, combining experimental data with cutting-edge image enhancement techniques like Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (ESRGAN). The findings demonstrate the potential of 180 Kelvin operation for xBn MWIR cameras, particularly in daylight conditions, paving the way for a new generation of more affordable and compact thermal imaging systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
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17 pages, 5133 KiB  
Article
Controller Hardware in the Loop Platform for Evaluating Current-Sharing and Hot-Swap in Microgrids
by Juan Martínez-Nolasco, Víctor Sámano-Ortega, Heriberto Rodriguez-Estrada, Mauro Santoyo-Mora, Elias Rodriguez-Segura and José Zavala-Villalpando
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3803; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153803 - 2 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1507
Abstract
Microgrids have increased in popularity thanks to both the integration of renewable energy resources and their energy distribution capability for remote locations. Moreover, the microgrids, mainly using multiple generators connected in parallel, acquire additional advantages by using both Hot-Swap and Current-Sharing techniques. This [...] Read more.
Microgrids have increased in popularity thanks to both the integration of renewable energy resources and their energy distribution capability for remote locations. Moreover, the microgrids, mainly using multiple generators connected in parallel, acquire additional advantages by using both Hot-Swap and Current-Sharing techniques. This paper presents the development of a Hardware in the Loop platform to test Current-Sharing algorithms. It is reinforced that the use of a real-time simulation based on Hardware in the Loop is a viable and cost-effective alternative in the validation of controllers. The platform was developed in a graphical programming environment (LabVIEW 2015) and implemented with NI MyRIO 1900 (National Instruments Corp., Austin, TX, USA) development boards for easier reproducibility. The entire code project is openly available and provided in this paper. A system of photovoltaic energy generators was used to evaluate the performance of the HIL platform. As a result, the platform was able to reproduce a similar behavior to the photovoltaic generator, presenting average mean errors of 0.4 V and 0.2 A in its voltage and current, respectively. Additionally, the platform showed its capability to test Current-Sharing algorithms in the occurrence of Hot-Swap events. This work contributes with a validation tool for energy management systems applied to microgrids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid and Energy Storage)
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18 pages, 9329 KiB  
Article
Switching and Frequency Response Assessment of Photovoltaic Drivers and Their Potential for Different Applications
by Walid Issa, Jose Ortiz Gonzalez and Olayiwola Alatise
Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070832 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1313
Abstract
Newly introduced Photovoltaic (PV) devices, featuring a built-in chip with an illuminating Light Emitting Diode (LED), have emerged in the commercial market. These devices are touted for their utility as both low- and high-side power switch drivers and for data acquisition coupling. However, [...] Read more.
Newly introduced Photovoltaic (PV) devices, featuring a built-in chip with an illuminating Light Emitting Diode (LED), have emerged in the commercial market. These devices are touted for their utility as both low- and high-side power switch drivers and for data acquisition coupling. However, comprehensive knowledge and experimentation regarding the limitations of these Photovoltaic Drivers in both switching and signal processing applications remain underexplored. This paper presents a detailed characterization of a Photovoltaic Driver, focusing on its performance under resistive and capacitive loads. Additionally, it delineates the device’s constraints when employed in signal processing. Through the analysis of switching losses across various power switches (Silicon and Silicon Carbide) in both series and parallel driver configurations, this study assesses the driver’s efficacy in operating Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs). Findings suggest that Photovoltaic Drivers offer a low-cost, compact solution for specific applications, such as high-voltage, low-bandwidth measurements, and low-speed turn-on with fast turn-off power switching scenarios, including solid-state switches and hot-swap circuits. Moreover, they present a straightforward, cost-effective method for driving JFETs, simplifying the circuit design and eliminating the need for an additional negative power source. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Semiconductor Devices and Applications, 2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 10349 KiB  
Article
Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Collaboration for Coverage Path Planning in Partially Known Dynamic Environments
by Gabriel G. R. de Castro, Tatiana M. B. Santos, Fabio A. A. Andrade, José Lima, Diego B. Haddad, Leonardo de M. Honório and Milena F. Pinto
Machines 2024, 12(3), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12030200 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4640
Abstract
This research presents a cooperation strategy for a heterogeneous group of robots that comprises two Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and one Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) to perform tasks in dynamic scenarios. This paper defines specific roles for the UAVs and UGV within the [...] Read more.
