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Search Results (3,964)

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24 pages, 4902 KiB  
Article
A Classification Method for the Severity of Aloe Anthracnose Based on the Improved YOLOv11-seg
by Wenshan Zhong, Xuantian Li, Xuejun Yue, Wanmei Feng, Qiaoman Yu, Junzhi Chen, Biao Chen, Le Zhang, Xinpeng Cai and Jiajie Wen
Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081896 - 7 Aug 2025
Abstract
Anthracnose, a significant disease of aloe with characteristics of contact transmission, poses a considerable threat to the economic viability of aloe cultivation. To address the challenges of accurately detecting and classifying crop diseases in complex environments, this study proposes an enhanced algorithm, YOLOv11-seg-DEDB, [...] Read more.
Anthracnose, a significant disease of aloe with characteristics of contact transmission, poses a considerable threat to the economic viability of aloe cultivation. To address the challenges of accurately detecting and classifying crop diseases in complex environments, this study proposes an enhanced algorithm, YOLOv11-seg-DEDB, based on the improved YOLOv11-seg model. This approach integrates multi-scale feature enhancement and a dynamic attention mechanism, aiming to achieve precise segmentation of aloe anthracnose lesions and effective disease level discrimination in complex scenarios. Specifically, a novel Disease Enhance attention mechanism is introduced, combining spatial attention and max pooling to improve the accuracy of lesion segmentation. Additionally, the DCNv2 is incorporated into the network neck to enhance the model’s ability to extract multi-scale features from targets in challenging environments. Furthermore, the Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network structure, which includes an additional p2 detection head, replaces the original PANet network. A more lightweight detection head structure is designed, utilizing grouped convolutions and structural simplifications to reduce both the parameter count and computational load, thereby enhancing the model’s inference capability, particularly for small lesions. Experiments were conducted using a self-collected dataset of aloe anthracnose infected leaves. The results demonstrate that, compared to the original model, the improved YOLOv11-seg-DEDB model improves segmentation accuracy and mAP@50 for infected lesions by 5.3% and 3.4%, respectively. Moreover, the model size is reduced from 6.0 MB to 4.6 MB, and the number of parameters is decreased by 27.9%. YOLOv11-seg-DEDB outperforms other mainstream segmentation models, providing a more accurate solution for aloe disease segmentation and grading, thereby offering farmers and professionals more reliable disease detection outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Pest Control for Building Farm Resilience)
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12 pages, 2135 KiB  
Article
Development of Yellow Rust-Resistant and High-Yielding Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines Using Marker-Assisted Backcrossing Strategies
by Bekhruz O. Ochilov, Khurshid S. Turakulov, Sodir K. Meliev, Fazliddin A. Melikuziev, Ilkham S. Aytenov, Sojida M. Murodova, Gavkhar O. Khalillaeva, Bakhodir Kh. Chinikulov, Laylo A. Azimova, Alisher M. Urinov, Ozod S. Turaev, Fakhriddin N. Kushanov, Ilkhom B. Salakhutdinov, Jinbiao Ma, Muhammad Awais and Tohir A. Bozorov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157603 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, which causes yellow rust disease, poses a significant economic threat to wheat production not only in Uzbekistan but also globally, leading to substantial reductions in grain yield. This study aimed to develop yellow rust-resistance [...] Read more.
The fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, which causes yellow rust disease, poses a significant economic threat to wheat production not only in Uzbekistan but also globally, leading to substantial reductions in grain yield. This study aimed to develop yellow rust-resistance wheat lines by introgressing Yr10 and Yr15 genes into high-yielding cultivar Grom using the marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) method. Grom was crossed with donor genotypes Yr10/6*Avocet S and Yr15/6*Avocet S, resulting in the development of F1 generations. In the following years, the F1 hybrids were advanced to the BC2F1 and BC2F2 generations using the MABC approach. Foreground and background selection using microsatellite markers (Xpsp3000 and Barc008) were employed to identify homozygous Yr10- and Yr15-containing genotypes. The resulting BC2F2 lines, designated as Grom-Yr10 and Grom-Yr15, retained key agronomic traits of the recurrent parent cv. Grom, such as spike length (13.0–11.9 cm) and spike weight (3.23–2.92 g). Under artificial infection conditions, the selected lines showed complete resistance to yellow rust (infection type 0). The most promising BC2F2 plants were subsequently advanced to homozygous BC2F3 lines harboring the introgressed resistance genes through marker-assisted selection. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating molecular marker-assisted selection with conventional breeding methods to enhance disease resistance while preserving high-yielding traits. The newly developed lines offer valuable material for future wheat improvement and contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances in Understanding Plant-Microbe Interactions)
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15 pages, 2611 KiB  
Article
Transgenerational Effects of Cadmium and Copper Exposure on Development, Reproduction, and Midgut Integrity in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for Vector Ecology Under Metal Pollution
by Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Ramy E. El-Ansary, Mahmoud M. Zidan, Areej A. Al-Khalaf and Abdelwahab Khalil
Biology 2025, 14(8), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081004 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems poses persistent threats to aquatic organisms and public health. This study evaluates the transgenerational toxicity of cadmium chloride and copper sulfate on Culex pipiens, focusing on development, reproduction, and midgut histopathology over two successive generations. Larval [...] Read more.
Heavy metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems poses persistent threats to aquatic organisms and public health. This study evaluates the transgenerational toxicity of cadmium chloride and copper sulfate on Culex pipiens, focusing on development, reproduction, and midgut histopathology over two successive generations. Larval bioassays showed cadmium chloride to be more toxic than copper sulfate, with early instars exhibiting higher sensitivity (LC50 = 8.66 μg/L for Cd; 175.63 μg/L for Cu). Both metals significantly delayed larval and pupal development, reduced fecundity, and decreased egg hatchability in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed midgut epithelial degeneration, vacuolation, and brush border loss, with copper sulfate inducing more severe cytotoxicity. These findings confirm that sublethal, chronic metal exposure can impair physiological and reproductive traits across generations. Moreover, this study highlights the utility of mosquitoes as sensitive bioindicators of aquatic pollution, and underscores the long-term ecological implications of heavy metal contamination on vector dynamics and disease transmission. Full article
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17 pages, 3344 KiB  
Article
Connectiveness of Antimicrobial Resistance Genotype–Genotype and Genotype–Phenotype in the “Intersection” of Skin and Gut Microbes
by Ruizhao Jia, Wenya Su, Wenjia Wang, Lulu Shi, Xinrou Zheng, Youming Zhang, Hai Xu, Xueyun Geng, Ling Li, Mingyu Wang and Xiang Li
Biology 2025, 14(8), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081000 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The perianal skin is a unique “skin–gut” boundary that serves as a critical hotspot for the exchange and evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, its role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has often been underestimated. To characterize the resistance patterns [...] Read more.
The perianal skin is a unique “skin–gut” boundary that serves as a critical hotspot for the exchange and evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, its role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has often been underestimated. To characterize the resistance patterns in the perianal skin environment of patients with perianal diseases and to investigate the drivers of AMR in this niche, a total of 51 bacterial isolates were selected from a historical strain bank containing isolates originally collected from patients with perianal diseases. All the isolates originated from the skin site and were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, and co-occurrence network analysis. The analysis revealed a highly structured resistance pattern, dominated by two distinct modules: one representing a classic Staphylococcal resistance platform centered around mecA and the bla operon, and a broad-spectrum multidrug resistance module in Gram-negative bacteria centered around tet(A) and predominantly carried by IncFIB and other IncF family plasmids. Further analysis pinpointed IncFIB-type plasmids as potent vehicles driving the efficient dissemination of the latter resistance module. Moreover, numerous unexplained resistance phenotypes were observed in a subset of isolates, indicating the potential presence of emerging and uncharacterized AMR threats. These findings establish the perianal skin as a complex reservoir of multidrug resistance genes and a hub for mobile genetic element exchange, highlighting the necessity of enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions in this clinically important ecological niche. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
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11 pages, 972 KiB  
Article
Rapid and Accurate Detection of the Most Common Bee Pathogens; Nosema ceranae, Aspergillus flavus, Paenibacillus larvae and Black Queen Cell Virus
by Simona Marianna Sanzani, Raied Abou Kubaa, Badr-Eddine Jabri, Sabri Ala Eddine Zaidat, Rocco Addante, Naouel Admane and Khaled Djelouah
Insects 2025, 16(8), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080810 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 32
Abstract
Honey bees are essential pollinators for the ecosystem and food crops. However, their health and survival face threats from both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria might significantly contribute to colony losses. Therefore, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for [...] Read more.
