Search Results (10,351)

Emotional eating (EE) is associated with poor dietary quality and weight gain among university students. Therefore, exploring innovative, non-invasive interventions to support healthier food-related responses is essential. While multisensory environments show promise in influencing food-related responses, their effectiveness in managing stress-induced EE remains understudied. Grounded in the Environment–Organism–Health (EOH) model, this study used an immersive virtual reality (VR) platform and recruited 49 Chinese university students. After emotional induction tasks, participants were randomly assigned to VR campus environments with varying wall colors and environmental sounds. The study combined physiological indicators and subjective questionnaires to evaluate the effects of color–sound combinations on emotional responses, physiological recovery, food preferences, and food cravings. Food preference was assessed via an image-selection task, and food healthiness was rated by an expert panel (n = 7). A mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between wall color and sound. Natural sounds were associated with reduced negative emotions and higher healthy food preference scores under several color conditions, while both color and sound influenced food craving. Independent t-tests revealed significant differences according to gender and emotional eating tendency on multiple outcomes. This study suggests that multisensory environments may offer a novel approach to influencing stress-related emotional responses, food preferences, and food cravings. Full article

Background: Educational workplace dietary interventions have emerged as a promising approach to supporting occupational well-being among healthcare professionals. This scoping review mapped and synthesized the available evidence on such interventions across healthcare settings. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between December 2020 and March 2026. Thirteen studies met the predefined eligibility criteria. Results: Across the included studies, healthcare professionals exhibited irregular eating patterns, meal skipping, and suboptimal dietary behaviours associated with occupational stress. Educational workplace interventions combining nutrition education with behavioural, organizational, and lifestyle components were associated with improved nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviours, selected health indicators, and occupational well-being. Thematic synthesis identified workplace organization, behavioural determinants, and organizational support as key influences on dietary practices and professional well-being. Conclusions: Workplace nutrition should be considered an integral component of occupational health rather than solely an individual lifestyle behaviour. The proposed Workplace Nutritional Resilience framework highlights the potential contribution of educational, behavioural, and organizational strategies to occupational well-being. Further longitudinal and intervention studies in specific healthcare professions are warranted, particularly among dental professionals. Full article

Background: Screen-based distractions during meals are increasingly common during adolescence and have been linked to less healthy eating behaviors. Chronotype, an individual’s circadian preference for morningness or eveningness, is associated with differences in alertness, self-regulation, and recreational screen use across the day, which may in turn influence susceptibility to distractions during meals. However, the relationship between chronotype and eating distraction behaviors remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study examined the association between chronotype and eating distraction behaviors in Spanish adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 820 adolescents aged 12–17 years from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) project. Chronotype was assessed using the Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children and classified as evening, intermediate, or morning type. Eating distractions were evaluated using a composite score that included eating lunch or dinner while watching television, using mobile devices or social networks during meals, and eating while standing. Associations were examined using ordinal regression models (proportional odds), with eveningness as the reference category; both unadjusted and adjusted models are reported, with adjustment for relevant sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. Results: In adjusted ordinal regression models with eveningness as reference, morningness was related to lower odds of being in a higher eating distractions category (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.82; p = 0.004). Morningness was also associated with lower odds of a higher category of television viewing during meals (OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.38–0.93; p = 0.024). No significant associations were identified for eating while using a phone or social networks or for eating while standing. Conclusions: Chronotype was independently associated with eating distraction behaviors in Spanish adolescents, with evening types showing a less favorable pattern. These findings suggest that circadian preference may be relevant when addressing mealtime behaviors during adolescence and could help inform future health promotion strategies. Full article

