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Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging communication technology that integrates lighting and communication, offering significant advantages in terms of data transmission rates and broad application prospects. With advancements in semiconductor technology, micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have emerged as one of the most promising light sources for high-speed VLC systems, owing to their high brightness, low power consumption, and high modulation bandwidth. Recent developments have also seen substantial progress in high-bandwidth GaN-based visible light detectors, which complement the transmission capabilities of micro-LEDs. This paper reviews the latest advancements in micro-LEDs as high-speed transmitters for VLC, detailing their capabilities in terms of bandwidth, data rates, modulation techniques, and diverse applications, including structured lighting systems that combine positioning, communication, and illumination. Additionally, the advantages of using micro-LEDs in GaN-based photodetectors (PDs) are discussed, highlighting their potential in enhancing bandwidth and data rates and facilitating high-speed communications across multifunctional applications. Therefore, this review will benefit the further development of micro-LEDs and their application in 6G communication and global interconnect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Optical Wireless Communication)

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17 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Government Communication in Tourism Governance: Analyzing Ministerial Responses to Parliamentary Inquiries and Voter Petitions

by Dat Hung Ho and Hak-Seon Kim

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030143 (registering DOI) - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study analyzes how Vietnam’s Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MoCST) communicates policy implementation in tourism governance through 35 official responses to citizen petitions, using Heidbreder’s Multilevel Policy Implementation Strategies Framework (centralization, agencification, convergence, networking). Content coding, frequency analysis, co-occurrence network, and sentiment analysis reveal a dominant centralization pattern, with MoCST maintaining strong top-down control in decision-making and resource allocation. Convergence reflects increased inter-ministerial coordination, while agencification is limited, and networking with private or civil sectors remains weak. This weak networking limits participatory decision-making and hinders the development of adaptive, community-based tourism initiatives, which are crucial for sustainable tourism governance. Positive sentiment is more associated with centralized and convergent actions, indicating institutional trust. The study extends Heidbreder’s framework to a non-Western, centralized context and calls for stronger local agency roles and inclusive networks to enhance resilience and community ownership in policy implementation. Full article

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18 pages, 2134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol and Associated Microbial Composition in Rainbow Trout Aquaculture Systems for Human Consumption

by Juan José Córdoba-Granados, Almudena V. Merchán, Carlos Moraga, Paula Tejero, Alberto Martín and María José Benito

Foods 2025, 14(14), 2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142517 (registering DOI) - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the seasonal and spatial dynamics of off-flavour compounds—geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB)—in an intensive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture system for human consumption in western Spain. Weekly water and fish flesh samples were collected over a 12-month period from three farms supplied by the River Tormes. Physicochemical parameters, determination of geosmin and 2-MIB by SPME-GC-MS, microbial counts, and microbial community composition were assessed alongside volatile compound concentrations. Geosmin and 2-MIB showed marked seasonal variation, with peak levels in water and fish flesh during spring and summer, correlating positively with temperature. Geosmin accumulation in fish was highest in the downstream farm, suggesting cumulative exposure effects. In contrast, 2-MIB was detected only in water and at lower concentrations. Microbial analyses revealed high bacterial and fungal diversity, including cyanobacterial taxa such as Phormidium setchellianum and Pseudoanabaena minima, known producers of geosmin and 2-MIB. These findings highlight the importance of water microbiota and environmental conditions in off-flavour development. Managing cyanobacterial populations and monitoring spatial-temporal variability are essential to mitigate the development of earthy or musty flavours and economic losses in aquaculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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28 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Confirmatory Factors Analysis of Multicultural Leadership of Youth in the Three Southern Border Provinces of Thailand

