Search Results (59)

The genus Dendrobium, a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb, contains complex and diverse chemical constituents. The plant has been widely used in traditional medicine and has attracted increasing attention in modern pharmacological research due to its therapeutic potential. Bibliographic searches were conducted across various recognized databases. The exploration covered the years 1965–2025, and the connectors ‘and’ and ‘or’ were used with keywords such as “Dendrobium”, “phytochemistry”, “pharmacology”, “Cardiovascular diseases”, and “extracts”. The chemical composition of the genus Dendrobium mainly includes alkaloids, bibenzyls, flavonoids, phenanthrenes, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the genus Dendrobium exhibits multiple biological effects, including anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and neuroprotective activities. Notably, the genus Dendrobium shows significant potential in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment through mechanisms such as antioxidant stress, anti-inflammation, regulation of lipid metabolism, anti-atherosclerosis, and inhibition of myocardial fibrosis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Dendrobium plants, with emphasis on their cardiovascular protective effects. These findings offer a scientific basis for the further development and clinical application of Dendrobium medicinal resources. Full article

An essential multiprotein complex in the innate immune system is the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Through the coordination of upstream sensors and the adaptor protein ASC, which converge on the inflammasome complex in response to pathogens and cellular homeostatic disruptions, a broad range of metabolic danger signals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. New research demonstrates the anti-inflammatory qualities of natural products, suggesting that they could be used as supplemental treatments for a number of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders. The literature related to inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome was compiled using keywords such as “NLRP3 Inflammasome”, “Natural products”, and “Inhibitor” from scientific databases, including “China Knowledge Resource Integrated Databases (CNKI)”, “Google Scholar”, “PubMed”, and “Web of Science” and so on, covering the period from 1997 to 2025. Herbal remedies have shown protection against the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. For the treatment of chronic inflammatory illnesses, natural products’ capacity to prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation offers a novel and practical therapeutic approach. The impact of natural compounds made from medicinal plants on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and their underlying mechanisms of action are the main topics of this review. Full article

Background: Postprandial triglyceride (TG) metabolism represents a dynamic dimension of lipid physiology that complements conventional fasting lipid assessment. Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the primary therapeutic target in cardiovascular prevention, residual cardiovascular risk persists in many individuals despite apparently adequate fasting lipid control. Because most individuals spend the majority of their waking hours in a fed state, postprandial TG responses may provide clinically relevant insight into metabolic flexibility, dietary exposure, and the efficiency of TG-rich lipoprotein clearance. Methods: This narrative review was conducted using a literature search guided by predefined themes, keywords, and databases, without following a formal systematic review protocol. Randomized controlled trials, observational studies, meta-analyses, and major reviews addressing postprandial lipid metabolism, dietary determinants, and cardiometabolic risk were included, with priority given to human studies. Results: Postprandial TG responses are strongly influenced by dietary composition, eating patterns, and metabolic health. Individuals with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) frequently demonstrate exaggerated or prolonged postprandial lipemia even when fasting TG concentrations appear acceptable. While circulating TGs serve as practical clinical markers of postprandial lipid handling, cholesterol-enriched remnant lipoproteins more closely reflect atherogenic burden. Nutritional interventions, weight management, and physical activity consistently improve postprandial TG dynamics, whereas pharmacologic therapy provides additional benefit in selected high-risk patients. Non-fasting TG measurements may provide additional insight into postprandial lipid metabolism and residual cardiovascular risk, although standardized protocols and validated clinical thresholds remain to be established. Conclusions: Postprandial TG metabolism provides clinically meaningful information beyond fasting lipid measurements and represents a useful adjunct for refining residual cardiovascular risk assessment. Although standardized protocols remain limited, integrating nutritional and clinical perspectives may support a more comprehensive and individualized approach to cardiometabolic prevention. Full article