Honey bees are essential pollinators for the ecosystem and food crops. However, their health and survival face threats from both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria might significantly contribute to colony losses. Therefore, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for effective disease management. In this study, molecular assays were developed to quickly and efficiently detect the main honey bee pathogens: Nosema ceranae, Aspergillus flavus, Paenibacillus larvae, and Black queen cell virus. In this context, new primer pairs were designed for use in quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) reactions. Various protocols for extracting total nucleic acids from bee tissues were tested, indicating a CTAB-based protocol as the most efficient and cost-effective. Furthermore, excluding the head of the bee from the extraction, better results were obtained in terms of quantity and purity of extracted nucleic acids. These assays showed high specificity and sensitivity, detecting up to 250 fg of N. ceranae, 25 fg of P. larvae, and 2.5 pg of A. flavus DNA, and 5 pg of BQCV cDNA, without interference from bee DNA. These qPCR assays allowed pathogen detection within 3 h and at early stages of infection, supporting timely and efficient management interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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19 pages, 7841 KiB  
Article
Co-Expression Network Analysis Suggests PacC Transcriptional Factor Involved in Botryosphaeria dothidea Pathogenicity in Chinese Hickory
by Dong Liang, Yiru Jiang, Wei Ai, Yu Zhang, Chengxing Mao, Tianlin Ma and Chuanqing Zhang
J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080580 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 138
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea is the causative agent of Chinese hickory trunk canker, which poses significant threat to the production of Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.). Previous studies reported that endophytic–pathogenic phase transition, also referred to as latent infection, plays an important role in [...] Read more.
Botryosphaeria dothidea is the causative agent of Chinese hickory trunk canker, which poses significant threat to the production of Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.). Previous studies reported that endophytic–pathogenic phase transition, also referred to as latent infection, plays an important role in the interaction of Botryosphaeria dothidea with various host plants, including Chinese hickory. However, the mechanism underlying this phase transition is not well understood. Here, we employed RNA-Seq to investigate transcriptional changes in B. dothidea during its phase transition upon interaction with Chinese hickory. A co-expression network was generated based on 6391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from different infection stages and temperature treatments. One co-expressed module was found that highly correlated with temperature treatments which simulated conditions of B. dothidea latent infection in the field. Subsequently, 53 hub genes were detected, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed three categories of enriched GO terms: transmembrane transport or activity, ion homeostasis or transport, and carbohydrate metabolism. One PacC transcriptional factor (BDLA_00001555, an ambient pH regulator), and one endo-β-1,3-glucanase (BDLA_00010249) were specifically upregulated under temperature treatments that corresponded with the activation stage of B. dothidea’s pathogenic state. The knockout mutant strain of BDLA_00001555 demonstrated defective capability upon the activation of the pathogenic state. This confirmed that BDLA_00001555, the PacC transcriptional factor, plays an important role in the latent infection phase of B. dothidea. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of Chinese hickory trunk canker disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 2547 KiB  
Article
A Host Cell Vector Model for Analyzing Viral Protective Antigens and Host Immunity
by Sun-Min Ahn, Jin-Ha Song, Seung-Eun Son, Ho-Won Kim, Gun Kim, Seung-Min Hong, Kang-Seuk Choi and Hyuk-Joon Kwon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7492; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157492 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to the poultry industry, causing substantial economic losses. Although traditional vaccines have helped reduce the disease burden, they typically rely on multivalent antigens, emphasize humoral immunity, and require intensive production. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to the poultry industry, causing substantial economic losses. Although traditional vaccines have helped reduce the disease burden, they typically rely on multivalent antigens, emphasize humoral immunity, and require intensive production. This study aimed to establish a genetically matched host–cell system to evaluate antigen-specific immune responses and identify conserved CD8+ T cell epitopes in avian influenza viruses. To this end, we developed an MHC class I genotype (B21)-matched host (Lohmann VALO SPF chicken) and cell vector (DF-1 cell line) model. DF-1 cells were engineered to express the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 either transiently or stably, and to stably express the matrix 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) genes of A/chicken/South Korea/SL20/2020 (H9N2, Y280-lineage). Following prime-boost immunization with HA-expressing DF-1 cells, only live cells induced strong hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody titers in haplotype-matched chickens. Importantly, immunization with DF-1 cells transiently expressing NP induced stronger IFN-γ production than those expressing M1, demonstrating the platform’s potential for differentiating antigen-specific cellular responses. CD8+ T cell epitope mapping by mass spectrometry identified one distinct MHC class I-bound peptide from each of the HA-, M1-, and NP-expressing DF-1 cell lines. Notably, the identified HA epitope was conserved in 97.6% of H5-subtype IAVs, and the NP epitope in 98.5% of pan-subtype IAVs. These findings highlight the platform’s utility for antigen dissection and rational vaccine design. While limited by MHC compatibility, this approach enables identification of naturally presented epitopes and provides insight into conserved, functionally constrained viral targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Immune Response to Virus Infection and Vaccines)
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2 pages, 152 KiB  
Editorial
Mechanism and Sustainable Control of Crop Diseases
by Fei He and Yuheng Yang
Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081855 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 132
Abstract
Crop diseases pose escalating threats to global food security, with fungal pathogens alone responsible for over 20% of yield losses in major staples worldwide [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism and Sustainable Control of Crop Diseases)
15 pages, 610 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Medico-Veterinary Fungal Diseases in Africa: Harnessing a Multisectoral One Health Strategy for Cost-Effective Prevention and Preparedness
by Ayman Ahmed, Nouh Saad Mohamed and Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080569 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
The diversity and distribution of medical and veterinary-relevant fungal diseases in Africa underscore the critical need for a multisectoral One Health strategy to enhance cost-effective preparedness and prevention. This review explores the geographic spread and epidemiology of key medical and veterinary fungi, including [...] Read more.
The diversity and distribution of medical and veterinary-relevant fungal diseases in Africa underscore the critical need for a multisectoral One Health strategy to enhance cost-effective preparedness and prevention. This review explores the geographic spread and epidemiology of key medical and veterinary fungi, including Emergomyces, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Dermatophytes, Histoplasma, Sporothrix, Talaromyces, Paracoccidioides, Aspergillus, and Malassezia. Evidence indicates that many of these infections remain underdiagnosed and underreported, especially in vulnerable immunocompromised populations, due to limited surveillance, diagnostic capacity, and awareness. The increasing prevalence of these diseases, often in tandem with rising HIV rates and environmental changes, highlights the urgent need for coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. Implementing comprehensive, multisectoral interventions—focused on enhancing diagnostic capabilities, public awareness, surveillance, and cross-sector collaboration—is vital for effective prevention and control of these emerging fungal threats in Africa. Full article
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24 pages, 1024 KiB  
Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Antiviral Strategies: Advances and Limitations
by Vinicius Cardoso Soares, Isabela Batista Gonçalves Moreira and Suelen Silva Gomes Dias
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081064 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, remarkable progress has been made in the development of antiviral therapies for SARS-CoV-2. Several direct-acting antivirals, such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, offer clinical benefits. These agents have significantly contributed to reducing the viral loads and [...] Read more.