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is associated with ectopic fat accumulation and alterations in adipose tissue function. However, the relationships of structural and thermogenic adipose imaging markers with hepatic steatosis remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to jointly evaluate the cross-sectional associations of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness and infrared thermography (IRT)-derived brown adipose tissue (BAT)-related thermogenic activity with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)-defined hepatic steatosis severity in adults with suspected MASLD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 207 adults undergoing clinical evaluation for suspected MASLD underwent transient elastography to obtain the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for hepatic steatosis assessment. EAT thickness was measured by transthoracic echocardiography, and BAT-related thermogenic activity was assessed by infrared thermography using the supraclavicular-to-chest temperature difference (ΔTemp). Associations of these adipose imaging phenotypes with CAP were evaluated using correlation analyses, sequential multivariable linear regression models, and BAT-stratified analyses. Results: EAT thickness increased progressively across CAP-defined steatosis grades (p < 0.001) and was positively correlated with CAP (r = 0.637, p < 0.001), whereas ΔTemp decreased with increasing steatosis severity and was inversely correlated with CAP (ρ = −0.277, p < 0.001). In sequential multivariable regression models, EAT thickness remained independently associated with CAP across adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, metabolic variables, and ΔTemp (standardized β = 0.559–0.623; all p < 0.001). Both EAT thickness and ΔTemp were independently associated with CAP in the fully adjusted model, with a stronger association for EAT thickness (standardized β = 0.559 vs. −0.167; p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Stratified analyses demonstrated consistent associations between EAT thickness and CAP across both BAT-low and BAT-high activity groups. Conclusions: Greater EAT thickness and lower IRT-derived ΔTemp were independently associated with greater CAP-defined hepatic steatosis severity, with EAT thickness showing the stronger standardized association. These complementary structural and thermogenic imaging correlates warrant prospective evaluation to clarify their directionality and clinical relevance. Full article

This study proposes a multi-source perceptual information fusion method to improve the accuracy and stability of dairy cow behavior monitoring. Existing machine vision approaches are often affected by lighting conditions, occlusion, and complex cowshed environments, while single wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) devices may confuse similar behaviors such as eating, ruminating, standing, and lying. To address these limitations, a wireless collar was developed to synchronously collect nine-axis IMU data and ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging data in real time. Combined with manual behavioral observations, a dataset covering seven behaviors—eating, ruminating, standing, lying, drinking, sleeping, and lateral trunk contact—was constructed. By integrating neck-motion features extracted from the IMU data with spatial-distance features obtained from the UWB data, an IMU–UWB dual-branch fusion model was developed to automatically classify dairy cow behaviors. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce confusion among similar behaviors and improve the recognition of behaviors with limited samples. This approach enables more comprehensive assessment of dairy cows’ daily activities and health status, providing technical support for health monitoring, early disease warning, and intelligent dairy farm management. Full article

Previously, food processing and nutrition sciences operated as distinct scientific domains; however, increasing health concerns have highlighted the need for integrated perspectives and practical food classifications. This study aimed to assess participants’ knowledge of food processing classification according to the NOVA system and investigate its association with ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption patterns and nutrient intake. A cross-sectional study of 403 healthy students (18–30 years) was conducted. Participants were asked to classify each food according to its level of processing. Dietary intake was assessed in a subsample of 190 participants who completed the 24-h dietary recall assessment and had complete dietary data available. Higher food processing knowledge was associated with lower UPF consumption (B = −0.241, 95% CI: −0.414 to −0.068; p = 0.006). Participants with lower knowledge exhibited higher mean consumption of bread and bakery products, breakfast cereals, savory snacks, dairy products, ready-to-eat meals, and processed meats. After adjustment for age, no significant differences in nutrient intake were observed between knowledge groups. Full article