Background/Objectives: Modern diabetes therapy extends beyond glycemic control and increasingly focuses on comprehensive risk reduction to prevent long-term complications, improve quality of life, and reduce premature mortality. Accordingly, modern therapeutic approaches address not only glucose metabolism but also cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic consequences of diabetes. Within this context, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as a significant therapeutic class. In addition to their well-known effects on glycemic control and the metabolic-cardiovascular-renal axis, increasing evidence suggests that these agents may exert a range of pleiotropic effects and opening new therapeutic venues, discussed in this review. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Publications from 2014 and 2026 were screened using predefined keywords related to GLP-1 RAs and their potential effects across multiple physiological systems and diseases. Notably, more than 80% of the included studies were published between 2020 and 2026, reflecting the recent growth of research in this field. Results: GLP-1 RAs have been associated with beneficial effects across a wide range of conditions, including substance use disorders, mental health disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, obesity-related complications, liver disease, genitourinary disorders, osteoarthritis, and sleep apnea. While they are currently the most effective pharmacological agents for the treatment of obesity, they also significantly reduce hepatic steatosis and are associated with a decreased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, they have also demonstrated positive effects against prostate cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), improved libido and fertility. Conclusions: GLP-1 RAs should no longer be regarded solely as antihyperglycemic agents. Instead, they represent a versatile therapeutic class with expanding clinical relevance across multiple medical disciplines. While current evidence is promising, further large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are required to define their full therapeutic potential. Full article

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysregulation and systemic inflammation, with the cardiovascular (CV) system representing a major yet frequently under-recognized target. Cardiac involvement spans from subclinical myocardial inflammation to overt pericardial disease, myocarditis, valvular abnormalities, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Given that CV disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE, early detection of silent cardiac injury is crucial. Aim: This review aims to provide a comprehensive and clinically oriented overview of CV involvement in SLE, focusing on the role of multimodal cardiac imaging in the detection, characterization, and risk stratification of cardiac abnormalities, as well as its potential implications for clinical management and preventive strategies. Methods: This narrative review is based on a structured, non-systematic search of PubMed (2013–2026), combining the term “systemic lupus erythematosus” with imaging-related keywords including “transthoracic echocardiography,” “cardiac magnetic resonance,” and “cardiac computed tomography.” English-language studies in adult populations were screened and selected according to clinical relevance, methodological robustness, and contribution to understanding SLE-related cardiac involvement. Discussion: Multimodal cardiac imaging plays a central role in the evaluation of SLE-related cardiac disease. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) represents the first-line modality for the assessment of ventricular function, pericardial disease, and valvular abnormalities, while deformation imaging enables the detection of subtle myocardial dysfunction. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides comprehensive tissue characterization, allowing differentiation between active inflammation and chronic fibrosis. Cardiac computed tomography (cCT) identifies subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and high-risk plaque features, whereas nuclear imaging techniques offer insight into inflammatory activity and microvascular dysfunction. Conclusions: An integrated, imaging-based approach enables early diagnosis, refined CV risk stratification, longitudinal monitoring, and personalized therapeutic strategies. Multimodal imaging thus represents a key pillar of precision medicine in lupus-associated CV disease. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and increasingly are recognized as a continuum of interconnected conditions rather than isolated entities. Methods: A structured narrative literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for publications from 2015 to 2025 using combinations of different keywords: “cardiovascular disease spectrum”, “multi-omics”, “precision cardiology”, “machine learning”, and “artificial intelligence in cardiology”. Results: Evidence was synthesized across seven major clusters of cardiovascular conditions, and across these domains, common biological pathways were mapped onto heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, and we summarize how multi-omics integration, AI-enabled imaging and digital tools contribute to improved risk prediction and more informed clinical decision-making within this spectrum. Conclusions: Interpreting cardiovascular conditions as components of a shared disease spectrum clarifies cross-disease interactions and supports a shift from organ- and syndrome-based classifications toward mechanism- and data-driven precision cardiology. The convergence of multi-omics, and AI offers substantial opportunities for earlier detection, individualized prevention, and tailored therapy, but requires careful attention to data quality, equity, interpretability, and practical implementation in routine care. Full article

Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is the primary pathological basis for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, with its development closely linked to dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation. The gut–liver axis, serving as a core bridge connecting gut microbiota, hepatic metabolism, and systemic inflammation, has gained increasing prominence in AS pathogenesis. Phytochemicals exhibit multifaceted biological activities, yet their mechanisms for preventing and treating AS via the gut–liver axis remain to be systematically summarized. This review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms of phytochemicals interventions in AS from an intestinal–hepatic axis perspective. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, focusing on previously published articles, reviews, and meta-analyses. Keywords included “phytochemicals”, “flavonoids”, “atherosclerosis”, “AS”, “gut–liver axis”, “gut axis”, “intestinal axis”, “gut microbiota” and “TMAO”. This narrative review synthesizes current research evidence on the interactions among phytochemicals, the gut–liver axis, and atherosclerosis, summarizing their action pathways and molecular mechanisms. Results: Phytochemicals (such as polyphenols, carotenoids, saponins, etc.) have low bioavailability but can be metabolized and transformed by gut microbiota. Through multiple mechanisms—including modulating gut microbiota composition, enhancing intestinal barrier function, regulating bile acid metabolism, and exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects—they positively influence gut–liver axis function. This alleviates lipid metabolism disorders, suppresses systemic inflammation, and thereby combats the onset and progression of atherosclerosis at multiple stages. Conclusions: Phytochemicals can intervene in the progression of atherosclerosis through the gut–liver axis. Future studies should further investigate dose–response relationships and conduct clinical validation to determine optimal usage strategies. Full article