by Kasetchai Laeheem, Punya Tepsing and Khaled Hayisa-e

Societies 2025, 15(7), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070202 (registering DOI) - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Developing multicultural leadership in youth is crucial for fostering social harmony, emphasizing cross-cultural communication, adaptability, creative problem solving, and ethical leadership, particularly in Thailand’s three southern border provinces. This study aimed to analyze the confirmatory factors and assess the validity of the measurement model for multicultural leadership among youth in Thailand’s three southern border provinces. The study sample comprised 640 participants, and the data were analyzed using second-order confirmatory factor analysis. The findings revealed that multicultural leadership among youth in the region consists of the following six key components: (1) awareness and acceptance of cultural diversity, (2) intercultural communication skills, (3) flexibility and adaptability in multicultural contexts, (4) creative problem solving in a multicultural context, (5) building intercultural collaboration networks, and (6) developing culturally relevant morality and ethics. The measurement model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data. Considering the Chi-square value of 411.81, p-value of 0.07, the relative Chi-square (χ²/df) was 1.11, the Goodness-of-Fitness Index (GFI) was 0.96, the Adjusted Goodness-of-Fitness Index (AGFI) was 0.94, and the Root Mean Square Residuals Index (SRMR) was 0.03. These findings provide valuable insights for formulating effective policies and concrete strategies to enhance and develop multicultural leadership among youth in diverse sociocultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities)

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17 pages, 3908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metagenomic Characterization of Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Low Cardiovascular Risk

by Argul Issilbayeva, Samat Kozhakhmetov, Zharkyn Jarmukhanov, Elizaveta Vinogradova, Nurislam Mukhanbetzhanov, Assel Meiramova, Yelena Rib, Tatyana Ivanova-Razumova, Gulzhan Myrzakhmetova, Saltanat Andossova, Ayazhan Zeinoldina, Malika Kuantkhan, Bayan Ainabekova, Makhabbat Bekbossynova and Almagul Kushugulova

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 5097; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145097 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global mortality, with the gut microbiome emerging as a critical factor. This study aimed to characterize gut microbiome composition and metabolic pathways in individuals with low cardiovascular risk (LCR) compared to healthy controls to reveal insights into early disease shifts. Methods: We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing on fecal samples from 25 LCR individuals and 25 matched healthy controls. Participants underwent a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation. Taxonomic classification used MetaPhlAn 4, and functional profiling employed HUMAnN 3. Results: Despite similar alpha diversity, significant differences in bacterial community structure were observed between groups (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). The LCR group showed enrichment of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (p = 0.035), negatively correlating with atherogenic markers, including ApoB (r = −0.3, p = 0.025). Conversely, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans positively correlated with ApoB (r = 0.4, p = 0.006). Metabolic pathway analysis revealed upregulation of nucleotide biosynthesis, glycolysis, and sugar degradation pathways in the LCR group, suggesting altered metabolic activity. Conclusions: We identified distinct gut microbiome signatures in LCR individuals that may represent early alterations associated with cardiovascular disease development. The opposing correlations between F. prausnitzii and F. saccharivorans with lipid parameters highlight their potential roles in cardiometabolic health. These findings suggest gut microbiome signatures may serve as indicators of early metabolic dysregulation preceding clinically significant cardiovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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35 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessReview

Process Intensification of Anaerobic Digestion of Biowastes for Improved Biomethane Production: A Review

by Sahil Sahil and Sonil Nanda

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6553; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146553 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Anaerobic digestion is a widely adopted technique for biologically converting organic biomass to biogas under oxygen-limited conditions. However, several factors, including the properties of biomass and its complex structure, make it challenging to degrade biomass effectively, thereby reducing the overall efficiency of anaerobic digestion. This review examines the recent advancements in commonly used pretreatment techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, and their impact on the biodegradability of organic waste for anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, this review explores integrated approaches that utilize two or more pretreatments to achieve synergistic effects on biomass degradation. This article highlights various additives and their physicochemical characteristics, which play a vital role in stimulating direct interspecies electron transfer to enhance biomethanation reaction rates. Direct electron interspecies transfer is a crucial aspect that accelerates electron transfer among syntrophic microbial communities during anaerobic digestion, thereby enhancing biomethane formation. Finally, this article reviews potential approaches, identifies research gaps, and outlines future directions to strengthen and develop advanced pretreatment strategies and novel additives to improve anaerobic digestion processes for generating high-value biogas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Driving Sustainable Development and Economic Growth Through Renewable Energy)