This research presents a cooperation strategy for a heterogeneous group of robots that comprises two Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and one Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) to perform tasks in dynamic scenarios. This paper defines specific roles for the UAVs and UGV within the framework to address challenges like partially known terrains and dynamic obstacles. The UAVs are focused on aerial inspections and mapping, while UGV conducts ground-level inspections. In addition, the UAVs can return and land at the UGV base, in case of a low battery level, to perform hot swapping so as not to interrupt the inspection process. This research mainly emphasizes developing a robust Coverage Path Planning (CPP) algorithm that dynamically adapts paths to avoid collisions and ensure efficient coverage. The Wavefront algorithm was selected for the two-dimensional offline CPP. All robots must follow a predefined path generated by the offline CPP. The study also integrates advanced technologies like Neural Networks (NN) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for adaptive path planning for both robots to enable real-time responses to dynamic obstacles. Extensive simulations using a Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo platforms were conducted to validate the approach considering specific real-world situations, that is, an electrical substation, in order to demonstrate its functionality in addressing challenges in dynamic environments and advancing the field of autonomous robots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mobile Robotics Navigation, 2nd Volume)
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29 pages, 5238 KiB  
Review
Infrared HOT Photodetectors: Status and Outlook
by Antoni Rogalski, Małgorzata Kopytko, Weida Hu and Piotr Martyniuk
Sensors 2023, 23(17), 7564; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177564 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5638
Abstract
At the current stage of long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detector technology development, the only commercially available detectors that operate at room temperature are thermal detectors. However, the efficiency of thermal detectors is modest: they exhibit a slow response time and are not very useful [...] Read more.
At the current stage of long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detector technology development, the only commercially available detectors that operate at room temperature are thermal detectors. However, the efficiency of thermal detectors is modest: they exhibit a slow response time and are not very useful for multispectral detection. On the other hand, in order to reach better performance (higher detectivity, better response speed, and multispectral response), infrared (IR) photon detectors are used, requiring cryogenic cooling. This is a major obstacle to the wider use of IR technology. For this reason, significant efforts have been taken to increase the operating temperature, such as size, weight and power consumption (SWaP) reductions, resulting in lower IR system costs. Currently, efforts are aimed at developing photon-based infrared detectors, with performance being limited by background radiation noise. These requirements are formalized in the Law 19 standard for P-i-N HgCdTe photodiodes. In addition to typical semiconductor materials such as HgCdTe and type-II AIIIBV superlattices, new generations of materials (two-dimensional (2D) materials and colloidal quantum dots (CQDs)) distinguished by the physical properties required for infrared detection are being considered for future high-operating-temperature (HOT) IR devices. Based on the dark current density, responsivity and detectivity considerations, an attempt is made to determine the development of a next-gen IR photodetector in the near future. Full article
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38 pages, 23792 KiB  
Review
A Review on Multilevel Converters for Efficient Integration of Battery Systems in Stationary Applications
by Abdul Mannan Rauf, Mohamed Abdel-Monem, Thomas Geury and Omar Hegazy
Energies 2023, 16(10), 4133; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104133 - 16 May 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3196
Abstract
Recently, multilevel converters (MLCs) have gained significant attention for stationary applications, including static compensators, industrial drives, and utility-grid interfaces for renewable energy sources. Compared to two-level voltage-source inverters (VSI) MLCs feature high-quality AC voltage with reduced harmonic content despite the lower switching frequency [...] Read more.