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and epidemiological projections indicate that its incidence will continue to increase. Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasms. Quality of life is a key component of oncology care and is significantly influenced by nutritional status and dietary habits. Methods: The study included 52 adult patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire based on the QEB (Questionnaire of Eating Behaviour) and WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life—BREF) instruments, supplemented with questions regarding changes in dietary habits and the use of dietary counseling following diagnosis. Nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, and quality of life across four domains (physical, psychological, social, and environmental) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and appropriate tests of statistical significance. Results: Cancers of the colon and rectum—reported either as unspecified colorectal cancer or as separately specified colon or rectal cancer—together accounted for the largest share of diagnoses (26 diagnoses, representing 44.8% of the 58 total reported diagnoses). Quality-of-life assessment revealed the lowest scores in the physical domain and the highest scores in the social domain. The youngest participants achieved the highest scores in the psychological domain, whereas the lowest scores across all domains were observed among individuals aged over 60 years. Following diagnosis, 63.5% of participants reported reviewing and modifying their dietary habits; however, the majority had not received dietary counseling. Women reported higher fruit and vegetable consumption than men, while higher educational attainment was associated with greater self-assessed nutritional knowledge. Conclusions: Among patients with gastrointestinal cancers surveyed in this study, the physical domain of quality of life had the lowest WHOQOL-BREF score. Most participants reported modifying their dietary habits after diagnosis, although most had not received formal dietary counseling. Higher educational attainment was associated with higher self-assessed nutritional knowledge. Given the small convenience sample and cross-sectional design, these findings should be considered exploratory. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a chronic, progressive, and relapsing disease that requires long-term, multidisciplinary management rather than episodic weight-loss treatment. Although novel incretin-based anti-obesity pharmacotherapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists, have markedly improved the clinical management of obesity, weight reduction alone does not fully capture treatment success. Body composition, lean mass preservation, physical function, nutritional adequacy, psychological well-being, adherence, and long-term weight-loss maintenance are increasingly recognized as essential therapeutic outcomes. This narrative review critically examines the role of lifestyle medicine as a co-therapeutic strategy during modern anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, with particular attention to physical activity, nutrition, behavioral support, and individualized monitoring. Methods: A narrative literature search was conducted in PubMed up to June 2026. The review included studies addressing adults with overweight or obesity and evidence related to anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, physical activity, nutrition, body composition, functional outcomes, eating behavior, quality of life, treatment tolerability, adherence, weight regain, and long-term maintenance. Results: Current evidence indicates that incretin-based therapies produce substantial and clinically meaningful weight loss, but pharmacological efficacy may be limited by reductions in lean mass, gastrointestinal adverse events, inadequate nutritional intake, treatment discontinuation, and weight regain after drug withdrawal. Physical activity should be considered a therapeutic component rather than only a tool for increasing energy expenditure, as aerobic exercise supports cardiometabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness, while resistance training helps preserve muscle strength, bone health, and functional capacity. Nutritional strategies are equally important, particularly during appetite suppression, to maintain adequate protein, fiber, fluids, micronutrients, and diet quality. Behavioral factors, including sleep, stress, mood, stigma, self-regulation, and the food environment, may influence adherence and long-term outcomes. Conclusions: Novel anti-obesity drugs should not be viewed as replacements for lifestyle medicine but as powerful tools within an integrated chronic-care model. The goal of treatment should move beyond maximal body-weight reduction to durable improvements in body composition, metabolic health, physical function, nutritional status, quality of life, and weight-loss maintenance. Full article

