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Keywords = gyrotrons

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22 pages, 1908 KiB  
Review
Parallels Between Models of Gyrotron Physics and Some Famous Equations Used in Other Scientific Fields
by Svilen Sabchevski
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7920; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147920 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 305
Abstract
In this integrative review paper, we explore the parallels between the physical models of gyrotrons and some equations used in diverse and broad scientific fields. These include Adler’s famous equation, Van der Pol equation, the Lotka–Volterra equations and the Kuramoto model. The paper [...] Read more.
In this integrative review paper, we explore the parallels between the physical models of gyrotrons and some equations used in diverse and broad scientific fields. These include Adler’s famous equation, Van der Pol equation, the Lotka–Volterra equations and the Kuramoto model. The paper is written in the form of a pedagogical discourse and aims to provide additional insights into gyrotron physics through analogies and parallels to theoretical approaches used in other fields of research. For the first time, reachability analysis is used in the context of gyrotron physics as a modern tool for understanding the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
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11 pages, 4024 KiB  
Article
Launch Experiment of Microwave Rocket Equipped with Six-Staged Reed Valve Air-Breathing System
by Kosuke Irie, Ayuto Manabe, Tomonori Nakatani, Tatsuki Kinoshita, Toshinobu Nomura, Matthias Weiand, Kimiya Komurasaki, Takahiro Shinya, Ryosuke Ikeda, Keito Ishita, Taku Nakai, Ken Kajiwara and Yasuhisa Oda
Aerospace 2025, 12(7), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070577 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Millimeter-wave-supported detonation (MSD) is a unique detonation phenomenon driven by a supersonically propagating ionization front, sustained by intense millimeter-wave beams. Microwave Rocket, which utilizes MSD to generate thrust from atmospheric air in a pulse detonation engine (PDE) cycle, is a promising low-cost alternative [...] Read more.
Millimeter-wave-supported detonation (MSD) is a unique detonation phenomenon driven by a supersonically propagating ionization front, sustained by intense millimeter-wave beams. Microwave Rocket, which utilizes MSD to generate thrust from atmospheric air in a pulse detonation engine (PDE) cycle, is a promising low-cost alternative to conventional chemical propulsion systems for space transportation. However, insufficient air intake during repetitive PDE cycles has limited achievable thrust performance. To address this issue, a model equipped with a six-stage reed valve system (36 valves in total) was developed to ensure sufficient air intake, which measured 500 mm in length, 28 mm in radius, and 539 g in weight. Launch demonstration experiments were conducted using a 170 GHz, 550 kW gyrotron developed at the National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST). Continuous thrust was successfully generated by irradiating up to 50 pulses per experiment at each frequency between 75 and 150 Hz, in 25 Hz increments, corresponding duty cycles ranging from 0.09 to 0.18. A maximum thrust of 9.56 N and a momentum coupling coefficient Cm of 116 N/MW were obtained. These values represent a fourfold increase compared to previous launch experiments without reed valves, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the reed valve configuration in enhancing thrust performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Detonative Propulsion (2nd Edition))
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11 pages, 1999 KiB  
Article
Optimized Quasi-Optical Mode Converter for TE33,12 in 210 GHz Gyrotron
by Hamid Sharif, Muhammad Haris Jamil and Wenlong He
Micromachines 2025, 16(3), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16030308 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 782
Abstract
This article discusses the design of a high-performance quasi-optical mode converter for the TE33,12 mode at 210 GHz. The conversion process is challenging due to a caustic-to-cavity radius ratio of approximately 0.41. The mode converter employs an optimized dimpled [...] Read more.
