Search Results (2,419)

The Loess Plateau (China) is an ecologically fragile region where understanding the impact of forest naturalness on soil carbon content is critical for ecological restoration and enhancing carbon sequestration. This study investigates this relationship in the Cuiying Mountain area (Yuzhong County, Lanzhou City), a representative landscape of the semi-arid Loess Plateau. The Cuiying Mountain ecosystem is characterized by coniferous forests and Gray-cinnamon soils. We assessed forest naturalness using several key indicators: herb coverage, shrub coverage, tree biodiversity, and stand structural attributes. The results revealed a generally low level of forest naturalness at Cuiying Mountain. Although herb coverage was high, shrub coverage was minimal (2.1%), and tree biodiversity was low (Shannon index = 0.09). The stand structure was simple, characterized by considerable variation in individual tree sizes and a single canopy layer (mean mingling degree = 0.14). This structural simplicity aligns with the area’s history of plantation management. Furthermore, analysis of soil physicochemical properties and their relationship with plant diversity identified plant diversity as a significant factor influencing soil carbon content. The strongest correlation was observed between plant species number and topsoil organic carbon (r = 0.77), indicating a particularly pronounced effect of plant diversity on surface soil organic carbon. In summary, while forest naturalness at Cuiying Mountain is generally low, increased plant diversity enhances the accumulation of litter/root exudates and carbonates, suggesting that enhancing plant diversity is an effective strategy for increasing total soil carbon content. This study provides valuable insights for refining ecological restoration practices and strengthening the soil carbon sink function in forest ecosystems across the Loess Plateau and similar semi-arid regions. Full article

As global population ageing accelerates and urban governance increasingly prioritizes livability and age-friendly services, the 15-minute living circles concept has emerged as a key strategy to support daily walking exercise, social participation, and healthy ageing. In waterfront cities, blue spaces function as important everyday settings that contribute to environmental quality, recreational opportunities, and ecosystem services for older adults. This study extends the conventional 5D built environment framework by explicitly integrating blue space elements and characterizes older adults’ walking behaviour using four indicators across two dimensions (temporal and preference-based). We applied XGBoost regression and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to identify threshold effects and spatial heterogeneity of blue space elements on older adults’ walking, and used K-means clustering to delineate blue space advantage zones within living circles. The results show that blue space accessibility, street scale, and water body density exhibit significant nonlinear relationships with older adults’ walking. Blue space elements shape walking behavior differentially and with pronounced spatial variation: in some living circles they encourage longer, recreational walks, while in others they stimulate high-frequency, short-distance walking. These effects produce destination preferences and time period preferences. The study highlights the pivotal role of blue spaces in age-friendly living circles and, based on spatial synergies among blue space advantage zones and their components, proposes renewal strategies including expanding the functional reach of blue spaces, constructing blue slow-walking corridors, and integrating blue–green symbiotic networks. Full article

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) pollution is a major concern in urban environments because of its toxicity for both people and vegetation. This paper review provides an overview of atmospheric mechanisms, as well as the potential and best management practices of urban greening for reducing O₃ pollution in cities. Urban greening has often been proposed as a cost-effective solution to reduce O₃ pollution, but its effectiveness depends on careful species selection and integration with broader air quality management strategies. Ozone is a secondary pollutant and the volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation (BVOCs) can play a prominent role in O₃ formation. A list of recommended and to-avoid species is given here to drive future planting at city scale. Planting low BVOC-emitting species and combining greening with reductions in anthropogenic emissions are key to maximizing benefits and minimizing unintended increases in O₃. Public and non-public institutions should carefully select plant species in consultation with expert scientists from the early stages, e.g., by considering local conditions and pollutant dynamics to design effective greening interventions. Collaborative planning among urban ecologists, atmospheric scientists, and municipalities is thus crucial to ensure that greening interventions contribute to overall air quality improvements rather than inadvertently enhancing O₃ formation. Such improvements will also translate into plant protection from O₃ stress. Therefore, future directions of research and policy integration to achieve healthier, O₃-resilient urban ecosystems are also provided. Full article