Recently, multilevel converters (MLCs) have gained significant attention for stationary applications, including static compensators, industrial drives, and utility-grid interfaces for renewable energy sources. Compared to two-level voltage-source inverters (VSI) MLCs feature high-quality AC voltage with reduced harmonic content despite the lower switching frequency of the semiconductor devices. On the DC side, MLCs can integrate multiple isolated/non-isolated battery modules instead of a single battery pack. This helps to keep the system in service in case of a malfunction of one or more battery modules, as well as active balancing among the modules, a feature not possible with two-level VSI. In general, MLCs can be classified into two types: (i) two-port MLCs, which provide a single interface to connect with the battery pack, and (ii) multiport MLCs, which provide multiple interfaces to allow connection at the module or cell level. The classical topologies of both MLC types (e.g., neutral point clamped, flying capacitor, cascaded bridge) face limitations due to the high switch count. Consequently, many hybrid and reduced-switch topologies are reported in the literature. This paper presents a critical overview of both classical and recently reported MLC topologies and offers a better insight of MLC operation for grid-connected and standalone applications. In addition, the analysis thoroughly assesses various high-level control and modulation strategies while considering active balancing among the battery modules. Other salient features such as balancing speed during offtake/grid-injection mode and fault-ride-through capability are also incorporated. In conclusion, the key findings are summarized for a better understanding of the present and future integration of battery systems in stationary applications. Full article
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16 pages, 1935 KiB  
Article
Measurement-Based Quantum Thermal Machines with Feedback Control
by Bibek Bhandari, Robert Czupryniak, Paolo Andrea Erdman and Andrew N. Jordan
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020204 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4241
Abstract
We investigated coupled-qubit-based thermal machines powered by quantum measurements and feedback. We considered two different versions of the machine: (1) a quantum Maxwell’s demon, where the coupled-qubit system is connected to a detachable single shared bath, and (2) a measurement-assisted refrigerator, where the [...] Read more.
We investigated coupled-qubit-based thermal machines powered by quantum measurements and feedback. We considered two different versions of the machine: (1) a quantum Maxwell’s demon, where the coupled-qubit system is connected to a detachable single shared bath, and (2) a measurement-assisted refrigerator, where the coupled-qubit system is in contact with a hot and cold bath. In the quantum Maxwell’s demon case, we discuss both discrete and continuous measurements. We found that the power output from a single qubit-based device can be improved by coupling it to the second qubit. We further found that the simultaneous measurement of both qubits can produce higher net heat extraction compared to two setups operated in parallel where only single-qubit measurements are performed. In the refrigerator case, we used continuous measurement and unitary operations to power the coupled-qubit-based refrigerator. We found that the cooling power of a refrigerator operated with swap operations can be enhanced by performing suitable measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermodynamics in Quantum and Mesoscopic Systems)
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13 pages, 11471 KiB  
Article
Storage Type and Hot Partition Aware Page Reclamation for NVM Swap in Smartphones
by Hyejung Yoon, Kyungwoon Cho and Hyokyung Bahn
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030386 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
With the rapid advances in mobile app technologies, new activities using smartphones emerge every day including social network and location-based services. However, smartphones experience problems in handling high priority tasks, and often close apps without the user’s agreement when there is no available [...] Read more.
With the rapid advances in mobile app technologies, new activities using smartphones emerge every day including social network and location-based services. However, smartphones experience problems in handling high priority tasks, and often close apps without the user’s agreement when there is no available memory space. To cope with this situation, supporting swap with fast NVM storage has been suggested. Although swap in smartphones incurs serious slowing-down problems in I/O operations during saving and restoring the context of apps, NVM has been shown to resolve this problem due to its fast I/O features. Unlike previous studies that only focused on the management of NVM swap itself, this article discusses how the memory management system of smartphones can be further improved with NVM swap. Specifically, we design a new page reclamation algorithm for smartphone memory systems, which considers the following: (1) storage types of each partition (i.e., file system for flash storage and swap for NVM), and (2) access hotness of each partition including operation types and workload characteristics. By considering asymmetric I/O cost and access density for each partition, our algorithm improves the I/O performance of smartphones significantly. Specifically, it improves the I/O time by 15.0% on average and by up to 35.1% compared to the well-known CLOCK algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Storage Systems with Non-volatile Memory Devices)
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17 pages, 2515 KiB  
Article
Study of HgCdTe (100) and HgCdTe (111)B Heterostructures Grown by MOCVD and Their Potential Application to APDs Operating in the IR Range up to 8 µm
by Małgorzata Kopytko, Jan Sobieski, Waldemar Gawron and Piotr Martyniuk
Sensors 2022, 22(3), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030924 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4154
Abstract
The trend related to reach the high operating temperature condition (HOT, temperature, T > 190 K) achieved by thermoelectric (TE) coolers has been observed in infrared (IR) technology recently. That is directly related to the attempts to reduce the IR detector size, weight, [...] Read more.
