Search Results (7,934)

The control design of three-phase AC/DC converters is particularly challenging, as their dynamic behavior is governed by complex nonlinear interactions and strong coupling among system variables, conventional Proportional–Integral (PI) controllers often suffer from sluggish transient responses and limited immunity to interference. To address these issues, Sliding-Mode Control (SMC) is widely adopted for its robustness against parameter uncertainties and rapid dynamic performance. However, the chattering phenomenon inherent in traditional SMC near the sliding surface remains a critical challenge. To improve the dynamic performance of sliding-mode control, this work introduces a redesigned exponential reaching law into the control framework. The proposed strategy is implemented in a voltage–current cascaded (double closed-loop) structure, where the improved reaching law is embedded in the outer DC-link voltage loop and the inner loop regulates the grid currents in the synchronous dq frame. By modifying the reaching dynamics, the proposed approach effectively weakens chattering phenomena while enabling faster convergence of the system states. Comprehensive validation was conducted using Matlab/Simulink simulations and experimental prototypes. The results demonstrate that, compared to PI control and traditional exponential reaching law-based SMC, the proposed strategy significantly mitigates chattering while delivering superior static stability and faster dynamic response. Full article

The current-mode logic (CML) driver has evolved alongside integrated circuit (IC) technology. Its typical structure contains a tail current source, differential amplifying transistors, and load resistors. It is widely used in modern optical transceivers and other serial link transceivers, and is compatible with various processes, including CMOS, SiGe BiCMOS, and InP DHBT. The basic performance indicators of CML driver include gain, bandwidth, power, and total harmonic distortion (THD). For different application scenarios, different tail currents and load resistance are required. Nowadays, as the performance requirements for drivers in various applications continue to increase, more techniques need to be employed to balance high speed, high output amplitude, high linearity, and low power, such as bandwidth expansion techniques, linearity improvement techniques, and gain control techniques. In this review, the electrical characteristics of basic CML circuits are highlighted and compared with other interface level standards. The advancement of CML drivers is summarized. Emerging CML structures and performance enhancement technologies are introduced and analyzed. Design considerations are concluded in terms of the challenges faced by high-speed drivers. The review provides comparative study and comprehensive reference for designers. Full article

Focusing on the challenges posed by the strong randomness, weak manifestation, and difficulty in diagnosing intermittent faults (IFs) in high-density integrated circuits (HDICs)—often induced by bonding wire defects—this paper takes the GPIO interfaces of a typical DSP chip as the research object. It systematically analyzes the response characteristics of intermittent short-circuit and open-circuit faults and proposes a hybrid intelligent diagnosis method based on the Sparrow Search Algorithm-optimized Variational Mode Decomposition and Attention-based Support Vector Machine (SSA–VMD–Attention–SVM). A dedicated fault injection circuit is designed to accurately replicate IFs and acquire the power supply current response signals. The Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) is employed to adaptively optimize the parameters of Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) for effective extraction of frequency-domain features from fault signals. A three-level attention mechanism is introduced to adaptively weight multi-domain features, thereby highlighting the key fault components. Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is utilized to achieve high-precision fault classification under small-sample conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a diagnostic accuracy of 97.78% for intermittent short-circuit and open-circuit faults in the GPIO interfaces of the DSP chip, significantly outperforming traditional methods and exhibiting notable advantages in terms of diagnostic accuracy, robustness, and interpretability. Full article

It is a challenge in experimental studies today to accurately predict the trapping mechanisms in saline aquifers that influence the long-term CO₂ storage capacities. The inability in current experimental studies to quantify the effects of combined processes of solubility, hysteresis, and mineralization as a means of affecting saline aquifer properties that influence CO₂ trapping mechanisms makes this topic interesting. A systematic framework in CMG-GEM compositional simulation studies is proposed in this article to assess the effects of gradually modelled trapping mechanisms on CO₂ storage performance. Simulation studies are conducted under identical constraints, trapping mechanisms, as well as operational factors in a sequential process that activates (i) solubility, (ii) solubility + hysteresis, and (iii) solubility + hysteresis + mineralization. The findings demonstrate distinct differences in trapping process behaviors as well as simulation stability under various modes: hysteresis effects largely improve immobile reserves as well as decrease plume migration, and, on the other hand, mineralization adds long-term dynamics of capacity increase as well as porosity-permeability alterations, especially in carbonate reservoirs. Through long-term post-injection simulations (up to 1000 years), the findings demonstrate that various trapping processes trigger over distinct time periods—years for immobile reserves, decades for dissolution, and centuries in the case of mineralization. This contribution is able to point out the computational efficiency as well as defective model behavior of concern to various physics levels, providing a practical guide to modelers in making a well-informed decision on what constitutes a minimum set of physics in long-term trustworthy CO₂ storage. Full article