Urbanisation has resulted in habitat degradation and destruction for native bat species in Florida, USA, posing a continuing threat to bat populations and ecosystem health. Citizen science has been documented to fill population data gaps and outline bat responses to urbanisation, but an understanding of how this influences societal perceptions of bats and can shape and evolve urban planning initiatives are under-researched and poorly understood. This paper explores how citizen science could contribute to urban planning for bat conservation. A literature review of citizen science projects and native species’ responses to urbanisation mapped the current situation and was supplemented by an analysis of semi-structured interviews with three key informants in the field of bat conservation. Only four of Florida’s thirteen species were featured in the citizen science projects reported in the literature. There was a clear lack of attention to the impact of urbanisation on these species, demonstrating a need for reimagining how data collection and public participation can be improved. An analysis of interviews identified themes of evolving individual perspectives and complex societal connections whose interdependence and coevolution influences the success of both citizen science and urban planning. Understanding this coevolution of society and bat conservation alongside our current knowledge could provide future opportunities for bat-friendly urban planning in Florida with the potential for this to be framed in terms of healthy more-than-human cities. Full article

Parent–child discrepancies on educational expectations have a significant impact on the holistic development of children, which is crucial for building sustainable educational ecosystems. Based on 7080 samples from the 2019 OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) conducted in a Chinese city, this study uses the ordinary least squares model and propensity score matching to estimate the causal effect of parent–child discrepancies on educational expectations on children’s social and emotional skills—core competencies for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)—and further employs the bootstrap method to test its mechanism. The results show that parent–child discrepancies on educational expectations have a significant negative impact on children’s social and emotional skills, with stronger effects observed among boys and 15-year-olds. The parent–child relationship and test anxiety play a chain mediating role in this relationship. The results suggest that to advance the goals of sustainable education, parents should set reasonable educational expectations and pay attention to nurturing their children’s social and emotional skills to foster holistic development within supportive family microsystems. Full article

Street greening is widely recognized as influencing resident well-being and housing prices, and street-view imagery provides a fine-grained data source for quantifying urban microenvironments. However, existing research predominantly relies on single indicators such as the Green View Index (GVI) and overall green coverage/volume lacking a systematic analysis of how the hierarchical structure of trees, shrubs, and grass relates to housing prices. This study examines the high-density block context of Tianjin’s six urban districts. Using the Street Greening Space Structure (SGSS) dataset to construct greening structure configurations, we integrate housing-price data, neighborhood attributes, and 13,280 street-view images from the study area. We quantify how “visibility and hierarchical ratios” are capitalized on in the housing market and identify auditable threshold ranges and contextual gating. We propose an urban–forest structural system centered on visibility and hierarchical ratios that links street-level observability to ecosystem services. Employing an integrated framework combining Geographical-XGBoost (G-XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), we move beyond average effects to reveal structural detail and contextual heterogeneity in capitalization. Our findings indicate that tree visibility G_TVI is the most robust and readily capitalized price signal: when G_TVI increases from approximately 0.06 to 0.12–0.16, housing prices rise by about 8%–10%. Hierarchical structure is crucial: balanced tree–shrub ratios and moderate shrub–grass ratios translate “visible green” into functional green. Capitalization effects are environmentally conditioned—more pronounced along corridors with high centrality and accessibility—and are likewise common in dense East Asian metropolises (e.g., Beijing, Shanghai, Seoul, and Tokyo) and rapidly motorizing cities (e.g., Bangkok and Jakarta). These patterns suggest parametric prescriptions that prioritize canopy-corridor continuity and keep ratios within actionable threshold bands. We translate these findings into urban greening strategies that prioritize canopy continuity, under-canopy permeability, and maintainability, providing sustainability-oriented, parameterized guidance for converting urban greening structure into ecological capital for sustainable cities. Full article