This article discusses the design of a high-performance quasi-optical mode converter for the TE33,12 mode at 210 GHz. The conversion process is challenging due to a caustic-to-cavity radius ratio of approximately 0.41. The mode converter employs an optimized dimpled wall launcher, analyzed using coupling mode theory with twenty-five coupled modes, compared to the usual nine modes and optimized reflector systems, to effectively address the conversion challenge.Electromagnetic field analysis within the launcher wall was optimized using MATLAB R2021b. The radiation fields from the launcher were analyzed in free space using Gaussian optics and vector diffraction theory. The mirror system consists of a quasi-elliptical mirror, an elliptical mirror, and phase-corrected parabolic mirrors. Following phase correction, the output window achieved a scalar Gaussian mode content of 99.0% and a vector Gaussian mode content of 97.4%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optoelectronic Fusion Technology)
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11 pages, 4700 KiB  
Article
Optimized Design and Experimental Study of an Axis-Encircling Beam with Gently Varying Cusp Magnetic Field
by Chaojun Lei, E’Feng Wang, Qixiang Zhao, Shaoliang Shi, Dongshuo Gao, Shufeng Li, Yichi Zhang and Jinjun Feng
Electronics 2025, 14(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14020390 - 20 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 698
Abstract
Mode competition is a significant barrier to advancing gyrotrons towards high frequency, high power, and high efficiency. An axis-encircling beam enables gyrotrons to achieve high interaction efficiency while maintaining stable operation at higher-order harmonics. However, generating a high-quality axis-encircling beam requires an ideal [...] Read more.
Mode competition is a significant barrier to advancing gyrotrons towards high frequency, high power, and high efficiency. An axis-encircling beam enables gyrotrons to achieve high interaction efficiency while maintaining stable operation at higher-order harmonics. However, generating a high-quality axis-encircling beam requires an ideal cusp magnetic field, which is challenging to achieve experimentally. This paper discusses the optimization design of an axis-encircling beam with a gently varying cusp magnetic field. A non-ideal cusp magnetic field is designed using the existing magnetic field and power supply in the laboratory. Under this magnetic field, a large-orbit electronic optical system with 20 kV, 0.5 A, an axis-encircling radius of 3.3 mm at a guiding magnetic field of 0.122 T, and a velocity spread (both transverse and longitudinal) of less than 1.2% was obtained and tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
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10 pages, 3005 KiB  
Article
Cathode Thermal Experiment Improves Performance of Magnetron Injection Gun for 170 GHz Gyrotron
by Yichi Zhang, Xu Zeng, Jinjun Feng, Dongshuo Gao, Wenteng Hao, Boyang Li and Kun Li
Electronics 2025, 14(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14020346 - 17 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 684
Abstract
This paper details the design and fabrication of a triode–anode magnetron injection gun (MIG) for a 170 GHz gyrotron for use in magnetic confinement thermonuclear fusion. To solve the mismatch problem of electric and magnetic fields in the electron emission area caused by [...] Read more.
This paper details the design and fabrication of a triode–anode magnetron injection gun (MIG) for a 170 GHz gyrotron for use in magnetic confinement thermonuclear fusion. To solve the mismatch problem of electric and magnetic fields in the electron emission area caused by geometric deformation under the thermal field, the temperature of the MIG was tested to accurately describe the thermal field distribution, and geometric dimension variables under the operating temperature were simulated. By analyzing the electric and magnetic fields under the thermal field, the design scheme of the MIG was optimized to achieve the goals of reducing the spread of electron beam velocity in the interaction region and improving the interaction efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
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15 pages, 1604 KiB  
Review
Peniotron: A Promising Microwave Source with Potential That Has Yet to Be Realized
by Svilen Sabchevski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11246; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311246 - 2 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 999
Abstract
The peniotron is a fast-wave vacuum tube that can generate coherent microwave radiation in the millimeter-wave range. Although it uses a beam of gyrating electrons like other gyro-devices (gyrotron, gyro-TWT, gyro-BWO, etc.), its operating principle is completely different from that of electron cyclotron [...] Read more.
