Search Results (168)

Osseointegration in dental implants involves the use of materials that mimic the bone tissue, with special properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of composites based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and sage oil obtained by freeze-drying method. Their morphological structures were determined by water uptake and scanning electron microscopy, the physical–chemical interactions between components by FT-IR, the stability by in vitro collagenase degradation, and the results indicate that the samples’ properties are highly influenced by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of sage essential oil and chondroitin sulfate, respectively, concluding that we can design a formulation with certain properties. The composite spongious forms were evaluated for cytocompatibility using the MG63 osteoblast cell line and subjected to histological observation. The results showed that the samples with sage essential oil were most resistant to enzymatic degradation, and the ones with chondroitin sulfate promoted the deposition of an abundant extracellular matrix. Taken together, the results suggest that incorporating chondroitin sulfate and sage oil in a controlled manner into collagen scaffolds represents a promising approach for enhancing bone tissue regeneration. Full article

Wound coatings in the form of sponge plates were obtained based on hydrogels of cod collagen (CC) copolymers. The synthesis of CC copolymers with pectin was carried out in the presence of a triethylbor–hexamethylenediamine (TEB-HMDA) complex, which forms free radicals under reaction conditions, and with polyethylene glycol (PEG) during photocatalysis in the presence of RbTe_1.5W_0.5O₆ oxide under visible-light irradiation with a LED lamp. Evaluation of their effectiveness and safety for rapid healing of wounds and burn surfaces has been conducted on small animals (rats). It has shown significantly higher efficiency in comparison with commercial collagen sponges based on bovine collagen. Coatings based on cod collagen contributed to the normalization of microcirculation levels according to the results of laser Doppler flowmetry and a high rate of reduction in the area of the scalped burn wound according to planimetry. The morphological studies indicate complete epithelialization with the formation of scar tissue in all studied groups of animals. The dynamics of microcirculation parameters indicate the repair of thermal burns during local treatment with wound-healing coatings against the background of normalization of the functioning of the microcirculatory system. It is advisable to use new collagen-based polymer sponge plates to increase the effectiveness of wound treatment of various origins, shorten recovery time, and optimize the course of typical physiological reactions during the wound process in order to accelerate tissue regeneration, as well as reduce mortality. Full article

The skin is exposed to many environmental stressors, such as UV rays, pollution, and smoke, and psychological stress, which can compromise its structure and function. These factors can cause premature aging, weaken the skin barrier, worsen or induce pathological conditions such as acne and eczema, hyperpigmentation, and melanoma, and slow healing. Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenol with various pharmacological effects important for the treatment of skin conditions. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and depigmenting properties, and it inhibits the enzyme tyrosinase, involved in melanin production, helping reduce dark spots and exhibiting antiproliferative effects against melanoma cells. With its antioxidant effect, it protects the skin against photoaging, combats oxidative stress and signs of aging, such as wrinkles and loss of elasticity, and strengthens collagen and elastin. However, the main limits of EA are its low aqueous solubility, instability, and poor skin permeability that limit its clinical efficacy. This review focuses on EA formulations developed to overcome these limitations and improve its therapeutic effects for skin diseases. Nano-delivery systems such as vesicles, lipidic and polymeric nanoparticles, nanospheres, cyclodextrins, and nanogels have been reported alongside other innovative preparations such as biscuits, sponges, and nanosheets and conventional ones such as ointments, creams, and films. Full article

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is widely used to promote bone regeneration. However, conventional surface-attached delivery on absorbable collagen sponges causes a rapid burst release, excessive inflammation, and suboptimal healing. To overcome these limitations, we developed a thermally controlled Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (P_DLLGA) encapsulation system, designed to stabilize rhBMP-2 and enable controlled release. rhBMP-2 was incorporated in P_DLLGA pellets using the hot-melt extrusion of a lyophilized mixture containing poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and terminal sterilization (X-ray irradiation). The released rhBMP-2 maintained its molecular integrity after sterilization and remained stable for up to 732 days in storage, as confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Further, high-affinity binding between released rhBMP-2 and BMPR-IA was confirmed by bio-layer interferometry (BLI), and the released protein induced a robust in vitro ALP response, confirming preserved osteogenic activity. Our encapsulation approach for rhBMP-2 using P_DLLGA, including the combination product with β-TCP (LDGraft; Locate Bio, Nottingham, UK), provides a stable and bioactive rhBMP-2 delivery strategy with inherent dose-shielding properties, supporting safe, controlled, and effective bone regeneration therapies. Full article

Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell (WJ-MSC) secretome contains diverse bioactive factors with potential for skin regeneration, but its clinical efficacy is limited by poor transdermal delivery. In this study, we developed a dual-delivery system by nanoencapsulating WJ-MSC secretome and coating it onto marine sponge-derived spicules. Physicochemical characterization, in vitro assays (fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, keratinocyte migration, type I procollagen secretion, and antioxidant activity), and in vivo penetration studies were conducted. A single-arm clinical trial evaluated dermal absorption, pore characteristics, skin texture, wrinkles, and pigmentation following topical application. Transdermal penetration efficiency was significantly higher in the nano-coated spicule group than in the uncoated secretome control. In vitro, secretome treatment promoted fibroblast and keratinocyte activity, accelerated wound closure, and increased collagen synthesis. Clinically, a single application enhanced dermal absorption and significantly reduced pore number, while two weeks of treatment decreased wrinkles and pigmentation. Spicule-based nanoencapsulation effectively overcomes the skin barrier, enhances the regenerative activity of WJ-MSC secretome, and induces measurable clinical improvements in skin rejuvenation. This platform represents a promising cosmetic and therapeutic strategy in dermatology. Full article

Bacterial-mediated infections represent a major risk factor for chronic wounds. Numerous polymeric dressings have been proposed to reduce this incidence and promote wound healing. In the present investigation, chitosan/collagen/honey-based sponges were prepared by freeze-drying. The effect of honey incorporation at different concentrations on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of the sponges was evaluated. The SEM images showed that the surface and cross-sections of all samples had a porous structure. The pore size gradually increased in the range of 78.14 to 126.9 μm due to the increase in honey content in the sponges. This property resulted in considerably higher porosity degrees (79.90–90.13%) and absorption rates (ranges of 1357–1665% in deionized water and 865–1938% in PBS solution) in honey-loaded systems. Conversely, the honey composite formulations exhibited a reduction in permeability, with WVTR values ranging from 131.01 to 99.39 gh⁻¹m⁻² and values of WVP from 0.3255 to 0.2118 gm⁻¹d⁻¹mm Hg⁻¹. The mechanical properties showed that adding honey made the sponges more flexible (12.49–7.95% MPa) but decreased elongation rates in the sponges (16.36–7.56%) due to higher pore heterogeneity. The antibacterial tests indicated that all treatments had inhibitory effects against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes. The results from cells viability assays and in vitro healing models using human keratinocytes demonstrate that chitosan/collagen/honey sponges represent a potential alternative for applications such as wound dressings to help treat skin ulcers. The physicochemical, antibacterial, and biocompatibility properties of chitosan/collagen/honey sponges indicated their potential as a promising alternative for clinical use. Full article

Collagen-based biomaterials are increasingly explored in dentistry for their ability to deliver drugs locally and support healing. In this study, we developed chlortetracycline-loaded collagen sponges aimed at preventing postoperative infections. Five formulations were prepared by lyophilization, each with the same collagen-to-drug ratio but different glutaraldehyde (GA) concentrations: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% (w/w) relative to dry collagen. The sponges were characterized using FT-IR and UV–VIS–NIR spectroscopy, and their swelling capacity, enzymatic stability, and drug release kinetics were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Statistical differences between formulations were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). All sponges released the antibiotic rapidly within the first 60 min, followed by a sustained release for up to 10 h. The non-crosslinked sponge showed the highest antimicrobial effect, while the 0.25% GA formulation offered a good balance between stability and bioactivity. While higher cross-linking enhanced structural stability, it progressively reduced antimicrobial efficacy, highlighting a crucial design trade-off. These findings underline the need to fine-tune cross-linking conditions to achieve both durability and strong antimicrobial action in collagen-based drug delivery systems for dental applications. Full article

Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputation. Treatment remains clinically challenging with high recurrence rates despite standard antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on novel operative and nonoperative therapies for DFO, focusing on emerging biomaterials, local antibiotic delivery systems, innovative surgical techniques, and adjunctive topical agents. Studies examining bioabsorbable and nonabsorbable antibiotic carriers, such as calcium sulfate beads, collagen sponges, and bioactive glass, demonstrate promising infection resolution rates and a potential to reduce the surgical burden, though most are limited by small cohorts and observational designs. Similarly, alternative surgical approaches (i.e., cancelloplasty, conservative bone excision, and tibial cortex distraction) have shown early success in limb preservation. Nonoperative strategies, including adjunct antimicrobials, antimicrobial peptides, and topical oxygen, offer additional options, particularly for patients unfit for surgery. While initial outcomes are encouraging, the supporting evidence is heterogeneous and primarily limited to case series and small, noncomparative trials. Overall, these novel therapies show potential as adjuncts to established DFO management, but further prospective research is indicated to define their long-term efficacy, safety, and role in clinical practice. Full article

Radiation therapy, a highly effective cancer treatment that targets cancer cells, may produce challenging side effects, including radiation-induced skin tissue injuries. The wound healing process involves complex cellular responses, with key phases including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, radiation-induced injuries disrupt this process, resulting in delayed healing, excessive scarring, and compromised tissue integrity. This review explores innovative approaches related to wound healing in post-radiotherapy defects, focusing on the integration of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in protein/polysaccharide bioengineered scaffolds. Such scaffolds, like hydrogels, sponges, or 3D-printed/bioprinted materials, provide a biocompatible and biomimetic environment that supports cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Various proteins and polysaccharides are discussed for beneficial properties and limitations, and their compatibility with ADSCs in wound healing applications. The potential of ADSCs-polymeric scaffold combinations in radiation-induced wound healing is investigated, alongside the mechanisms of cell proliferation, inflammation reduction, angiogenesis promotion, collagen formation, integrin binding, growth factor signaling, and activation of signaling pathways. New strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ADSCs by integration in adaptive polymeric materials and designed scaffolds are highlighted, providing solutions for radiation-induced wounded skin, personalized care, faster tissue regeneration, and, ultimately, enhanced quality of the patients’ lives. Full article

Traumatic non-compressible hemorrhage and subsequent wound management remain critical challenges in military and civilian settings to this day. Cryogels have emerged as promising hemostatic materials for non-compressible hemorrhage due to their blood-triggered shape recovery. In this study, a biodegradable and mechanically resilient cryogel (CF/PD) was produced via cryopolymerization, employing methacrylated recombinant collagen as a macromolecular crosslinker alongside poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and dopamine methacrylate (DMA). With its interpenetrating macro-porous structure and high hydrophilicity, the CF/PD rapidly absorbs blood and returns to its original shape within 1.5 s. In a rat liver defect model, CF/PD outperformed commercially available gelatin sponges, reducing hemostasis time by 74.4% and blood loss by 76.5%. Moreover, CF/PD cryogels facilitate in situ tissue regeneration by virtue of the bioactivity and degradability of recombinant collagen. This work establishes a bioactive recombinant collagen-driven cryogel platform, offering a transformative solution for managing non-compressible hemorrhage while enabling tissue regeneration. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diabetic mouth ulcers are a pathological condition of the oral mucosa leading to increases in susceptibility to infection and prolonged wound healing time. Still, there is a lack of natural formulations for treating this condition. Our principal objective was to formulate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) that contained Althaea officinalis (marshmallow) (M.) extract with clove oil (CO.), subsequently integrated into a collagen sponge for enhancing stability, solubility, sustained release, antimicrobial efficacy, and healing power when targeting diabetic oral ulcers. Methods: A factorial design of 34 trials was established to evaluate the influence of lipid concentration (A), SAA concentration (B), lipid type (C), and SAA type (D). The optimized M-CO-SLNs was selected using Design Expert^®, the based Poly dispersibility index (Y2), zeta potential (MV) (Y3), and encapsulation efficiency (%) (Y4). The optimized SLNs were integrated into a collagen sponge matrix and tested for their antibacterial and antifungal efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, respectively. Moreover, they were tested for their wound healing power in a diabetic mouth ulcer model. Results: The optimized formula (Run 16: 5% lipid concentration, 4% SAA concentration, capric acid) demonstrated P.S (110 ± 0.76 nm), ZP (−24 ± 0.32 mV), PDI (0.18 ± 0.05), and EE% (90 ± 0.65%.). The optimized M-CO-SLNs formula was incorporated into a cross-linked collagen sponge and showed superior antimicrobial efficacy, an increased swelling ratio, and was effective in an in vivo oral ulcer study, as evidenced by ELISA biomarkers, gene expression analysis, and histological analysis. Conclusions: M-CO-SLNs embedded in collagen sponges is a promising therapeutic formula for clinical application against diabetic mouth ulcers. Full article