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81 pages, 11973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing and Evaluating XR Cultural Heritage Applications Through Human–Computer Interaction Methods: Insights from Ten International Case Studies

by Jolanda Tromp, Damian Schofield, Pezhman Raeisian Parvari, Matthieu Poyade, Claire Eaglesham, Juan Carlos Torres, Theodore Johnson, Teele Jürivete, Nathan Lauer, Arcadio Reyes-Lecuona, Daniel González-Toledo, María Cuevas-Rodríguez and Luis Molina-Tanco

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7973; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147973 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Advanced three-dimensional extended reality (XR) technologies are highly suitable for cultural heritage research and education. XR tools enable the creation of realistic virtual or augmented reality applications for curating and disseminating information about cultural artifacts and sites. Developing XR applications for cultural heritage requires interdisciplinary collaboration involving strong teamwork and soft skills to manage user requirements, system specifications, and design cycles. Given the diverse end-users, achieving high precision, accuracy, and efficiency in information management and user experience is crucial. Human–computer interaction (HCI) design and evaluation methods are essential for ensuring usability and return on investment. This article presents ten case studies of cultural heritage software projects, illustrating the interdisciplinary work between computer science and HCI design. Students from institutions such as the State University of New York (USA), Glasgow School of Art (UK), University of Granada (Spain), University of Málaga (Spain), Duy Tan University (Vietnam), Imperial College London (UK), Research University Institute of Communication & Computer Systems (Greece), Technical University of Košice (Slovakia), and Indiana University (USA) contributed to creating, assessing, and improving the usability of these diverse cultural heritage applications. The results include a structured typology of CH XR application scenarios, detailed insights into design and evaluation practices across ten international use cases, and a development framework that supports interdisciplinary collaboration and stakeholder integration in phygital cultural heritage projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage)

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18 pages, 386 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Non-Invasive Ventilation in Elderly Patients: Therapeutic Opportunity or Medical Futility? An Updated Narrative Review

by Francesca Sangiovanni, Giulia Sartori, Nadia Castaldo, Alberto Fantin and Ernesto Crisafulli

Medicina 2025, 61(7), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071288 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) represents an increasingly relevant clinical challenge in older subjects due to population aging and the high prevalence of cardiopulmonary comorbidities. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV), developed as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), has become a first-line treatment in various forms of ARF, including acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPE) and acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), offering several clinical advantages. In this context, the limited evidence on the efficacy of NIV in older patients leaves considerable uncertainty as to whether it constitutes a valid therapeutic option or represents medical futility in these patients. Materials and Methods: This narrative review explores the use of NIV and its outcomes in four key clinical scenarios in the elderly: ARF due to ACPE, AECOPD, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and palliative/end-of-life care. Results: Strong evidence supports NIV use with improved outcomes in ACPE and AECOPD, even in older populations. Conversely, data on its use in pneumonia are inconclusive, with potential harm if applied inappropriately. In palliative care, NIV can help relieve symptoms, but if not used appropriately, it may extend suffering. Conclusions: Age alone does not appear to be a sufficient factor to determine whether or not to use NIV; it becomes relevant only when considered in conjunction with the purpose of its use and the patient’s clinical history and condition. Data remain limited and often conflicting, particularly when investigating the elderly population and patients with a “do not intubate” (DNI) order. There is a need for additional research on these patients, focusing on long-term outcomes and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pulmonology)

23 pages, 2572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drivers and Barriers for Edible Streets: A Case Study in Oxford, UK

by Kuhu Gupta, Mohammad Javad Seddighi, Emma L. Davies, Pariyarath Sangeetha Thondre and Mina Samangooei