Cities host a heterogeneous composition of native and exotic plants, yet the spatial distribution of plant richness and its drivers remain poorly understood. We evaluated the influence of the center-edge gradient, along the environmental gradient from the historic city center to the urban edge, and habitat type, reflecting local conditions, on plant richness in Santiago, Chile. Sidewalks, parks, and vacant lots (n = 234 per habitat type) were randomly sampled across varying distances from the historic center and urban edge, recording neighborhood socioeconomic level and municipality. Four richness metrics were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs): total richness, richness by origin (native or exotic), and richness by life form (trees, shrubs, or herbs), considering habitat type, socioeconomic level, and distances as fixed effects and municipality as a random effect. We recorded 699 species (13% native and 87% exotic; 23% trees, 20% shrubs, and 56% herbs). Distances to the city center and urban edge had no significant effect, whereas habitat type emerged as the primary determinant: sidewalks exhibited higher total, native, and exotic richness with more trees and shrubs, whereas vacant lots were dominated by herbs. These patterns indicate that floristic richness is distributed in a mosaic, independent of urban gradients. Given the importance of Santiago’s Mediterranean region as a biodiversity hotspot, the low representation of native species is concerning. Increasing their presence and associated ecosystem services requires tailored interventions for each habitat type. Full article

A smart city can be defined as an urban ecosystem that combines new technologies related to digitalization in infrastructure, governance models, and everyday life, as well as inclusivity and stakeholder participation for achieving effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Although many frameworks and co-creative governance approaches emphasize the importance of integrating diverse perspectives in urban innovation, the practical implementation of stakeholder engagement remains a significant challenge in the development of digital strategies. This persistent difficulty often stems from factors such as varying levels of digital literacy, power asymmetries among stakeholders, and insufficient mechanisms for meaningful participation. As a result, there is a risk that smart city initiatives may fall short of their potential to deliver inclusive and sustainable outcomes, ultimately undermining both the legitimacy and the long-term effectiveness of urban digital transformation processes. This is especially relevant in the Italian context. Indeed, despite the relevant number of papers dedicated to stakeholder engagement in smart cities, few studies have explored how municipalities implement these innovative strategies, and even fewer have within the Italian context. This research aims to fill this gap by analyzing the stakeholder engagement in Rome’s smart city strategy and the effectiveness of participatory and co-creative approaches in transforming a city into an effective smart city. The research results reveal that the experience of the Rome Smart City Lab (RSCL) creates a model of participatory governance where the stakeholders can co-create the digital innovation strategies of a municipality and where the stakeholder techniques are fully implemented. The research results provide interesting results useful for both academics and policymakers involved in the digital transformation of a smart city, since the RSCL’s approach confirms that digitalization initiatives become more effective and efficient when they are shaped by the very individuals and groups responsible for their implementation. This participatory process seems to enhance the adaptability and sustainability of digital strategies over time, ultimately contributing to the realization of truly inclusive smart cities. Full article

Global ecosystems have undergone significant degradation and deterioration, making the identification of ecosystem changes essential for promoting sustainable development and enhancing quality of life. Hami City, a representative region characterized by the complex “desert–oasis–mountain” ecosystem in Xinjiang, China, provides a critical context for examining ecosystem changes in extremely arid environments. This study utilizes remote sensing data alongside the Revised Wind Erosion Equation and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation models to analyze the transformations within the desert–oasis ecosystems of Hami City and their driving forces. The findings reveal that (1) over the past 24 years, there have been substantial alterations in the ecosystem patterns of Hami City, primarily marked by an expansion of cropland and grassland ecosystems and a reduction in desert ecosystems. (2) Between 2000 and 2023, there has been an upward trend in Fractional Vegetation Cover, Net Primary Productivity, and windbreak and sand fixation amount in Hami City, whereas soil retention has shown a declining trend. (3) The overall ecosystem change in Hami City is moderate, encompassing 61.85% of the area, with regions exhibiting positive change comprising 16.79% and those with negative change comprising 21.33%. (4) Temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are the primary drivers of ecosystem change in Hami City. Although the overall changes in ecosystems in Hami City have shown an improving trend, significant spatial heterogeneity still exists. The natural climatic conditions of Hami City constrain the potential for further ecological improvement. This study enhances the understanding of ecosystem change processes in extremely arid regions and demonstrates that strategies for mitigating or adapting to climate change need to be implemented as soon as possible to ensure the sustainable development of ecosystems in arid areas. Full article