The peniotron is a fast-wave vacuum tube that can generate coherent microwave radiation in the millimeter-wave range. Although it uses a beam of gyrating electrons like other gyro-devices (gyrotron, gyro-TWT, gyro-BWO, etc.), its operating principle is completely different from that of electron cyclotron masers. The theory predicts a very high efficiency (about 95%) of the peniotron mechanism of interaction and energy transfer from the electron beam to the wave. However, this extremely attractive and advantageous property of peniotrons has not yet been realized in practice. In this paper, we present the current state of research on this class of devices and give an overview of the theory and experimental results of peniotrons and gyro-peniotrons with different configurations. We also discuss the main problems and the reasons for the lower efficiency and finally evaluate the potential for solving the problems and revitalizing the work on this promising device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
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9 pages, 4772 KiB  
Article
Experimental 35 GHz Gyrotron Efficiency Enhancement with Magnetic Field Taper in Fundamental Harmonic
by Sergey Shevchenko, Yarden Shay, Moritz Pilossof and Moshe Einat
Electronics 2024, 13(14), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142737 - 12 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1340
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental setup of magnetic field taper variations to optimize the efficiency of a Ka-band pulsed gyrotron. Experimental optimization of the gyrotron’s efficiency is presented. The efficiency dependence on three input parameters—beam current, magnetic field amplitude, and variations in the [...] Read more.
This paper presents an experimental setup of magnetic field taper variations to optimize the efficiency of a Ka-band pulsed gyrotron. Experimental optimization of the gyrotron’s efficiency is presented. The efficiency dependence on three input parameters—beam current, magnetic field amplitude, and variations in the magnetic field taper profile—is studied. A gyrotron electron efficiency improvement from 25.4% for a non-tapered magnetic curve to 36.4% for a tapered magnetic curve is measured. The stability of the millimeter wave excitation in the cavity is also affected by the magnetic taper gradient. The magnetic taper is obtained by a practical modification of the solenoid that leads to an 11% electron efficiency improvement. Magnetic tapering can be combined with other types of efficiency enhancement concepts to obtain an overall improved efficiency that can be important for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Applications of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Vacuum Electronic Devices)
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27 pages, 1577 KiB  
Review
Fundamentals of Electron Cyclotron Resonance and Cyclotron Autoresonance in Gyro-Devices: A Comprehensive Review of Theory
by Svilen Sabchevski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3443; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083443 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2757
Abstract
This paper aims to present some selected fundamentals of the theory of a broad class of gyro-devices in a systematic and consistent manner and with sufficient detail necessary for understanding the underlying physical principles of their operation. The focus of this work is [...] Read more.
This paper aims to present some selected fundamentals of the theory of a broad class of gyro-devices in a systematic and consistent manner and with sufficient detail necessary for understanding the underlying physical principles of their operation. The focus of this work is on the derivation and analysis of important invariants (constants of motion), as well as on comments concerning their analytical power and the physical insights they provide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
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13 pages, 9069 KiB  
Article
Helical Electron Beam Status Online Evaluation for Magnetron Injection Gun
by Wei Jiang, Chaoxuan Lu, Binyang Han, Boxin Dai, Qiang Zheng, Guo Liu, Jianxun Wang and Yong Luo
Quantum Beam Sci. 2024, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8010003 - 29 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2230
Abstract
The magnetron injection gun (MIG) is an essential component of the gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT). Although the electron beam status influences the performance of the device, it cannot be measured directly in the experiment. An online evaluation module (OEM) for the experiment [...] Read more.
The magnetron injection gun (MIG) is an essential component of the gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT). Although the electron beam status influences the performance of the device, it cannot be measured directly in the experiment. An online evaluation module (OEM) for the experiment is developed to calculate the instant beam parameters of MIG. The OEM, by reconstructing the geometry of the MIG and related magnetic field distribution, can obtain the electron beam status under the operating parameters through the online simulation. The beam velocity spread of thermal emission with instant temperature and surface roughness are also considered. The validation is done in a W-band gyro-TWT, and the beam performance is evaluated in the experiment. With a pitch factor of 1.06 electron beam, the velocity spread affected by the electric-magnetic mismatch, thermal emission, and roughness is 1.00%, 0.56%, and 0.43%, respectively. The other beam parameters are also presented in the developed module. The OEM could guide and accelerate the testing process and ensure the safe and stable operation of the device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Electron Beams)
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10 pages, 1881 KiB  
Article
Planar Bragg Reflectors for Frequency-Tunable Sub-Terahertz Gyrotrons
by Nikita A. Bylinskiy, Yuriy K. Kalynov, Valentina E. Kotomina, Nikolay Yu. Peskov, Mikhail D. Proyavin, Andrei V. Savilov, Dmitry D. Sobolev, Alexander A. Vikharev and Vladislav Yu. Zaslavsky
Instruments 2023, 7(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7030027 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
A novel concept of a frequency-tuned sub-terahertz gyrotron based on a combination of an irregular low-frequency resonator and an external reflector has been proposed recently. A simulation was carried out for a fundamental-cyclotron-harmonic gyrotron that demonstrates the possibility of achieving high (10–30%) efficiencies [...] Read more.