Background: Medical students are vulnerable to sleep disturbance and nocturnal eating behaviors that may jointly increase psychiatric and metabolic morbidity. Comprehensive sleep-eating evaluations in Turkish medical students remain limited. To determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality and night eating syndrome (NES) risk and to examine their cross-sectional associations with insomnia, anxiety, emotional eating, restless legs symptoms, chronotype, and lifestyle factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted from March to December 2023, included 265 medical students who completed validated instruments assessing sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), night eating syndrome (NES) risk (a score of ≥25 indicating high risk), insomnia severity, daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]), anxiety, emotional eating, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) symptoms, and chronotype. Group comparisons, Spearman’s correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression were conducted. Results: Poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) affected 50.2% of participants, and high NES risk affected 14.7%. PSQI correlated with NEQ (r = 0.301; p < 0.001), insomnia severity (r = 0.538), anxiety, and emotional eating. Mean NEQ was higher in the poor-sleep group (18.67 ± 8.00 vs. 15.38 ± 6.36; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.455). Females had higher PSQI and ESS scores, anxiety, and emotional eating scores; high NES risk was numerically more frequent in males (18.6% vs. 11.8%; p = 0.175). RLS symptoms (score > 0) were present in 34.7% (mild 22.6%; moderate 7.9%; severe 4.2%). In the primary multivariable model (PSQI and sex), PSQI was the strongest independent correlate of NEQ (standardized β = 0.325; p < 0.001); sensitivity analyses showed stable PSQI estimates after additional covariate adjustment, whereas sex coefficients were non-significant and unstable across models. A secondary model excluding PSQI identified alcohol use as a significant lifestyle correlate (standardized β = 0.167; p = 0.014). R² = 0.148 for the full covariate model and R² = 0.108 for the primary model. Conclusions: Sleep disturbance and NES risk are prevalent and cross-sectionally associated in Turkish medical students. Poor sleep quality was the strongest independent correlate of night eating scores. Integrated campus screening targeting sleep, eating behavior, anxiety, and comorbid sleep symptoms may facilitate prevention and referral. Full article

Background and Objectives: Olfactory dysfunction is an early non-cognitive feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The volumetric behavior of olfactory and related frontal structures and their link to eating disturbances remains unclear; we therefore compared olfactory bulb (OB) and gyrus rectus (GR) volumes between patients with AD and controls and examined their relationship with eating disturbances and their diagnostic value. Materials and Methods: In this single-center, retrospective, case–control study, 135 patients with AD and 49 age-matched controls underwent 3-Tesla MRI. Right, left, and total OB and GR volumes were measured. Groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test; age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed; and OB and GR volumes were compared according to eating disturbance status in patients with AD, with adjustment for age and sex. p-Values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate procedure. Results: All OB and GR volumes were significantly lower in patients with AD compared to controls (all p < 0.001), with the total OB volume nearly half that of the controls. Among patients with AD, all OB volumes were significantly lower in those with eating disturbances (all p < 0.001) and remained independently associated after adjustment for age and sex, whereas none of the GR volumes was significantly associated with eating disturbance status after adjustment. In adjusted models, every volumetric measure was independently associated with AD (all p < 0.001). The total OB volume showed the best diagnostic performance (AUC 0.940; sensitivity 0.82; specificity 0.98), while GR volumes performed less well (AUC 0.78–0.84). Conclusions: AD is associated with marked OB and GR atrophy. OB volume was associated with eating disturbances and discriminated AD from controls with high accuracy, supporting OB volumetry as an accessible candidate imaging marker that warrants prospective validation. Full article

