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Article

Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions

by
Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla
1,
Hiba Mohanad Isam
2,
Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed
3,
Ikhlas Saad Ahmed
4,
Lutfieh S. Alhomed
5,
Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou
4,
Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali
4,
Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan
6,
Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid
7 and
Tijjani Adam
7,8,9,*
1
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Communications Technical Engineering, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad I10091, Iraq
3
Department of Information System, College of Science & Arts, King Khalid University, Mohyel Asser 62521, Saudi Arabia
4
Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Computer Science, Applied College, University of Najran, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
7
Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
8
Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
9
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Computers 2025, 14(7), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285
Submission received: 14 June 2025 / Revised: 12 July 2025 / Accepted: 14 July 2025 / Published: 17 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Deep Learning to Internet of Things Systems)
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Abstract

Vehicular Communication Networks (VCNs) are essential to intelligent transportation systems, where real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure supports safety, efficiency, and automation. However, achieving high Quality of Service (QoS)—especially under delay-sensitive conditions—remains a major challenge due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of vehicular environments. While some efforts have explored routing protocol optimization, few have systematically compared multiple optimization approaches tailored to distinct traffic and delay conditions. This study addresses this gap by evaluating and enhancing two widely used routing protocols, QOS-AODV and GPSR, through their improved versions, CM-QOS-AODV and CM-GPSR. Two distinct optimization models are proposed: the Traffic-Oriented Model (TOM), designed to handle variable and high-traffic conditions, and the Delay-Efficient Model (DEM), focused on reducing latency for time-critical scenarios. Performance was evaluated using key QoS metrics: throughput (rate of successful data delivery), packet delivery ratio (PDR) (percentage of successfully delivered packets), and end-to-end delay (latency between sender and receiver). Simulation results reveal that TOM-optimized protocols achieve up to 10% higher PDR, maintain throughput above 0.40 Mbps, and reduce delay to as low as 0.01 s, making them suitable for applications such as collision avoidance and emergency alerts. DEM-based variants offer balanced, moderate improvements, making them better suited for general-purpose VCN applications. These findings underscore the importance of traffic- and delay-aware protocol design in developing robust, QoS-compliant vehicular communication systems.
Keywords: vehicular communication networks; routing protocols; delay-sensitive; traffic-oriented evaluation; delay efficiency; optimization vehicular communication networks; routing protocols; delay-sensitive; traffic-oriented evaluation; delay efficiency; optimization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dafhalla, A.K.Y.; Isam, H.M.; Ahmed, A.E.T.; Ahmed, I.S.; Alhomed, L.S.; Zahou, A.M.e.; Ali, F.A.E.; Zayan, D.M.I.; Elobaid, M.E.; Adam, T. Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions. Computers 2025, 14, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285

AMA Style

Dafhalla AKY, Isam HM, Ahmed AET, Ahmed IS, Alhomed LS, Zahou AMe, Ali FAE, Zayan DMI, Elobaid ME, Adam T. Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions. Computers. 2025; 14(7):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dafhalla, Alaa Kamal Yousif, Hiba Mohanad Isam, Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed, Ikhlas Saad Ahmed, Lutfieh S. Alhomed, Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou, Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali, Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid, and Tijjani Adam. 2025. "Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions" Computers 14, no. 7: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285

APA Style

Dafhalla, A. K. Y., Isam, H. M., Ahmed, A. E. T., Ahmed, I. S., Alhomed, L. S., Zahou, A. M. e., Ali, F. A. E., Zayan, D. M. I., Elobaid, M. E., & Adam, T. (2025). Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions. Computers, 14(7), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285

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