A novel concept of a frequency-tuned sub-terahertz gyrotron based on a combination of an irregular low-frequency resonator and an external reflector has been proposed recently. A simulation was carried out for a fundamental-cyclotron-harmonic gyrotron that demonstrates the possibility of achieving high (10–30%) efficiencies in a wide (~10%) frequency range. A possible solution to the problem of narrow-band frequency-tunable external reflectors in the form of so-called modified planar Bragg structures is discussed. The manufacturing of such structures on the basis of a novel additive technology based on photopolymer 3D printing, as well as the results of “cold” experiments of the manufactured samples, are described in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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12 pages, 6018 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Design of a Dual-Band TE01/TE02 Mode Gyrotron Traveling Wave Tube
by Rutai Chen, Tianzhong Zhang, Qixiang Zhao and Sheng Yu
Electronics 2023, 12(15), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153282 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
A dual-band (K/Ka) TE01/TE02 mode gyrotron traveling wave tube is presented in this article. To suppress parasitic oscillations, a lossy-dielectric-loaded interaction circuit is employed. The particle-in-cell simulation results show that when it operates in K-band, the operating mode is the [...] Read more.
A dual-band (K/Ka) TE01/TE02 mode gyrotron traveling wave tube is presented in this article. To suppress parasitic oscillations, a lossy-dielectric-loaded interaction circuit is employed. The particle-in-cell simulation results show that when it operates in K-band, the operating mode is the TE01 mode, with a peak output power of 87.1 kW, a saturated gain of 42.74 dB, and a −3 dB bandwidth of 0.7 GHz, and when it operates in Ka-band, the operating mode is the TE02 mode, with a peak output power of 62 kW, a saturated gain of 60.76 dB, and a −3 dB bandwidth of 2 GHz. Moreover, in the operating frequency range of the Ka-band, the overall gain is greater than 57 dB. To meet the requirements of dual-band operating, a dual-state magnetic injection gun is designed, a dual-mode coaxial cavity input coupler is proposed, and a dual-band output system is developed. All of these components showed excellent performance in simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave, Millimeter and Terahertz Wave Power Electronic Devices)
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12 pages, 5361 KiB  
Communication
Prospects for the Implementation of an Intense Source of Ultraviolet Radiation Based on a Gas-Discharge Plasma in a Quasi-Optical Cavity Excited by a Pulse of Terahertz Radiation
by Galina Kalynova, Yuriy Kalynov and Andrei Savilov
Photonics 2023, 10(4), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040440 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1455
Abstract
An electrodynamic system is described that provides the creation of an electromagnetic wave field of high intensity at a frequency of 1 THz due to a combination of accumulation in time and compression in space of a wave pulse coming from an electron [...] Read more.
An electrodynamic system is described that provides the creation of an electromagnetic wave field of high intensity at a frequency of 1 THz due to a combination of accumulation in time and compression in space of a wave pulse coming from an electron cyclotron maser (gyrotron). This system is based on the use of a three-mirror cavity consisting of two focusing mirrors and one flat corrugated Bragg-type photonic structure providing coupling between the gyrotron wave pulse and the operating wave of the cavity. The aim of this work is to use a “spot” of the intense terahertz field inside the cavity to provide a point-like plasma discharge in a gas stream injected into this spot; such a discharge can be a source of extreme ultraviolet radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging)
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16 pages, 2857 KiB  
Review
Development and Application of THz Gyrotrons for Advanced Spectroscopic Methods
by Svilen Sabchevski and Mikhail Glyavin
Photonics 2023, 10(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020189 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3414
Abstract
Nowadays, gyrotrons are used in numerous and diverse fields of research and technology. Their most prominent application is to electron cyclotron resonance plasma heating and current drive-in reactors for controlled thermonuclear fusion. Another matured field is the thermal microwave treatment of materials in [...] Read more.