Urban trees play a critical role in mitigating climate change by capturing atmospheric CO₂ and providing multiple co-benefits, including cooling urban environments, reducing building energy demand, and enhancing citizens’ physical and psychological well-being. This study presents the Co Carbon Trees Measurement project, a citizen science initiative implemented in the city of Viladecans, Spain, involving 658 students, local administration, and academia, three components of the EU mission’s quadruple helix governance model. Over one year, 1274 urban trees were measured for trunk diameter and height to quantify annual CO₂ sequestration using a direct measurement approach combining field data collection with a mobile application for a height assessment and a flexible measuring tape for diameter. Results indicate that carbon fixation increases with tree size, displaying a parabolic function with larger trees sequestering significantly more CO₂. A range between 10 and 20 kg of CO₂ is sequestered by the urban trees in the period 2024–2025. The study also highlights the broader benefits of urban trees, including shading, mitigation of the urban heat island effect, and positive impacts on mental health and social cohesion. While the total CO₂ captured in Viladecans (≈810 tons/year) is small relative to city emissions (≈170,000 tons/year), the methodology demonstrates a scalable, replicable approach for monitoring progress toward climate neutrality and integrating urban trees into planning and climate action strategies. This approach positions green infrastructure as a central component of sustainable and resilient urban development. Full article

Networked Microgrids (NMGs) have revolutionized the energy landscape by enhancing grid flexibility and decentralizing power generation, playing a pivotal role in the development of smart cities. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are a fundamental component of a typical NMG; hence, their trustworthiness is of utmost importance for the reliable and efficient operation of NMGs within smart city environments. However, the processing and analysis of unstructured data when performing trust assessments of these DERs is still not well explored. This research fills this gap by proposing a new trust framework that leverages the advanced capabilities of Neural Networks to assess the trustworthiness of DERs in NMGs. Furthermore, the proposed framework analyzes and converts the unstructured data from DERs into a structured format for generating trust scores for DERs. There are two primary components of this framework: (1) an SLM (Small Language Model)-based module for data analysis, (2) a neural network-based module for trust score calculation. These two components provide an end-to-end process for transforming an unstructured input into meaningful trust metrics. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, and it turned out that the results produced by the proposed framework were highly precise, accurate and consistent. Furthermore, the proposed framework outperformed the existing frameworks in size and efficiency, making it a promising solution for trustworthy DER management in smart city microgrid ecosystems. Full article

While many studies have investigated ecosystem services, the cooling potential of green and blue infrastructures (GBIs) for alleviating extreme heat in arid regions has been studied less frequently. The aim of this study is to measure GBI cooling potential for mitigating extreme heat in arid and semi-arid regions, using Ahvaz City (south-west Iran) as a case study. Multiple data sources were used with the InVEST urban cooling model to estimate cooling ecosystem services (CESs) by evaluating the cumulative effects of shade, evapotranspiration, and albedo. Results show: (a) spatial heterogeneity in GBI cooling effects; (b) the highest cooling capacity (Cooling Capacity Index = 0.75) is achieved along the Karun River corridor and adjacent irrigated agriculture, where land surface temperature is reduced by 2–6 °C relative to built-up areas; and (c) interconnected GBIs and high vegetation density enhance cooling. High cooling capacity (>0.6) covers only 8.3% of the city (14.2 km²), predominantly the Karun River (4.2 km²) and adjacent agriculture (10.0 km²). In contrast, built-up areas (76% of the city) exhibit low cooling capacity (<0.3). Therefore, improving GBI connectivity and integrating passive cooling strategies are essential to enhance thermal resilience and should be prioritized in urban planning to maximize CES effectiveness and reduce heat-related risks. Full article

