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Keywords = anaerobic dry fermentation

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16 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
The Modification of Dairy Cow Rations with Feed Additives Mitigates Methane Production and Reduces Nitrate Content During In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation
by Everaldo Attard, Jamie Buttigieg, Kalliroi Simeonidis and Grazia Pastorelli
Gases 2025, 5(3), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/gases5030012 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 617
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of feedstuffs and additives in dairy cow rations on rumen methane production and nitrate content in groundwater. Two basal rations and their supplements were analyzed in regard to proximate parameters, and an in vitro rumen fermentation system assessed [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effects of feedstuffs and additives in dairy cow rations on rumen methane production and nitrate content in groundwater. Two basal rations and their supplements were analyzed in regard to proximate parameters, and an in vitro rumen fermentation system assessed methane release and nitrate levels over 72 h. Supplementing dairy cow rations with Brassica rapa (BR) boosted the ether extract content, while silage produced the highest amount of methane. Rapidly degrading substrates like BR and ground maize produced methane faster, but in smaller amounts, than straw and silage. BR, Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI), and Posidonia oceanica (PO)-supplemented rations had mixed effects; PO reduced the methane yield, while OFI increased methane production rates. BR-supplemented rations had the lowest nitrate levels, making it suitable for anaerobic digestion. The multivariate analysis showed strong correlations between crude protein, dry matter, and ash, while high-nitrate substrates inhibited methane production, supporting the literature on the role of nitrates in reducing methanogenesis. These results emphasize the need to balance nutrient composition and methane mitigation strategies in dairy cow ration formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gaseous Pollutants)
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17 pages, 1610 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Coffee Quality and Traceability: Chemometric Modeling for Post-Harvest Processing Classification Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
by Mariana Santos-Rivera, Lakshmanan Viswanathan and Faris Sheibani
Spectrosc. J. 2025, 3(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/spectroscj3020020 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 502
Abstract
Post-harvest processing (PHP) is a key determinant of coffee quality, flavor profile, and market classification, yet verifying PHP claims remains a significant challenge in the specialty coffee industry. This study introduces near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) coupled with chemometrics as a rapid, non-destructive approach to [...] Read more.
Post-harvest processing (PHP) is a key determinant of coffee quality, flavor profile, and market classification, yet verifying PHP claims remains a significant challenge in the specialty coffee industry. This study introduces near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) coupled with chemometrics as a rapid, non-destructive approach to classify green coffee beans based on PHP. For the first time, seven distinct PHP categories—Alchemy, Anaerobic Processing (Deep Fermentation), Dry-Hulled, Honey, Natural, Washed, and Wet-Hulled—were discriminated using NIRS, encompassing 20 different processing protocols under varying environmental and fermentation conditions. The NIR spectra (350–2500 nm) of 524 green Arabica coffee samples were analyzed using PCA-LDA models (750–2450 nm), achieving classification accuracies up to 100% for underrepresented categories and strong performance (91–95%) for dominant PHP groups in an independent test set. These results demonstrate that NIRS can detect subtle chemical signatures associated with diverse PHP techniques, offering a scalable tool for quality assurance, fraud prevention, and traceability in global coffee supply chains. While limited sample sizes for some PHP categories may influence model generalization, this study lays the foundation for future work involving broader datasets and integration with digital traceability systems. The approach has direct implications for producers, traders, and certifying bodies seeking reliable, real-time PHP verification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Spectroscopy Journal)
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18 pages, 2659 KiB  
Article
Ruminal Yeast Strain with Probiotic Potential: Isolation and Characterization and Its Effect on Rumen Fermentation In Vitro
by Pin Song, Xiaoran Yang, Manman Hou, Yue Chen, Liping Liu, Yuyan Feng and Yingdong Ni
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061270 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 532
Abstract
The objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and describe rumen yeast strains and assess their probiotic potentials and effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Yeasts were isolated from ruminal fluids, yielding 59 strains from nine distinct species. A number of tests [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and describe rumen yeast strains and assess their probiotic potentials and effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Yeasts were isolated from ruminal fluids, yielding 59 strains from nine distinct species. A number of tests were conducted to assess their anaerobic traits, growth rate, acid tolerance, and lactate utilization ability, and a second screening in fresh ruminal fluid to evaluate in vitro pH and acid accumulation was conducted. The probiotic yeast Candida rugosa (NJ-5) was selected for in vitro culture studies on rumen fermentation. Finally, Candida rugosa (NJ-5) with good probiotic characteristics was chosen to investigate its effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. The batch culture technique was used to explore the effects of Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture on rumen fermentation parameters. By altering the fermentation substrate to a concentrate-to-roughage ratio of 70:30, which simulated a high-concentration diet. The CON, LYC, MYC, and HYC groups were supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 5% Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture (dry matter basis), respectively. The pH value and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents were determined at 6, 12, and 24 h after fermentation. The results showed that adding Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture successfully modulated in vitro rumen fermentation. Compared to the CON group, HYC had a significantly mitigated reduction in pH in fermentation, resulting in a significant increase in total VFAs and acetate levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture supplementation did not significantly alter ruminal bacterial alpha diversity (p > 0.05). At the phylum and genus taxonomic levels, Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture addition increased the relative abundance of several functionally important bacterial groups in the rumen microbial community. Compared to the CON group, the HYC group concurrently had an increased abundance of Desulfobacterota, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, F082, and Ruminococcus (p < 0.05) but a significantly reduced abundance of Cyanobacteria, Bdellovibrionota, Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002, Enterobacter, and Succinivibrio (p < 0.05). The in vitro fermentation experiment demonstrated that the optimal dry matter supplementation of Candida rugosa (NJ-5) into the basal diet was 5%, which could be effective for maintaining ruminal fermentation stability when ruminants were fed a high-concentrate diet. This study provides empirical support for the use of yeast as a nutritional supplement in ruminant livestock management, as well as a theoretical underpinning for further animal research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology)
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16 pages, 1024 KiB  
Article
Substrate Composition Effects on the Microbial Enhancement of Biogenic Methane Production from Coal
by Liu Zhu, Wangjie Diao, Chenyao Gong, Haihan Wang, Peilin Zhu and Yi Liu
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4953; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114953 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 393
Abstract
The conversion of coal to biomethane is an environmentally friendly and sustainable method of coal utilization, and algae is a nutrient additive that enhances the economic sustainability of coal-to-biomethane production. The key regulatory factors and interaction mechanism of methane production were studied by [...] Read more.