This work presents a notch filter architecture based on a dual-output second-generation voltage conveyor, designed with a current-mode approach. The proposed topology employs a single frequency-selective LC branch and directly uses the two voltage outputs of the DOVCII to generate a notch response without additional active stages. Analytical expressions for the transfer function, notch frequency, and quality factor are derived, highlighting independent control of the passband gain and notch parameters. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the notch frequency depends exclusively on the LC product with half-order sensitivities, while the quality factor is predominantly controlled by a single resistor, resulting in predictable tuning and improved tolerance to passive component variations. Transistor-level analysis of the proposed filter was carried out using a standard AMS 0.35 μm CMOS process and has been validated through both circuit-level simulations and experimental measurements using a DOVCII implementation based on the AD844 current-feedback amplifier. Prototypes operating at 100 kHz and 50 Hz notch frequencies have been implemented, the latter employing a current-mode inductance simulator to avoid bulky passive inductors. Full article

Higher education institutions face a critical methodological challenge in pursuing net-zero commitments: Within the amount ofhe emissions related to Scope 3, including indirect emissions from water consumption, waste disposal, business travel, and mobility, employees commuting represents 50–92% of campus carbon footprints, yet reliable quantification remains elusive due to fragmented data collection and governance silos. The present research investigates how purposeful integration of the Home-to-Work Commuting Plan (HtWCP)—mandatory under Italian Decree 179/2021—into the Climate Neutrality Plan (CNP) could constitute an innovative strategy to enhance emissions accounting rigor while strengthening institutional governance. Stemming from the University of Genoa case study, we show how leveraging mandatory HtWCP survey infrastructure to collect granular mobility behavioral data (transportation mode, commuting distance, and travel frequency) directly addresses the GHG Protocol-specified distance-based methodology for Scope 3 accounting. In turn, the CNP could support the HtWCP in framing mobility actions into a wider long-term perspective, as well as suggesting a compensation mechanism and paradigm for mobility actions that are currently not included. We therefore establish a replicable model that simultaneously advances three institutional dimensions, through the operationalization of the Avoid–Shift–Improve framework within an integrated workflow: (1) methodological rigor—replacing proxy methodologies with actual behavioral data to eliminate the notorious Scope 3 data gap; (2) governance coherence—aligning voluntary and regulatory instruments to reduce fragmentation and enhance cross-functional collaboration; and (3) adaptive management—embedding biennial feedback cycles that enable continuous validation and iterative refinement of emissions reduction strategies. This framework positions universities as institutional innovators capable of modeling integrated governance approaches with potential transferability to municipal, corporate, and public administration contexts. The findings contribute novel evidence to scholarly literature on institutional sustainability, policy integration, and climate governance, whilst establishing methodological standards relevant to international harmonization efforts in carbon accounting. Full article

Aiming at the chattering issue in speed observation for sensorless control, this paper proposes a sliding mode observer based on an improved double-power reaching law for high-performance speed estimation in five-phase induction motors. Traditional constant-rate reaching law observers exhibit significant chattering, while the double-power reaching law, though offering certain “variable-gain” adjustment effects, still has limited chattering suppression capability. To address this, the paper introduces a state variable related to the stator current into the conventional double-power observer, further enhancing the ability of the sliding mode gain to vary with the system state. This approach effectively suppresses chattering while maintaining convergence speed. The stability of the observer system employing the new reaching law is proven using Lyapunov stability theory, and the value ranges of key parameters are determined. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to traditional constant-rate reaching law and conventional double-power reaching law observers, the proposed improved method significantly reduces speed observation chattering and effectively enhances the observation accuracy of the observer. Full article

With the development of manufacturing industry, traditional fixed process processing methods cannot adapt to the changes in workshop operations and the demand for small batches and multiple orders. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce multiple robots to provide a more flexible production mode. Currently, some Job Shop Scheduling Problems with Transportation (JSP-T) only consider job scheduling and vehicle task allocation, and does not focus on the problem of collision free paths between vehicles. This article proposes a novel solution framework that integrates workshop scheduling, material handling robot task allocation, and conflict free path planning between robots. With the goal of minimizing the maximum completion time (Makespan) that includes handling, this paper first establishes an extended JSP-T problem model that integrates handling time and robot paths, and provides the corresponding workshop layout map. Secondly, in the scheduling layer, an improved Deep Q-Network (DQN) method is used for dynamic scheduling to generate a feasible and optimal machining scheduling scheme. Subsequently, considering the robot’s position information, the task sequence is assigned to the robot path execution layer. Finally, at the path execution layer, the Priority Based Search (PBS) algorithm is applied to solve conflict free paths for the handling robot. The optimized solution for obtaining the maximum completion time of all jobs under the condition of conflict free path handling. The experimental results show that compared with algorithms such as PPO, the scheduling algorithm proposed in this paper has improved performance by 9.7% in Makespan, and the PBS algorithm can obtain optimized paths for multiple handling robots under conflict free conditions. The framework can handle scheduling, task allocation, and conflict-free path planning in a unified optimization process, which can adapt well to job changes and then flexible manufacturing. Full article