The trend related to reach the high operating temperature condition (HOT, temperature, T > 190 K) achieved by thermoelectric (TE) coolers has been observed in infrared (IR) technology recently. That is directly related to the attempts to reduce the IR detector size, weight, and power dissipation (SWaP) conditions. The room temperature avalanche photodiodes technology is well developed in short IR range (SWIR) while devices operating in mid-wavelength (MWIR) and long-wavelength (LWIR) require cooling to suppress dark current due to the low energy bandgap. The paper presents research on the potential application of the HgCdTe (100) oriented and HgCdTe (111)B heterostructures grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs substrates for the design of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operating in the IR range up to 8 µm and under 2-stage TE cooling (T = 230 K). While HgCdTe band structure with molar composition xCd < 0.5 provides a very favorable hole-to-electron ionization coefficient ratio under avalanche conditions, resulting in increased gain without generating excess noise, the low level of background doping concentration and a low number of defects in the active layer is also required. HgCdTe (100) oriented layers exhibit better crystalline quality than HgCdTe (111)B grown on GaAs substrates, low dislocation density, and reduction of residual defects which contribute to a background doping within the range ~1014 cm–3. The fitting to the experimentally measured dark currents (at T = 230 K) of the N+-ν-p-P+ photodiodes commonly used as an APDs structure allowed to determine the material parameters. Experimentally extracted the mid-bandgap trap concentrations at the level of 2.5 × 1014 cm−3 and 1 × 1015 cm−3 for HgCdTe (100) and HgCdTe (111)B photodiode are reported respectively. HgCdTe (100) is better to provide high resistance, and consequently sufficient strength and uniform electric field distribution, as well as to avoid the tunneling current contribution at higher bias, which is a key issue in the proper operation of avalanche photodiodes. It was presented that HgCdTe (100) based N+-ν-p-P+ gain, M > 100 could be reached for reverse voltage > 5 V and excess noise factor F(M) assumes: 2.25 (active layer, xCd = 0.22, k = 0.04, M = 10) for λcut-off = 8 μm and T = 230 K. In addition the 4-TE cooled, 8 μm APDs performance was compared to the state-of-the-art for SWIR and MWIR APDs based mainly on III-V and HgCdTe materials (T = 77–300 K). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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19 pages, 7273 KiB  
Article
Estimation of the Hot Swap Circulation Current of a Multiple Parallel Lithium Battery System with an Artificial Neural Network Model
by Nam-Gyu Lim, Jae-Yeol Kim and Seongjun Lee
Electronics 2021, 10(12), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121448 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4103
Abstract
Battery applications, such as electric vehicles, electric propulsion ships, and energy storage systems, are developing rapidly, and battery management issues are gaining attention. In this application field, a battery system with a high capacity and high power in which numerous battery cells are [...] Read more.
Battery applications, such as electric vehicles, electric propulsion ships, and energy storage systems, are developing rapidly, and battery management issues are gaining attention. In this application field, a battery system with a high capacity and high power in which numerous battery cells are connected in series and parallel is used. Therefore, research on a battery management system (BMS) to which various algorithms are applied for efficient use and safe operation of batteries is being conducted. In general, maintenance/replacement of multi-series/multiple parallel battery systems is only possible when there is no load current, or the entire system is shut down. However, if the circulating current generated by the voltage difference between the newly added battery and the existing battery pack is less than the allowable current of the system, the new battery can be connected while the system is running, which is called hot swapping. The circulating current generated during the hot-swap operation is determined by the battery’s state of charge (SOC), the parallel configuration of the battery system, temperature, aging, operating point, and differences in the load current. Therefore, since there is a limit to formulating a circulating current that changes in size according to these various conditions, this paper presents a circulating current estimation method, using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model for estimating the hot-swap circulating current is designed for a 1S4P lithium battery pack system, consisting of one series and four parallel cells. The circulating current of the ANN model proposed in this paper is experimentally verified to be able to estimate the actual value within a 6% error range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Power Applications)
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23 pages, 531 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of Virtual Security Function Based on Multiple Enclaves
by Juan Wang, Yang Yu, Yi Li, Chengyang Fan and Shirong Hao
Future Internet 2021, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13010012 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3618
Abstract
Network function virtualization (NFV) provides flexible and scalable network function for the emerging platform, such as the cloud computing, edge computing, and IoT platforms, while it faces more security challenges, such as tampering with network policies and leaking sensitive processing states, due to [...] Read more.