The increasing adoption of smart home technologies introduces significant cybersecurity and forensic challenges. This necessitates a shift from traditional reactive digital forensics to a more proactive approach to safeguarding these environments. This research is situated within Saudi Arabia’s ambitious digital transformation, as outlined in Vision 2030, which promotes the development of smart cities and homes. The unique technological landscape and national initiatives in Saudi Arabia require tailored cybersecurity solutions. Existing models are often too theoretical, generic, or overly specialized, lacking practical validation and comprehensive integration for modern IoT ecosystems. There is a pronounced lack of a scalable, validated framework designed explicitly for proactive digital forensic readiness in smart homes. The study employs a mixed-methodology approach, combining a PRISMA systematic literature review with Design Science Research (DSR) to develop and validate the Smart Proactive Forensic Metamodel for Smart Homes (SPFMSH). The developed SPFMSH was tested against realistic cyberattack scenarios, including unauthorized access and intrusion, data exfiltration, and device hijacking by ransomware. In each scenario, the model demonstrated its capability to proactively detect threats, automatically preserve forensic evidence, and provide structured investigative timelines. This validation proved its effectiveness in transforming security incidents into forensically sound investigations within the Saudi smart home context. SPFMSH delivers a practical, holistic framework that addresses the limitations of previous models, moving beyond theory to offer an implementable solution. Its development is a significant step towards enhancing national cybersecurity resilience and supporting the secure adoption of smart home technologies in alignment with Saudi Vision 2030. Full article

With the intensification of global urbanization and climate change challenges, urban green spaces and urban forests are playing an increasingly critical role in supporting sustainable urban development. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection, this study employed bibliometric analysis and visualization methods (VOSviewer 1.6.19 and Bibliometrix v5.0.1 (R package)) to systematically map the global knowledge landscape of urban green space and urban forest research from 2000 to 2025, identifying key thematic clusters and research fronts. The results show a shift in research focus from traditional green infrastructure and ecosystem service assessment to an integrated approach emphasizing multifunctionality, climate adaptation, public health, and governance innovation. Furthermore, research efforts are concentrated in rapidly urbanizing regions, and global spatial distribution remains a significant issue. Based on this, this paper proposes a strategic research agenda to promote the development of this field, including four key directions: (1) embedding social equity and people-oriented values into green space planning and management; (2) leveraging digital technologies and artificial intelligence to strengthen urban ecological governance; (3) promoting the transition of green infrastructure from fragmented to systematic ecological networks; and (4) deepening the role of urban green space in climate adaptation and sustainable urban transformation. By systematically combing through the knowledge system and governance logic of urban forests and greening, this article aims to reveal the key role of urban ecosystems in addressing climate change and promoting social well-being, and provide operational scientific basis and policy inspiration for the sustainable transformation of global cities. Full article

Under the dual pressures of rapid urbanization and intense human socioeconomic activities, habitat fragmentation and poor landscape connectivity have become critical issues in cities. Constructing ecological networks is essential for maintaining urban ecosystem health and promoting sustainable environmental development. It represents an effective approach to balancing regional economic growth with ecological conservation. This study focused on the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. Ecological sources were identified using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) and landscape connectivity assessment. Circuit theory was applied to extract ecological corridors, ecological pinch points, and ecological barriers. The importance levels of ecological corridors were classified to form an ecological network. The network was optimized by adding ecological sources, stepping stones, and restoring breakpoints. Its structure and functionality were evaluated before and after optimization. The results indicate the following: (1) The core area in Shenzhen City Area covers 426.67 km², the largest proportion among landscape types. It exhibits high fragmentation, low connectivity, and a spatial pattern characterized as “dense in the east and west, sparse in the center.” (2) Seventeen ecological sources were identified, consisting of 8 key sources, 5 important sources, and 4 general sources, accounting for 17.62% of the total area. Key sources are mainly distributed in forested regions such as Wutong Mountain, Maluan Mountain, Paiya Mountain, and Qiniang Mountain in the southeast. (3) Twenty-six ecological corridors form a woven network, with a total length of 127.44 km. Among these, 13 key corridors are concentrated in the eastern region, while 7 important corridors and 6 general corridors are distributed in the western and central parts. Few corridors exist in the southwest and southeast, leading to ecological flow interruption. (4) The optimized ecological network includes 12 newly added ecological source areas, 20 optimized ecological corridors, 120 ecological pinch points, and 26 ecological barriers. The maximum current value increased from 10.60 to 20.51, indicating significantly enhanced connectivity. The results provide important guidance for green space planning, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem functionality enhancement in Shenzhen City Area. Full article