This study employed sequential inoculation of native non-brewing yeasts Kluyveromyces marxianus YC-T7 and Pichia kudriavzevii QC-P3 to co-ferment dry white wine from Munage, a unique fresh-eating grape variety native to Xinjiang, providing technical support for the development of regionally distinctive wines in Xinjiang. To investigate how mixed fermentation with indigenous Xinjiang non-Saccharomyces (NS) yeasts and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) influences the aromatic profile of Munage wine, two NS strains—K. marxianus YC-T7 and P. kudriavzevii QC-P3—previously isolated and selected by our group were sequentially co-inoculated with S. cerevisiae CEC01. Strain growth dynamics were first characterized in a synthetic grape juice (SGJ) system under varying inoculation protocols; subsequently, Munage grapes were fermented under optimized sequential inoculation to assess physicochemical parameters, volatile aroma composition, and sensory attributes of the resulting dry white wine. Results demonstrated that, under sequential inoculation, the QC-P3 + SC consortium entered the late logarithmic phase on day 4 and achieved a final ethanol concentration of 10.29%vol, whereas the YC-T7 + SC consortium reached the same growth stage on day 5 with 10.27%vol ethanol—confirming robust and timely alcoholic fermentation for both consortia. Consequently, sequential inoculation was adopted as the standard protocol for Munage wine production. All key physicochemical parameters complied with China’s national standards for dry white wine. Relative to pure SC fermentation, the YC-T7 + SC treatment increased tartaric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and citric acid contents by 3.15%, 12.16%, and 2.18%, respectively; the QC-P3 + SC treatment induced more pronounced enhancements—22.58%, 51.64%, and 14.70%, respectively. A total of 54 volatile compounds were identified, including 29 esters, 12 alcohols, 7 organic acids, 4 phenolic compounds, and 2 others. Integrated analysis using odor activity values (OAVs), principal component analysis (PCA), and descriptive sensory evaluation consistently revealed that the YC-T7 + SC wine exhibited the highest concentrations of fruit- and flower-associated esters, while the QC-P3 + SC wine was distinguished by a distinctive pineapple-like aroma driven predominantly by ethyl butyrate. Collectively, sequential co-inoculation of indigenous Xinjiang NS strains YC-T7 and QC-P3 with S. cerevisiae significantly improved Munage wine quality—particularly in acidity balance, polyphenol retention, and aromatic complexity—thereby offering both novel microbial resources and a validated technical framework for stylistically authentic vinification of terroir-expressive wines from the Xinjiang region. Full article

Background/Objectives: Online food purchasing may be associated with health-related, environmental, economic, and technological factors. However, limited evidence exists on whether these factors are associated with online food purchase frequency in similar ways across generational groups. This study examined whether self-reported healthy eating, environmental concern, and economic decision indicators were associated with online food purchase frequency among Polish consumers who had previously purchased food online and whether these associations differed across birth-cohort groups. Methods: Data were collected in Poland in 2025 in a cross-sectional study using Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing. The analytical sample comprised 669 respondents who declared having purchased food online. Online food purchasing was measured both as a binary distinction between frequent and occasional purchasing and as an eight-category ordinal frequency variable. Pearson’s chi-square tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, binary logistic regression, and ordinal logistic regression were applied. Moderation was assessed through predictor-by-generation interaction terms. The Benjamini–Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate, and seven economic decision-making indicators were additionally examined in mutually adjusted multivariable models. Ordinal models were interpreted as sensitivity analyses because the proportional-odds assumption was not fully satisfied. Results: Healthy eating was not directly associated with online food purchasing frequency and did not interact significantly with generation. Environmental concern showed a significant interaction with generation in both binary and ordinal models. It was associated with more frequent online food purchasing among Baby Boomers but with less frequent purchasing among Generation Z. In separate models, price comparison and careful product choice were associated with more frequent online purchasing. Saving orientation also showed an exploratory interaction with opposite directions across generational groups: it was associated with more frequent purchasing in Generation X and less frequent purchasing in Generation Z. However, these economic decision indicators did not remain robust after correction for multiple testing and simultaneous adjustment. Conclusions: Online food purchasing frequency was not uniformly associated with health, environmental, or economic tendencies across generations. In this cross-sectional sample, generation moderated the association between environmental concern and online food purchase frequency, although this pattern should not be interpreted as evidence of a distinct causal cohort effect. The findings suggest that similar declared tendencies may be associated with different patterns of online food purchase frequency across generational groups. Full article