Tissue engineering techniques aim to improve or replace biological tissues or organs by utilizing the extracellular matrix to facilitate the repair of damaged tissues or organs. Collagen-based scaffolds offer numerous advantages, including excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, hemostatic properties, and mechanical strength. Collagen scaffolds can reconstruct the extracellular microenvironment, promote cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, and play a critical role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Collagen has been extensively utilized in tissue engineering to facilitate tissue repair and organ reconstruction. This review examines the properties of collagen, including its composition, structure, biological characteristics, and role in regulating various cellular behaviors. Additionally, the preparation of cell-loaded collagen scaffolds is discussed, along with a comprehensive overview of their applications in various tissues, including skin, nerve, bone/cartilage, heart, liver, and others. Emerging strategies and future perspectives for clinical tissue repair are also presented. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanisms underlying the use of cell-loaded collagen scaffolds as advanced biomaterials, emphasizing their potential to expand the clinical applications of collagen. Full article

Sixteen polyketides, including six new compounds (1–2, and 5–8), were isolated from the culture of the marine sponge-associated fungus Neopestalotiopsis sp. SCSIO 41422. Their structures were elucidated through NMR, MS spectroscopic analyses, calculated electronic circular dichroism, quantum chemical NMR calculations, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. To screen and evaluate the inhibitory activity of these polyketides in renal fibrosis, a TGF-β1-stimulated HK-2 cell model was used. All tested compounds (1, 5–8, and 11–12) at 10 µM showed obvious anti-fibrotic activity by inhibiting TGF-β1-induced α-SMA expression and extracellular matrix production (collagen I and fibronectin). Among them, gamahorin A (1) was shown to be the most potent and the most promising inhibitor against renal fibrosis. Full article

Collagen is the main protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and connective tissue, and it can exhibit properties ranging from compliant to rigid or form gradients between these states. The collagen family comprises 28 members, each containing at least one triple-helical domain. These proteins play critical roles in maintaining mechanical characteristics, tissue organization, and structural integrity. Collagens regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation through interactions with cell surface receptors. Fibrillar collagens, the most abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, provide organs and tissues with structural stability and connectivity. In the mammalian myocardial interstitium, types I and III collagens are predominant: collagen I is found in organs, tendons, and bones; collagen II is found in cartilage; collagen III is found in reticular fibers; collagen IV is found in basement membranes; and collagen V is found in nails and hair. Recombinant human collagens, particularly in sponge-like porous formats combined with bone morphogenetic proteins, serve as effective scaffolds for bone repair. Due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, collagens are pivotal in tissue engineering applications for skin, bone, and wound regeneration. Recombinant technology enables the production of triple-helical collagens with amino acid sequences identical to human tissue-derived collagens. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular functions and recombinant expression of human collagens, with a focus on their biomedical applications. Full article

Osteosarcoma is medically defined as a bone-forming tumor with associated bone-degrading activity. There is a lack of knowledge about the network that generates the overproduction of bone. We studied the early stage of osteosarcoma development with mice enduring a periosteum injection of osteosarcoma cells at the proximal third of the tibia. On day 7 (D7), tumor cells activate the over-synthesis of bone-like material inside the medulla. This overproduction of bone is quickly (D13) followed by degradation. Samples were characterized by microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), optical and electron microscopies, and micro-indentation. This intramedullary apatite–collagen composite synthesis highlights an unknown network of bone synthesis stimulation by extramedullary osteosarcoma cells. This synthesis activation mechanism, coupled with the well-known bone induced osteosarcoma growth activation, produces a rare synergy that may enlighten the final osteosarcoma morphology. With this aim, a 3D cellular automaton was developed that only included two rules. Simulations can accurately reproduce the bi-continuous sponge macroscopic structure that was analyzed from mice tumor micro-tomography. This unknown tumor activation pathway of bone synthesis, combined with the known bone activation of tumor growth, generates a positive feedback synergy explaining the unusual sponge-like morphology of this bone cancer. From a biomaterials point of view, how nature controls self-assembly processes remains an open question. Here, we show how the synergy between two biological growth processes is responsible for the complex morphology of a bone tumor. This highlights how hierarchical morphologies, accurately defined from the nanometer to the centimeter scale, can be controlled by positive feedback between the self-assembly of a scaffold and the deposition of solid material. Full article