Nowadays, gyrotrons are used in numerous and diverse fields of research and technology. Their most prominent application is to electron cyclotron resonance plasma heating and current drive-in reactors for controlled thermonuclear fusion. Another matured field is the thermal microwave treatment of materials in industrial-grade gyrotron-based technological systems. The unique spectral properties of gyrotron radiation, frequency tunability, and the possibility for precise control and modulation of both the output power and frequency have made the gyrotrons attractive and appropriate radiation sources for various novel advanced spectroscopic techniques. Among them are ESR (electron spin resonance), NMR-DNP (nuclear magnetic resonance with a signal enhancement through dynamic nuclear polarization), XDMR (X-ray detected magnetic resonance), acoustic molecular spectroscopy, as well as high-precision spectroscopy for measuring the SFS (super-fine splitting of the energy levels of positronium). In this review paper, we present both the current status and the most remarkable recent achievements of these methods implemented in gyrotron-based spectroscopy systems and discuss the main trends in the development of their dedicated radiation sources operating in the THz frequency range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging)
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14 pages, 9221 KiB  
Article
CMOS Detector Staggered Array Module for Sub-Terahertz Imaging on Conveyor Belt System
by Moon-Jeong Lee, Ha-Neul Lee, Ga-Eun Lee, Seong-Tae Han, Dong-Woo Kang and Jong-Ryul Yang
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031232 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
A complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) detector array is proposed to improve the sub-terahertz imaging resolution for objects in the conveyor belt system. The image resolution is limited to the implemented configuration, such as the wide spacing in the detector array, the high conveyor belt [...] Read more.
A complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) detector array is proposed to improve the sub-terahertz imaging resolution for objects in the conveyor belt system. The image resolution is limited to the implemented configuration, such as the wide spacing in the detector array, the high conveyor belt speed, and the slow response of the signal conditioning block. The proposed array can improve the image resolution in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the belt, which is determined by the size and interval of the detector pixel, by configuring the array into two replaceable columns located at the misaligned horizontal positions. Replaceable detector unit pixels are individually attached to the motherboard after measuring and evaluating the detection performance to construct the proposed array. The intensities of 32 detector pixels placed under the conveyor belt with a width of 160 mm were initially calibrated in every image, including the beam pattern of 0.2 THz signals generated from the gyrotron. The image resolution of the perpendicular direction obtained from the proposed array was measured to be approximately 5 mm at a conveyor belt speed of 16 mm/s, demonstrating a 200% improvement in resolution compared to the conventional linear array under the same conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Field-Effect Sensors)
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13 pages, 3733 KiB  
Article
Selective Photonic-Structure Cavity for High-Cyclotron-Harmonic Gyrotrons
by Andrei Savilov and Dmitriy Shchegolkov
Photonics 2023, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010036 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
Typically, cavities of sub-terahertz electron cyclotron masers (gyrotrons) have oversized dimensions. That leads to a problem of the dense mode spectrum and, as a result, to a problem of the mode selectivity in the process of realization of gyrotrons operating at high cyclotron [...] Read more.
Typically, cavities of sub-terahertz electron cyclotron masers (gyrotrons) have oversized dimensions. That leads to a problem of the dense mode spectrum and, as a result, to a problem of the mode selectivity in the process of realization of gyrotrons operating at high cyclotron harmonics. Open (mirror) type systems have a much sparser mode spectrum than closed-type systems. We suggest a way to further reduce the mode spectrum by implementing a cavity based on a photonic structure formed by two parallel corrugated mirrors, which are considerably offset from being in front of each other so that no mode can be supported by mirror reflection from them. The operating mode is contained by backward reflection from the corrugated mirrors based on the (−1)st order diffraction mechanism. The proposed system has intrinsic dispersion compensation properties which make it usable in a wide (~20%) frequency band. Simulated characteristics of a 2D prototype are presented and possible application for a gyrotron operating at a harmonic of the cyclotron frequency is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)
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