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146538 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study introduces Edible Streets as a distinct and scalable model of community-led urban food growing, specifically investigating the drivers and barriers to the initiative. Unlike traditional urban food-growing initiatives, Edible Streets explores the integration of edible plants into street verges and footpaths with direct community involvement of the people who live/work in a street. This study contributes new knowledge by evaluating Edible Streets through the COM-B model of behavioural change, through policy and governance in addition to behaviour change, and by developing practical frameworks to facilitate its implementation. Focusing on Oxford, the research engaged residents through 17 in-person interviews and 18 online surveys, alongside a stakeholder workshop with 21 policymakers, community leaders, and NGO representatives. Findings revealed strong motivation for Edible Streets, driven by values of sustainability, community resilience, and improved well-being. However, capability barriers, including knowledge gaps in gardening, land-use policies, and food preservation, as well as opportunity constraints related to land access, water availability, and environmental challenges, hindered participation. To address these, a How-to Guide was developed, and a pilot Edible Street project was launched. Future steps include establishing a licensing application model to facilitate urban food growing and conducting a Post-Use Evaluation and Impact Study. Nationally, this model could support Right to Grow policies, while globally, it aligns with climate resilience and food security goals. Locally grown food enhances biodiversity, reduces carbon footprints, and strengthens social cohesion. By tackling key barriers and scaling solutions, this study provides actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners to create resilient, equitable urban food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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25 pages, 2870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions

by Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla, Hiba Mohanad Isam, Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed, Ikhlas Saad Ahmed, Lutfieh S. Alhomed, Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou, Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali, Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid and Tijjani Adam

Computers 2025, 14(7), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Vehicular Communication Networks (VCNs) are essential to intelligent transportation systems, where real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure supports safety, efficiency, and automation. However, achieving high Quality of Service (QoS)—especially under delay-sensitive conditions—remains a major challenge due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of vehicular environments. While some efforts have explored routing protocol optimization, few have systematically compared multiple optimization approaches tailored to distinct traffic and delay conditions. This study addresses this gap by evaluating and enhancing two widely used routing protocols, QOS-AODV and GPSR, through their improved versions, CM-QOS-AODV and CM-GPSR. Two distinct optimization models are proposed: the Traffic-Oriented Model (TOM), designed to handle variable and high-traffic conditions, and the Delay-Efficient Model (DEM), focused on reducing latency for time-critical scenarios. Performance was evaluated using key QoS metrics: throughput (rate of successful data delivery), packet delivery ratio (PDR) (percentage of successfully delivered packets), and end-to-end delay (latency between sender and receiver). Simulation results reveal that TOM-optimized protocols achieve up to 10% higher PDR, maintain throughput above 0.40 Mbps, and reduce delay to as low as 0.01 s, making them suitable for applications such as collision avoidance and emergency alerts. DEM-based variants offer balanced, moderate improvements, making them better suited for general-purpose VCN applications. These findings underscore the importance of traffic- and delay-aware protocol design in developing robust, QoS-compliant vehicular communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Deep Learning to Internet of Things Systems)

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28 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teacher Efficacy Beliefs: A Multilevel Analysis of Teacher- and School-Level Predictors in Mexico

by Fatima Salas-Rodriguez, Sonia Lara and Martín Martínez

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070913 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

All individuals hold beliefs about their ability to successfully perform specific tasks. These beliefs, known as self-efficacy, play a key role in guiding and motivating human behavior. In education, both teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and the collective efficacy shared by teachers within a school have been linked to improved performance, well-being, and job satisfaction among students and educators. While these constructs have been widely studied in various countries and contexts, little is known about them in Mexico, the country with the largest Spanish-speaking population worldwide. This study is the first to examine the relationship between teacher self-efficacy (TSE), collective efficacy, and other teacher- and school-level variables in Mexico. Given the absence of psychometrically robust instruments to assess collective efficacy among Spanish-speaking teachers, the Collective Teacher Beliefs Scale (CTBS) was first adapted into Spanish, and its psychometric properties were evaluated. Subsequently, multilevel analyses incorporating teacher- and school-level factors revealed that professional development on multicultural communication, classroom autonomy, and collaboration, at the teacher level, and collective efficacy and stakeholder participation, at the school level, were significant predictors of TSE. Finally, implications for future practice and policy are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Measuring Teaching Quality)