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, remarkable progress has been made in the development of antiviral therapies for SARS-CoV-2. Several direct-acting antivirals, such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, offer clinical benefits. These agents have significantly contributed to reducing the viral loads and duration of the illness, as well as the disease’s severity and mortality. However, despite these advances, important limitations remain. The continued emergence of resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants highlights the urgent need for adaptable and durable therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review aims to provide an updated overview of the main antiviral strategies that are used and the discovery of new drugs against SARS-CoV-2, as well as the therapeutic limitations that have shaped clinical management in recent years. The major challenges include resistance associated with viral mutations, limited treatment windows, and unequal access to treatment. Moreover, there is an ongoing need to identify novel compounds with broad-spectrum activity, improved pharmacokinetics, and suitable safety profiles. Combination treatment regimens represent a promising strategy to increase the efficacy of treating COVID-19 while minimizing the potential for resistance. Ideally, these interventions should be safe, affordable, and easy to administer, which would ensure broad global access and equitable treatment and enable control of COVID-19 cases and preparedness for future threats. Full article
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21 pages, 2807 KiB  
Article
Phage Therapy Enhances Survival, Immune Response, and Metabolic Resilience in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus
by Chao Zeng, Long Qi, Chao-Li Guan, Yu-Lin Chang, Yu-Yun He, Hong-Zheng Zhao, Chang Wang, Yi-Ran Zhao, Yi-Chen Dong and Guo-Fang Zhong
Fishes 2025, 10(8), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080366 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 328
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is a major threat to global shrimp aquaculture. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of phage therapy in Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Phage application at [...] Read more.
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is a major threat to global shrimp aquaculture. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of phage therapy in Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Phage application at various concentrations significantly improved shrimp survival, with the 1 ppm group demonstrating the highest survival rate. Enzymatic assays revealed that phage-treated shrimp exhibited enhanced immune enzyme activities, including acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LZM). In addition, antioxidant defenses such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) significantly improved, accompanied by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Serum biochemical analyses demonstrated marked improvements in lipid metabolism, particularly reductions in triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside higher levels of beneficial high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Transcriptomic analysis identified 2274 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), notably enriched in pathways involving fatty acid metabolism, peroxisome functions, lysosomes, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Specifically, phage treatment upregulated immune and metabolic regulatory genes, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), indicating activation of innate immunity and antioxidant defense pathways. These findings suggest that phage therapy induces protective immunometabolic adaptations beyond its direct antibacterial effects, thereby providing an ecologically sustainable alternative to antibiotics for managing bacterial diseases in shrimp aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Aquaculture and Disease Control)
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45 pages, 770 KiB  
Review
Neural Correlates of Burnout Syndrome Based on Electroencephalography (EEG)—A Mechanistic Review and Discussion of Burnout Syndrome Cognitive Bias Theory
by James Chmiel and Agnieszka Malinowska
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5357; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155357 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
Introduction: Burnout syndrome, long described as an “occupational phenomenon”, now affects 15–20% of the general workforce and more than 50% of clinicians, teachers, social-care staff and first responders. Its precise nosological standing remains disputed. We conducted a mechanistic review of electroencephalography (EEG) studies [...] Read more.
Introduction: Burnout syndrome, long described as an “occupational phenomenon”, now affects 15–20% of the general workforce and more than 50% of clinicians, teachers, social-care staff and first responders. Its precise nosological standing remains disputed. We conducted a mechanistic review of electroencephalography (EEG) studies to determine whether burnout is accompanied by reproducible brain-function alterations that justify disease-level classification. Methods: Following PRISMA-adapted guidelines, two independent reviewers searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and reference lists (January 1980–May 2025) using combinations of “burnout,” “EEG”, “electroencephalography” and “event-related potential.” Only English-language clinical investigations were eligible. Eighteen studies (n = 2194 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Data were synthesised across three domains: resting-state spectra/connectivity, event-related potentials (ERPs) and longitudinal change. Results: Resting EEG consistently showed (i) a 0.4–0.6 Hz slowing of individual-alpha frequency, (ii) 20–35% global alpha-power reduction and (iii) fragmentation of high-alpha (11–13 Hz) fronto-parietal coherence, with stage- and sex-dependent modulation. ERP paradigms revealed a distinctive “alarm-heavy/evaluation-poor” profile; enlarged N2 and ERN components signalled hyper-reactive conflict and error detection, whereas P3b, Pe, reward-P3 and late CNV amplitudes were attenuated by 25–50%, indicating depleted evaluative and preparatory resources. Feedback processing showed intact or heightened FRN but blunted FRP, and affective tasks demonstrated threat-biassed P3a latency shifts alongside dampened VPP/EPN to positive cues. These alterations persisted in longitudinal cohorts yet normalised after recovery, supporting trait-plus-state dynamics. The electrophysiological fingerprint differed from major depression (no frontal-alpha asymmetry, opposite connectivity pattern). Conclusions: Across paradigms, burnout exhibits a coherent neurophysiological signature comparable in magnitude to established psychiatric disorders, refuting its current classification as a non-disease. Objective EEG markers can complement symptom scales for earlier diagnosis, treatment monitoring and public-health surveillance. Recognising burnout as a clinical disorder—and funding prevention and care accordingly—is medically justified and economically imperative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Neurorehabilitation)
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22 pages, 3472 KiB  
Review
Systems Biology Applications in Revealing Plant Defense Mechanisms in Disease Triangle
by Tahmina Akter, Hajra Maqsood, Nicholas Castilla, Wenyuan Song and Sixue Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157318 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 957
Abstract
Plant diseases resulting from pathogens and pests constitute a persistent threat to global food security. Pathogenic infections of plants are influenced by environmental factors; a concept encapsulated in the “disease triangle” model. It is important to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the [...] Read more.