To address the problems of weak geometric features, low signal response amplitude, and insufficient spatial resolvability of near-surface defects in metal substrates, a high-resolution spatiotemporal-coded eddy-current array probe is proposed. The probe adopts an array topology with time-multiplexed excitation and adjacent differential reception, achieving a balance between high common-mode rejection ratio and high-density spatial sampling. First, a theoretical electromagnetic coupling model between the probe and the metal substrate is established, and finite-element simulations are conducted to investigate the evolution of the skin effect, eddy-current density distribution, and differential impedance response over an excitation frequency range of 1–10 MHz. Subsequently, a 64-channel M-DECA probe and an experimental testing platform are developed, and frequency-sweeping experiments are carried out under different excitation conditions. Experimental results indicate that, under a 50 kHz excitation frequency, the array eddy-current response achieves an optimal trade-off between signal amplitude and spatial geometric consistency. Furthermore, based on the pixel-to-physical coordinate mapping relationship, the lateral equivalent diameters of near-surface defects with different characteristic scales are quantitatively characterized, with relative errors of 6.35%, 4.29%, 3.98%, 3.50%, and 5.80%, respectively. Regression-based quantitative analysis reveals a power-law relationship between defect area and the amplitude of the differential eddy-current array response, with a coefficient of determination ${\mathrm{R}}^2=0.9034$ for the bipolar peak-to-peak feature. The proposed M-DECA probe enables high-resolution imaging and quantitative characterization of near-surface defects in metal substrates, providing an effective solution for electromagnetic detection of near-surface, low-contrast defects. Full article

Against the backdrop of rising global carbon emissions, promoting active transportation modes such as walking and cycling has become a key strategy for countries worldwide to meet carbon reduction targets and advance the goals of sustainable development. In China, the concept of low-carbon mobility has gained rapid traction, leading to a significant increase in public demand for non-motorized travel options like walking and cycling. From the perspective of inclusive urban development, gender imbalances in sample representation during design and evaluation processes have contributed to homogenization and a lack of diversity in urban slow-traffic environments. To address this issue, this study adopts a problem-oriented approach. First, we collect street scene images of slow-traffic environments through self-conducted field surveys. Concurrently, we gather satisfaction survey responses from 511 urban residents regarding existing slow-traffic streets, identifying three key environmental evaluation indicators: safety, liveliness, and beauty. Second, an experimental analysis is conducted to compare machine-generated assessments based on self-collected street view data with manual evaluations performed by 27 female participants. The findings reveal significant perceptual differences between genders in the assessment of slow-moving environments, particularly regarding attention to environmental elements, challenges in utilizing non-motorized lanes, and overall environmental satisfaction. Moreover, notable discrepancies are observed between machine scores and manual assessments performed by women. Based on these findings, this study investigates the underlying causes of such perceptual disparities and the mechanisms influencing them. Finally, it proposes female-inclusive strategies aimed at enhancing the quality of slow-traffic environments, thereby addressing the current absence of gender considerations in their design. This research seeks to provide a robust female perspective and empirical evidence to support improvements in the quality of slow-moving environments and to inform strategic advancements in their design. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the optimization of gender-inclusive non-motorized transportation environment design, policy formulation, and subsequent interdisciplinary research. Full article

This article critically examines the growing interest in what most contemporary scholars consider still a new and underdeveloped mode of environmental storytelling in video games. Different models of games that provide strong narrative techniques within highly detailed, environmentally sophisticated land/soundscapes have been released over the last decade by well-known studios like Fullbright Productions, Giant Sparrow and Campo Santo. This new perspective will draw several critical questions formed from prior research in several foundational articles, the area of game studies and several journals directed at the question of how game spaces function as narrative devices. For example, an early 2016 article by John Barber for the Cogent Arts and Humanities, “Digital storytelling: New opportunities for humanities scholarship and pedagogy” was one of the first essays to explore how Fullbright’s well-known game Gone Home utilizes spatial design, object placement, and ambient details to convey stories without explicit narration. Gone Home, according to Barber and many others, continues to emphasize environmental storytelling as a form of semiotic communication—one where the “text” is the game world itself, inviting players to read and interpret more complex layers of literary meaning. Contemporary scholars have built on these more foundational studies to consider how AI and procedural generation further complicate narrative agency and structure in digital spaces, enabling the current study to consider what could be considered a distinctly post-AI theoretical perspective based upon these primary determinants: (a) how game environments may dynamically adapt narratives in response to player interaction and algorithmic input, and (b) the evolving notion of narrative agency in digital spaces where human and machine contributions intertwine in AI systems. The two chief aims of this proposal are thus to reconsider traditional environmental storytelling within new innovative, post-GenAI narrative frameworks and, looking at contemporary insights from leading examples in the field, deepen current academic understandings of narrative spaces in games from new narratological perspectives. Studies in this area seem uniquely valuable, given the rapid development of GenAI tools in creative content production and what appears to be a new epoch in narrative engagement in all interactive media. Full article