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25 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geoheritage, Geoeducation, and Geotourism Synergies on Tinos Island (Cyclades, Greece): Assessment, Interpretation, and Sustainable Development Perspectives

by George Zafeiropoulos, Sofia Karampela and Hara Drinia

Land 2025, 14(7), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071481 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Tinos Island, part of the Cyclades Complex in the central Aegean Sea, represents a distinctive case of geocultural heritage where geological formations and cultural identity intersect. This study evaluates the geoeducational and geotouristic potential of Tinos’ geosites using GEOAM methodology, which assesses their scientific, educational, and conservation value. Six geosites are examined to explore their geoeducational potential, including prominent locations such as the Tafoni formations and the Exombourgo granite massif. The findings highlight the significance of these sites, while also identifying challenges related to infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable management. By integrating geoethics into geotourism practices, Tinos can adopt a balanced approach that enhances environmental conservation alongside community-driven economic benefits. The study underscores the need for collaborative initiatives to optimize the island’s geoheritage for education and tourism, ensuring its long-term preservation. Geotourism, when responsibly implemented, has the potential to strengthen local identity while advancing sustainable tourism development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geoparks as a Form of Tourism Space Management II)

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12 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization and Verification of Acquisition Time Method Based on a Data-Driven Model for Laser Inter-Satellite Links

by Xiangnan Liu, Xiaoping Li, Zhongwen Deng and Haifeng Sun

Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2854; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142854 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

High-speed communication can be achieved using laser inter-satellite links. However, laser terminals are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, which can lead to link disconnections. Therefore, an acquisition method capable of determining pointing errors is essential. In this study, a fast space–time fusion acquisition method was developed. This method establishes the relationship between satellite position, capture time, and azimuth and elevation angles. The performance of the proposed acquisition time optimization method was verified in a practical engineering application. Experimental results show that the pointing error was reduced by five times, the acquisition rate increased by 40%, the acquisition speed improved by 300 times, and multiple interference factors were effectively addressed. Full article

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23 pages, 3885 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Sustainable Urban Branding: The Nexus Between Digital Marketing and Smart Cities

by Maria Briana, Roido Mitoula and Eleni Sardianou

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(7), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070278 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Smart cities leverage digital marketing to promote sustainability and build a distinctive global branding. Despite its growing significance, the role digital marketing in smart city development remains underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by employing bibliometric analysis of 1908 articles indexed in the Scopus database (2000–2024), using the Bibliometrix R-Studio (version 1.4.1743) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.20). The analysis reveals two thematic clusters: (1) “Digital Innovation and Sustainability”, which emphasizes technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data for energy efficiency and green urban development; and (2) “Governance and Policy”, which highlights digital marketing’s role in enabling participatory governance, citizen engagement, and inclusive urban policies. Findings underscore that digital marketing is not only a strategic communication channel but also a driver of sustainable urban transformation. By synthesizing insights from urban planning, technology, and sustainability, this paper provides a novel perspective on the intersection of digital marketing and smart cities. The results provide valuable guidance for policymakers, city planners, and researchers to harness digital marketing in promoting sustainability and further develop the smart city concept. Full article

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33 pages, 617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discourse of Military-Assisted Urban Regeneration in Colombo: Political and Elite Influences on Displacing Underserved Communities in Postwar Sri Lanka

by Janak Ranaweera, Sandeep Agrawal and Rob Shields

Real Estate 2025, 2(3), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/realestate2030011 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study examines the political and elite motives behind Colombo’s ‘world-class city’ initiative and its impact on public housing in underserved communities. Informed by interviews with high-ranking government officials, including urban planning experts and military officers, this study examines how President Rajapaksa’s elite-driven postwar Sri Lankan government leveraged military capacities within the neoliberal developmental framework to transform Colombo’s urban space for political and economic goals, often at the expense of marginalized communities. Applying a contextual discourse analysis model, which views discourse as a constellation of arguments within a specific context, we critically analyzed interview discussions to clarify the rationale behind the militarized approach to public housing while highlighting its contradictions, including the displacement of underserved communities and the ethical concerns associated with compulsory relocation. The findings suggest that Colombo’s postwar public housing program was utilized to consolidate authoritarian control and promote speculative urban transformation, treating public housing as a secondary aspect of broader political and economic agendas. Anchored in militarized urban governance, these elite-driven strategies failed to achieve their anticipated economic objectives and deepened socio-spatial inequalities, raising serious concerns about exclusionary and undemocratic planning practices. The paper recommends that future urban planning strike a balance between economic objectives and principles of spatial justice, inclusion, and participatory governance, promoting democratic and socially equitable urban development. Full article

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