Plant diseases resulting from pathogens and pests constitute a persistent threat to global food security. Pathogenic infections of plants are influenced by environmental factors; a concept encapsulated in the “disease triangle” model. It is important to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions among plants, their pathogens and various environmental factors in the disease triangle. This review aims to highlight recent advancements in the application of systems biology to enhance understanding of the plant disease triangle within the context of microbiome rising to become the 4th dimension. Recent progress in microbiome research utilizing model plant species has begun to illuminate the roles of specific microorganisms and the mechanisms of plant–microbial interactions. We will examine (1) microbiome-mediated functions related to plant growth and protection, (2) advancements in systems biology, (3) current -omics methodologies and new approaches, and (4) challenges and future perspectives regarding the exploitation of plant defense mechanisms via microbiomes. It is posited that systems biology approaches such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based multi-omics can decode plant defense mechanisms. Progress in this significant area of plant biology has the potential to inform rational crop engineering and breeding strategies aimed at enhancing disease resistance without compromising other pathways that affect crop yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogen Interactions: 3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 2039 KiB  
Article
Establishment of Singleplex and Duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR Detection Systems for Strawberry Mottle Virus (SMoV) and Strawberry Vein Banding Virus (SVBV)
by Tengfei Xu, Dehang Gao, Mengmeng Wu, Hongqing Wang and Chengyong He
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152330 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
SMoV and SVBV are two major viruses that pose significant threats to the global strawberry industry. Both are latent viruses, making early detection difficult due to their uneven distribution and low concentration in host tissues. Traditional RT-PCR techniques are insufficient for precise and [...] Read more.
SMoV and SVBV are two major viruses that pose significant threats to the global strawberry industry. Both are latent viruses, making early detection difficult due to their uneven distribution and low concentration in host tissues. Traditional RT-PCR techniques are insufficient for precise and quantitative detection. In this study, TaqMan RT-qPCR detection systems for SMoV and SVBV were established for application in practical production settings, enabling accurate, rapid, and efficient detection of strawberry viruses. When viral accumulation in plants is low, the highly sensitive TaqMan RT-qPCR technique allows for accurate quantification, facilitating the early identification of infected plants and preventing large-scale outbreaks in cultivation areas. The development of a duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay enables simultaneous quantification of SMoV and SVBV in a single reaction, improving detection efficiency and providing technical support for risk assessment and effective control of strawberry viral diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)
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21 pages, 1546 KiB  
Review
The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Host Inflammation
by Yujia Cao, Yaju Wang, Dejian Huang and Yee-Joo Tan
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081046 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1033
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has posed substantial health threats and triggered widespread global economic disruption. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is not only a key structural protein but also instrumental in [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has posed substantial health threats and triggered widespread global economic disruption. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is not only a key structural protein but also instrumental in mediating the host immune response, contributing significantly to inflammation and viral pathogenesis. Due to its immunogenic properties, SARS-CoV-2 N protein also interacts with host factors associated with various pre-existing inflammatory conditions and may possibly contribute to the long-term symptoms suffered by some COVID-19 patients after recovery—known as long COVID. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in elucidating the biological functions of the N protein. In particular, it highlights the mechanisms by which the N protein contributes to host inflammatory responses and elaborates on its association with long COVID and pre-existing inflammatory disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Mechanisms of Immune Evasion)
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