Background/Objectives: Recent pediatric sleep research has increasingly adopted an integrated lifestyle perspective, examining sleep together with diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and family environments. However, bowel habits remain comparatively underrepresented despite their potential importance for child health. This conceptual narrative review revisits the Four Kai framework, which brings together sleep, eating, bowel habits, and physical activity as four fundamental daily physiological behaviors and explores their potential relationships with adaptive pleasure, self-regulation, and daytime functioning. Methods: This conceptual narrative review incorporated a descriptive PubMed literature-mapping exercise conducted on 16 July 2026. The search covered publications from January through June of each year from 2022 to 2026 and focused on studies in which sleep was a principal research topic together with terms related to diet, bowel function, physical activity, and lifestyle. Publications clearly outside pediatric or adolescent populations were excluded. Titles and abstracts were reviewed, with full texts consulted when necessary, and eligible studies were classified thematically according to their principal research objective. This exercise was intended to provide descriptive context for the conceptual review and was not conducted as a systematic or scoping review. Results: The descriptive mapping and narrative synthesis indicate that pediatric sleep research frequently examines sleep in relation to diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, family environments, and other lifestyle factors, whereas everyday bowel habits remain comparatively underrepresented. The reviewed literature supports multiple individual and pairwise associations among sleep, eating, physical activity, bowel function, and daytime functioning but does not establish that these four behaviors operate as a single integrated physiological system. Direct empirical evidence for a pathway linking the Four Kai through adaptive pleasure and positive self-regulation to daytime functioning is currently lacking. Conclusions: The Four Kai framework is best regarded as a hypothesis-generating conceptual framework rather than an established biological or causal model. Its potential value lies in bringing sleep, eating, bowel habits, and physical activity into a common perspective and generating testable questions about their possible functional integration. Future longitudinal and intervention studies should evaluate these behaviors together with adaptive pleasure, self-regulation, and daytime functioning to determine which proposed relationships can be empirically supported. Full article

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and the dual GIP/GLP-1 co-agonist tirzepatide are increasingly prescribed for obesity and type 2 diabetes in populations enriched for binge-spectrum eating pathology. A recurring controversy asks whether these agents treat eating pathology or merely mask it. This critical narrative review argues that, posed as a simple binary, the question is under-specified, and reframes it around three problems. The central is a measurement problem: several intended effects of GLP-1 RAs are scored as improvement by eating-disorder instruments, creating a diagnostic blind spot. In the one disorder where a weight-acting drug has been tested against a placebo, efficacy on weight coincided with no effect on the psychological core—the dissociation that confounds measurement during GLP-1 RA therapy. The second is a phenotype problem: because BED subtypes already moderate response to drug versus psychological treatment, an agent acting on appetite and reward should not act uniformly, though this remains a hypothesis. The third concerns the post-discontinuation trajectory, and a therapy–harm asymmetry emerges across the spectrum. A factorial, phenotype-stratified trial with disorder-core endpoints and drug-free follow-up could resolve these questions; meanwhile, prudent practice combines uncontaminated pre-treatment screening, monitoring not reliant on confounded self-report, discontinuation planning, and integration with psychological care. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study was conducted to assess changes in swallowing function in thyroidectomy patients and to identify clinical risk factors associated with persistent patient-reported swallowing symptoms. Methods: The study was a retrospective, observational study. Data were collected from 280 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy between January 2022 and January 2025. Swallowing function was assessed using the Turkish Eating Assessment Tool-10 (T-EAT-10). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independently associated factors for persistent patient-reported swallowing symptoms, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the discriminative performance of continuous variables. Results: Patient-reported T-EAT-10 scores changed significantly during the follow-up period (χ² = 217.33, p < 0.001). Post hoc analyses revealed that dysphagia scores decreased significantly at the 6th and 12th months postoperatively (p < 0.001). Persistent patient-reported swallowing symptoms were detected in 24 (8.6%) out of 279 patients who had a full 12-month T-EAT-10 follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative and preoperative dysphonia, body mass index (BMI), and malignant pathology were independently associated with persistent patient-reported swallowing symptoms. In the ROC analysis, the approximate clinical exploratory threshold values were 29 mm (AUC = 0.692) for nodule size and 100 min (AUC = 0.660) for operation time. Internal cross-validation analysis showed that the model’s discriminative performance was preserved, with a mean cross-validated AUC value of 0.801. Conclusions: Dysphagia following thyroidectomy typically resolves over time. However, the presence of preoperative and postoperative dysphonia appears to be a strong indicator of the development of persistent patient-reported swallowing symptoms. Full article