This paper presents a pre-industrial, laboratory-stage version of an innovative sensor box designed to enable remote measurement of electrical currents. The proposed prototype functions as a drone-mounted payload that can be deployed onto overhead transmission lines. Utilizing Hall-effect sensors, electronic signal processing through filtering, and digital data transmission via Arduino and Bluetooth, the instantaneous line currents are visualized in MATLAB (R2023a) as time-based curves. The sensor box can also be remotely released from the transmission line once measurements are complete, allowing a fully autonomous mode of operation. Laboratory tests demonstrated promising results for real-world applications, with measurement efficiencies ranging from 92% to 98% under various test conditions, including stress tests involving harmonics and total harmonic distortion up to 40%. Future work will focus on implementing effective shielding against high electric fields to further enhance reliability and advance the sensor’s industrialization as a novel solution for power grid digitalization. Full article

This study presents a modular battery charging system based on a DC–DC buck converter with proportional–integral (PI) control, developed to support hands-on learning in power electronics education. In response to the need for flexible experimental platforms, the system is designed to bridge theoretical concepts of power conversion and control with practical implementation. The proposed setup employs cascaded current and voltage control loops to achieve constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes, while its modular hardware architecture allows modification of key parameters such as inductance, capacitance, and circuit topology. The control algorithms are implemented on a microcontroller, and real-time data acquisition is integrated using the ThingSpeak platform for monitoring system behaviour. Experimental results show that the current control loop recovers to its reference value within approximately 6 ms under abrupt load variations, whereas the voltage control loop settles within approximately 15 ms, demonstrating stable closed-loop performance. In addition, the system successfully charges a 12 V lead-acid battery following a standard CC–CV charging profile. Overall, the proposed experiment kit provides an effective educational platform and a practical basis for further exploration of battery charging strategies and power converter control. Full article

Microplastics (MPs) are considered to be dominant agents responsible for serious contamination in environmental and biological systems. Despite a huge increase in research on these contaminants, there are still considerable uncertainties and progress to be made on the exposure pathways of biological systems, modes of detection, and toxicity assessments. Therefore, developing a critical review of MPs is crucial due to growing evidence of their harmful effects on human health. In the current review, we aim to emphasize the potential toxic effects of MPs on different biological systems in humans, the mechanisms of their toxic effects, and gaps in our knowledge on risk assessment. Importantly, we focus on the risks posed by MPs for fetuses and child health. To ensure methodological rigor, the current review follows the PRISMA guidelines, explicitly detailing the literature search strategy and inclusion/exclusion criteria. The present review summarizes potential sources of MP generation, exposure pathways, quantitative analyses of dietary exposure, estimated daily intake, particle/leachate toxicity evidence, detection in different human organs, and potential toxic effects. MPs cause toxicity in several biological systems in humans, such as the gastrointestinal, nervous, hepatic, endocrine, respiratory, and reproductive systems. In addition, these particles are known to cause oxidative stress, alter metabolism, and affect gut microflora and gastrointestinal functions. Importantly, the current review also discusses the challenges encountered in conducting risk assessments for MPs and the approaches for counteracting these challenges. Finally, the review concludes by recommending future research directions in terms of counteracting the toxic effects of MPs on human health. Full article

This paper proposes a fixed frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) for a dual active half-bridge resonant converter. The wide voltage range can be achieved without adding any additional components, and the voltage gain characteristic is independent of the load. Meanwhile, all switches can achieve full range zero voltage switching (ZVS). The driving logic is unified between the primary and secondary sides, allowing for the implementation of both boost and buck modes. Hence, the control logic is simple. In addition, the multiple-order harmonic analysis of the resonant tank is proposed without complex time-domain calculations. Hence, the expression of voltage gain, current characteristics, and soft switching conditions can be conveniently analyzed. Finally, a 500 W experimental prototype was built. The experimental results prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed solution. Full article