Tai Chi has evolved into a widely used mind–body practice increasingly incorporated into complementary therapy, rehabilitation, and public health. This study provides an updated global bibliometric overview, with VOSviewer mapping publication performance, co-authorship networks, and keyword-based thematic clusters. Articles and reviews with Tai Chi–related terms in the title were retrieved from Scopus, with no restrictions on language or publication year. A total of 2253 publications from 1978 to 2025 were analyzed, revealing steady growth, concentrated largely in the past decade. China led the publication output, while the United States had the highest number of citations, forming a dual-core pattern. The field is largely driven by a small group of authors and regional clusters, and its visibility in mainstream medical journals remains limited. Nine software-generated keyword clusters were manually synthesized into five themes: motor function (balance and fall prevention), musculoskeletal conditions (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia), chronic disease management (cardiovascular disease, stroke, COPD), psychological health (quality of life, depression, anxiety, mindfulness), and cognitive aging (dementia, mild cognitive impairment). Future progress requires greater methodological rigor, including mechanistic inquiry, long-term study designs, and community- or population-level applications, along with stronger international collaboration and deeper integration into clinical and public health practice. Full article

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. While optimal medical therapy (OMT) is central to secondary prevention, lifestyle interventions—particularly dietary modification—remain underutilised despite their potential impact on long-term outcomes. Objective: To review the current evidence regarding dietary interventions post-ACS, their implementation, adherence, and effects on cardiovascular risk factors and clinical outcomes. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed using PubMed, including studies published in English from 2000 onwards. Keywords included “acute coronary syndrome,” “diet,” “cardiovascular disease,” “outcomes,” “adherence,” “wine,” and “intermittent fasting,” combined with Boolean operators AND/OR. Animal studies were excluded. The latest search was conducted in October 2025. Results: Mediterranean-style diets, when combined with OMT and lifestyle interventions (exercise, smoking cessation, alcohol moderation), consistently improve cardiovascular risk factors and reduce recurrent ischemic events and mortality. Clinical trials and cohort studies demonstrate long-term benefits, including reductions in all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events, particularly in patients adhering to structured dietary programmes within cardiac rehabilitation. Evidence for other dietary modifications, including low-fat diets, increased fibre, antioxidant supplementation, and intermittent fasting, was more limited, often derived from small or short-term studies focusing on surrogate endpoints. Real-world adherence to dietary guidelines remains suboptimal, especially in high-risk and obese populations. Preliminary studies suggest intermittent fasting and moderate red wine consumption may confer additional cardiovascular benefits, though larger, long-term trials are needed. Conclusions: Dietary modification is a key, yet underutilised component of secondary prevention post-ACS. A Mediterranean-style, whole-food diet integrated with OMT and supported by structured cardiac rehabilitation programmes offers the most evidence-based strategy to improve risk factor control and long-term outcomes. Future research should focus on pragmatic, long-term trials assessing hard cardiovascular endpoints and implementation strategies to enhance adherence across diverse populations. Full article