Network function virtualization (NFV) provides flexible and scalable network function for the emerging platform, such as the cloud computing, edge computing, and IoT platforms, while it faces more security challenges, such as tampering with network policies and leaking sensitive processing states, due to running in a shared open environment and lacking the protection of proprietary hardware. Currently, Intel® Software Guard Extensions (SGX) provides a promising way to build a secure and trusted VNF (virtual network function) by isolating VNF or sensitive data into an enclave. However, directly placing multiple VNFs in a single enclave will lose the scalability advantage of NFV. This paper combines SGX and click technology to design the virtual security function architecture based on multiple enclaves. In our design, the sensitive modules of a VNF are put into different enclaves and communicate by local attestation. The system can freely combine these modules according to user requirements, and increase the scalability of the system while protecting its running state security. In addition, we design a new hot-swapping scheme to enable the system to dynamically modify the configuration function at runtime, so that the original VNFs do not need to stop when the function of VNFs is modified. We implement an IDS (intrusion detection system) based on our architecture to verify the feasibility of our system and evaluate its performance. The results show that the overhead introduced by the system architecture is within an acceptable range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Future Internet—Internet of Things Section)
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16 pages, 7242 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Circular Chain Control for Parallel Operation of Inverters in UPS Systems
by Mahdi Shahparasti, Mehdi Savaghebi, Majid Hosseinpour and Navid Rasekh
Sustainability 2020, 12(19), 8062; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198062 - 30 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3089
Abstract
In this paper, a current sharing method based on the circular chain control (3C) method is proposed for controlling parallel inverters of unequal ratings in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. Due to its circular structure, 3C is one of the most convenient methods [...] Read more.
In this paper, a current sharing method based on the circular chain control (3C) method is proposed for controlling parallel inverters of unequal ratings in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. Due to its circular structure, 3C is one of the most convenient methods which can be used in UPS as well as microgrid systems. However, the conventional 3C control strategy is only applicable to inverters of equal power ratings. The proposed method not only retains the circular structure of the 3C method, but also provides adaptability for the parallel operation of inverters with different power ratings. Moreover, this method adds hot-swap capability to the parallel inverter. A two-loop control structure is used to control the inverters. For proper current sharing, currents of inverters are conveyed in a circular structure with appropriate gains through control links. Simulation and experimental results for linear and nonlinear loads verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS))
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17 pages, 2619 KiB  
Article
Electro-Optical Ion Trap for Experiments with Atom-Ion Quantum Hybrid Systems
by Elia Perego, Lucia Duca and Carlo Sias
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072222 - 25 Mar 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5360
Abstract
In the development of atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics, atom-ion hybrid systems are characterized by the presence of a new tool in the experimental AMO toolbox: atom-ion interactions. One of the main limitations in state-of-the-art atom-ion experiments is represented by the micromotion [...] Read more.
In the development of atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics, atom-ion hybrid systems are characterized by the presence of a new tool in the experimental AMO toolbox: atom-ion interactions. One of the main limitations in state-of-the-art atom-ion experiments is represented by the micromotion component of the ions’ dynamics in a Paul trap, as the presence of micromotion in atom-ion collisions results in a heating mechanism that prevents atom-ion mixtures from undergoing a coherent evolution. Here, we report the design and the simulation of a novel ion trapping setup especially conceived of for integration with an ultracold atoms experiment. The ion confinement is realized by using an electro-optical trap based on the combination of an optical and an electrostatic field, so that no micromotion component will be present in the ions’ dynamics. The confining optical field is generated by a deep optical lattice created at the crossing of a bow-tie cavity, while a static electric quadrupole ensures the ions’ confinement in the plane orthogonal to the optical lattice. The setup is also equipped with a Paul trap for cooling the ions produced by photoionization of a hot atomic beam, and the design of the two ion traps facilitates the swapping of the ions from the Paul trap to the electro-optical trap. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Trapping of Ions and Atoms 2020: Novel Advances and Prospects)
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