Aim: With the intensification of population aging, the public health challenges posed by multimorbidity have become increasingly severe. This study employs bibliometric analysis to elucidate research hotspots and trends in the field of multimorbidity against the backdrop of global aging. The immediate aim is to systematically map the intellectual landscape and evolving patterns in multimorbidity research. The ultimate long-term aim is to provide a scientific basis for optimizing chronic disease prevention systems and guiding future research directions. Methods: The study adopted the descriptive research method and employed a bibliometric approach, analyzing 8129 publications related to multimorbidity from the Web of Science Core Collection. Using CiteSpace, we constructed and visualized several knowledge structures, including collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence networks, burst detection maps, and co-citation networks within the multimorbidity research domain. Results: The analysis included 8129 articles from 2004 to 2024, published across 1042 journals, with contributions from 740 countries/regions, 33,931 institutions, and 40,788 authors. The five most frequently occurring keywords were prevalence, health, older adult, mortality, and risk. The top five contributing countries globally were the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, China, and Spain. Five pivotal research trajectories delineate the intellectual architecture of this field: ① Evolution of Disease Cluster Management: Initial investigations (2013–2014) prioritized disease cluster coordination within general practice settings, particularly cardiovascular comorbidity management through primary care protocols and self-management strategies. ② Paradigm Shifts in Health Impact Assessment: Multimorbidity outcome research demonstrated sequential transitions—from physical disability evaluation (2013) to mental health consequences like depression (2016), culminating in current emphasis on holistic health indicators including frailty syndromes (2015–2019). ③ Expansion of Risk Factor Exploration: Analytical frameworks evolved from singular physical activity metrics (2014) toward comprehensive lifestyle-related determinants encompassing behavioral and environmental dimensions (2021). ④ Emergence of Polypharmacy Scholarship: Medication optimization studies emerged as a distinct research stream since 2016, addressing therapeutic complexities in multimorbidity management. ⑤ Frontier Investigations: Cutting-edge directions (2019–2021) feature cardiometabolic multimorbidity patterns and their dementia correlations, signaling novel interdisciplinary interfaces. Conclusions: The prevalence of multimorbidity is on the rise globally, particularly in older populations. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the prevention of cardiometabolic conditions in older adults and to provide them with appropriate and effective health services, including disease risk monitoring and community-based chronic disease care. Full article

Background: Obesity is a multisystemic health problem causing chronic diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, but also reproductive dysfunctions like infertility in adults or altered puberty onset in children. Exercise is a recognized intervention to control or prevent energy imbalance, thus deeply contributing to metabolic health in physiological and pathological conditions. The kisspeptin system (KS), the main gatekeeper of reproduction and puberty onset in mammals, is also an upcoming “metabolic sensor”, linking energy homeostasis to reproductive ability both centrally and peripherally. Objectives: This narrative review aims at summarizing recent evidence from animal models and human studies on the role of the KS in energy homeostasis, with a focus on the upcoming role of the KS as a metabolic sensor able to modulate the functionality of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis in males as an adaptive response to exercise. Methods: PubMed and Scopus search (date: 2015–2025; keywords: kisspeptin and metabolism, male reproduction or exercise; kisspeptin and doping). Results and Conclusions: This review article illustrates the crucial role of the KS in linking energy homeostasis and male reproduction at the central and peripheral levels, and modulation of the KS by exercise in physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the large amount of data from animal models, knowledge gaps occur in the analysis of the relationship among KS, energy homeostasis, male reproduction and exercise in humans, particularly in the case of overtraining. Lastly, kisspeptin inclusion in the doping list is also discussed. Full article

Olive oil, a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet, is increasingly recognized not only for its cardiovascular benefits but also for its potential role in cancer prevention and therapy. Among its bioactive constituents, several phenolic compounds—tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, oleacein, and oleocanthal—have demonstrated promising anticancer activities in various experimental models. These compounds act synergistically through diverse mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, as well as modulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Notably, oleocanthal selectively induces cancer cell death via lysosomal membrane permeabilization, while hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein exhibit potent radical-scavenging and anti-proliferative properties. This review synthesizes findings from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the anticancer potential of these polyphenols, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action and possible applications in cancer prevention and adjunctive therapy. Given the established link between obesity and cancer development, clinical studies examining the metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of olive polyphenols in populations with obesity or prediabetes provide valuable insights into their potential to influence cancer-related pathways indirectly. However, direct clinical evidence in cancer patients remains limited and preliminary, underscoring the need for focused, well-controlled trials with cancer-specific endpoints. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the translational relevance of these findings, highlighting gaps in clinical research and future directions. Literature was retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using keywords such as cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, olive, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, oleacein, and oleocanthal. Given the rising global cancer burden and the favorable safety profiles of these natural molecules, elucidating their molecular actions may support the development of novel integrative therapeutic strategies. Full article

Tuberculosis remains a serious infectious disease that causes over 1.3 million deaths annually. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the global incidence of tuberculosis has increased to 10.8 million cases. Pregnant women represent a particularly vulnerable population requiring tailored approaches to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis. SARS-CoV-2 infection may have impacted existing clinical protocols. Implementing updated methods of tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in pregnant women could help reduce adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The aim of this review was to explore potential modifications in tuberculosis management among pregnant women in the post-COVID-19 era, including co-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A review was conducted, incorporating a systematic literature search across major international databases, including Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search covered publications released between December 2019 and September 2024 and used targeted keywords such as “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2”, “tuberculosis” OR “TB” OR “latent tuberculosis infection” OR “pulmonary tuberculosis”, and “pregnancy” OR “pregnant women”. Results: Pregnant women living with HIV are at increased risk of developing tuberculosis, which can negatively affect both maternal and perinatal outcomes. Screening for tuberculosis is recommended for all HIV-positive pregnant women, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Notably, immunological testing before and during pregnancy facilitates the timely and safe detection of tuberculosis infection, enabling preventive and therapeutic interventions during any stage of gestation and the early postpartum period, for the benefit of both mother and child. Drug–drug interactions play a significant role in tuberculosis management, both among anti-tuberculosis agents and with medications for comorbid conditions. Current knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antituberculosis agents, coupled with therapeutic drug monitoring, supports the development of individualized and effective treatment regimens, which are particularly critical for pregnant patients. Recommendations for managing tuberculosis in pregnant women after COVID-19 infection include measuring D-dimer levels, performing echocardiography, and consulting cardiologists to prevent treatment-related complications. Conclusions: Pregnant women represent a distinct subgroup of tuberculosis patients requiring individualized management. Changes observed in tuberculosis progression and treatment responses in pregnant women before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection should inform therapeutic choices, especially in cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis treated with bedaquiline. COVID-19 has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, which may heighten the likelihood of adverse drug reactions in this population, especially given the limited therapeutic options. Further research is required to assess the long-term outcomes of latent tuberculosis infection in pregnant women and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel regimens for drug-resistant TB during pregnancy. Full article

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of death, with long-term hospitalization becoming increasingly frequent in advanced or chronic cases. In this context, the interplay between systemic factors such as lipid metabolism, circulating metabolites, gut microbiota, and oral health is gaining attention for its potential role in influencing inflammation, cardiometabolic risk, and long-term outcomes. Despite their apparent independence, these domains are increasingly recognized as interconnected and influential in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Methods: This narrative review was conducted by analyzing studies published between 2015 and 2024 from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords such as “lipid profile,” “metabolomics,” “gut microbiota,” “oral health,” and “cardiovascular disease” were used. Original research, meta-analyses, and reviews relevant to hospitalized cardiac patients were included. A critical integrative approach was applied to highlight cross-domain connections. Results and Discussion: Evidence reveals significant interrelations between altered lipid profiles, gut dysbiosis (including increased TMAO levels), metabolic imbalances, and oral inflammation. Each component contributes to a systemic pro-inflammatory state that worsens cardiovascular prognosis, particularly in long-term hospitalized patients. Despite isolated research in each domain, there is a paucity of studies integrating all four. The need for interdisciplinary diagnostic models and preventive strategies is emphasized, especially in populations with frailty or immobilization. Conclusions: Monitoring lipid metabolism, metabolomic shifts, gut microbial balance, and oral status should be considered part of comprehensive cardiovascular care. Gut microbiota exerts a dual role in cardiac health: when balanced, it supports anti-inflammatory and metabolic homeostasis; when dysbiotic, it contributes to systemic inflammation and worsened cardiac outcomes. Future research should aim to develop integrative screening tools and personalized interventions that address the multifactorial burden of disease. A systemic approach may improve both short- and long-term outcomes in this complex and vulnerable patient population. Full article

Oxidative stress directly or indirectly contributes to the development and progression of various diseases; therefore, regulating oxidative stress is a promising strategy for preventing or treating these conditions. The unique substances in soybeans, soy isoflavones, notably genistein, which have a strong antioxidant capacity, are considered to regulate various signaling pathways, alleviate oxidative stress, and improve gut microbiota imbalance as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. In this literature review, we summarize the latest research on genistein, providing evidence of its development and application as a potential drug for preventing and treating five selected diseases (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancers). The literature was searched using keywords that include tripartite combinations of genistein and oxidative stress, along with each of the five selected diseases, from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar between 2014 and 2024. According to current in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, we comprehensively discuss the therapeutic dose used to target various disease entities to achieve optimal efficacy and meet safety requirements. Moreover, considering the poor water solubility and limited bioavailability of genistein, strategies for improving its therapeutic efficacy, such as combining it with exercise, existing medications, and advanced technologies, as well as applying nanotechnology, were assessed. Therefore, this review aims to provide robust evidence for the development and application of genistein as a potential therapeutic agent or functional food for preventing and treating these diseases. Full article