The conversion of coal to biomethane is an environmentally friendly and sustainable method of coal utilization, and algae is a nutrient additive that enhances the economic sustainability of coal-to-biomethane production. The key regulatory factors and interaction mechanism of methane production were studied by carrying out anaerobic fermentation experiments on coal and microorganisms. Spearman correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, random forest and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the effects of 14 coal-quality and microorganism composition parameters on methane production. The results showed that the hemicellulose content of microorganisms was significantly positively correlated with methane production, while total sugar and total fat significantly reduced the gas production. The protein content of microorganisms in a reasonable range could promote methane production. Among the coal-quality parameters, the C/H ratio (β = 0.43) and dry volatile matter (β = 0.17) had a weak positive contribution to methane production, while a high carbonization degree (C% > 80%; vitrinite reflectance > 1.2%) significantly inhibited the fermentation activity. The higher the maturity of the coal, the lower the methane production. The optimal methanogenic performance was concentrated in the combination of a low degree of coalification in coal (PC1 < −1.5) and high hemicellulose in microorganisms (PC2 > 1.8). In this study, a process optimization strategy was put forward, and the combination of low-rank coal with vitrinite reflectance < 0.5%, volatile matter > 35%, microorganisms with hemicellulose > 4.5%, and total sugar < 20% was optimized in an anaerobic fermentation experiment of coal and microorganisms. The results provide theoretical support for the directional control of anaerobic digestion of coal enhanced by microorganisms. Full article
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20 pages, 3609 KiB  
Article
Ensilage and Secondary Fermentation of Maize Stalk and Their Effect on Methane Production and Microbial Community Dynamics in Anaerobic Digestion
by Huan Zhang, Puxiang Yan, Ziyao Qin, Xiaoling Zhao, Xufeng Yuan, Zongjun Cui and Jingwei Wu
Fermentation 2025, 11(6), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060309 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 697
Abstract
Ensilage is an efficient storage method for preserving maize stalks for use as biogas feedstocks. However, maize stalk silages are susceptible to secondary fermentation, which degrades feedstock quality. This study explored the effects of ensilage and secondary fermentation on methane production from maize [...] Read more.
Ensilage is an efficient storage method for preserving maize stalks for use as biogas feedstocks. However, maize stalk silages are susceptible to secondary fermentation, which degrades feedstock quality. This study explored the effects of ensilage and secondary fermentation on methane production from maize stalk and microbial community dynamics in anaerobic digestion (AD). Both ensilage and secondary fermentation decreased the specific methane yield (SMY) of maize stalks. Ensilage inhibited the acidogenesis process in AD. Secondary fermentation reduced bacterial richness and hydrolytic activity, and thus decreased the SMY of silage. After 6 months of ensilage, 97.06% organic dry matter (ODM) and 94.28% methane yield were preserved. SF greatly reduced the storage efficiency by causing 34.11% ODM loss and 52.60% methane yield loss in 40 days. Losses in ODM or methane yield during air exposure followed the Zwietering-modified Gompertz model. Metagenomic analysis showed a shift from Ruminoccoccaceae and Lachnospiraceae to Rikenellaceae in AD of maize stalk silage following secondary fermentation. Carnobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Corynebacteriaceae were positively correlated with the content of water-soluble carbohydrates, whereas Anaerolineaceae and Ruminococcaceae were positively correlated with total organic acid content in stalks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Research of Solid State Fermentation, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 2210 KiB  
Article
Exploring Microbial Diversity in Forest Litter-Based Fermented Bioproducts and Their Effects on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Growth in Senegal
by Alexandre Mahougnon Aurel Zoumman, Paula Fernandes, Mariama Gueye, Clémence Chaintreuil, Laurent Cournac, Aboubacry Kane and Komi Assigbetse
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020055 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
Reducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental [...] Read more.
Reducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental impact of agricultural production and protecting soil health while enhancing crop yields and improving food security. This study sought to characterize the microbial biodiversity of local beneficial microorganisms (BMs) products from locally fermented forest litter and investigate their ability to enhance tomato plant growth and development. Beneficial microorganisms (BMs) were obtained by anaerobic fermentation of forest litter collected in four agroecological regions of Senegal mixed with sugarcane molasses and various types of carbon sources (groundnut shells, millet stovers, and rice bran in different proportions). The microbial community composition was analyzed using next-generation rDNA sequencing, and their effects on tomato growth traits were tested in greenhouse experiments. Results show that regardless of the litter geographical collection site, the dominant bacterial taxa in the BMs belonged to the phyla Firmicutes (27.75–97.06%) and Proteobacteria (2.93–72.24%). Within these groups, the most prevalent classes were Bacilli (14.41–89.82%), α-proteobacteria (2.83–72.09%), and Clostridia (0.024–13.34%). Key genera included Lactobacillus (13–65.83%), Acetobacter (8.91–72.09%), Sporolactobacillus (1.40–43.35%), and Clostridium (0.08–13.34%). Fungal taxa were dominated by the classes Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, with a prevalence of the acidophilic genus Acidea. Although microbial diversity is relatively uniform across samples, the relative abundance of microbial taxa is influenced by the litter’s origin. This is illustrated by the PCoA analysis, which clusters microbial communities based on their litter source. Greenhouse experiments revealed that five BMs (DK-M, DK-G, DK-GM, NB-R, and NB-M) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced tomato growth traits, including plant height (+10.75% for DK-G and +9.44% for NB-R), root length (+56.84–62.20%), root volume (+84.32–97.35%), root surface area (+53.16–56.72%), and both fresh and dry shoot biomass when compared to untreated controls. This study revealed that forest-fermented litter products (BMs), produced using litter collected from various regions in Senegal, contain beneficial microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), which enhanced tomato growth. These findings highlight the potential of locally produced BMs as an agroecological alternative to inorganic inputs, particularly within Senegal’s family farming systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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22 pages, 2850 KiB  
Article
Conversion of Kitchen Waste into Sustainable Fertilizers: Comparative Effectiveness of Biological, Microbial, and Thermal Treatments in a Ryegrass Growth Trial
by Ksawery Kuligowski, Izabela Konkol, Lesław Świerczek, Adrian Woźniak and Adam Cenian
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5281; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105281 - 9 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 757
Abstract
This study investigated the conversion of kitchen waste into environmentally friendly fertilizers and soil improvers using five various treatments: (1) inoculation with effective microorganisms followed by anaerobic fermentation, (2) 12 days of decay before adding a double dose of effective microbes, (3) sterilization [...] Read more.
This study investigated the conversion of kitchen waste into environmentally friendly fertilizers and soil improvers using five various treatments: (1) inoculation with effective microorganisms followed by anaerobic fermentation, (2) 12 days of decay before adding a double dose of effective microbes, (3) sterilization at 70 °C for 1 h after 12 days of decay, and (4) sterilization followed by effective microbes addition. In (5), waste was decayed, sterilized, and digested without effective microbes. For comparison, a commercial NPK fertilizer and pelleted cow manure were also applied. These treatments were tested in a ryegrass growth experiment in a glasshouse under warm conditions in northern Poland, with four successive harvests. Measurements included dry matter yield, N uptake, N utilization per hectare, and soil properties. Results showed that granulated cow manure and (5) were the most effective fertilizers during the first two months, while other kitchen waste treatments performed better in months 3 and 4, functioning as slow-release fertilizers. The relative agronomic effectiveness after four months was 88%, 67.8%, 60.2%, 48.6%, and 48.6% for (5), (4), (2), (3), and (1), respectively, compared to cow manure, and 36.3%, 27.9%, 24.8%, 20%, and 20% compared to NPK fertilizer. The study indicated that using a double dose of effective microbes produced yields comparable to sterilized waste, suggesting that microbial treatments could replace energy-intensive sterilization, reducing costs. Soil properties were largely unaffected, but residual soil N levels increased from 0.5 to 1.1 g/kg. Full article
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26 pages, 9843 KiB  
Article
Label-Free Proteomics Reveals the Response of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Seedling Root Respiratory Metabolism to Salt Stress
by Xiaojing Chen, Baoping Zhao, Junzhen Mi, Zhongshan Xu and Jinghui Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(6), 2630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062630 - 14 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 660
Abstract
Soil salinity is among the crucial factors influencing agricultural productivity of crops, including oat. The respiratory metabolic pathways are of great significance for plants to adapt to salt stress, but current research is limited and there are few reports on salt-tolerant crops such [...] Read more.
Soil salinity is among the crucial factors influencing agricultural productivity of crops, including oat. The respiratory metabolic pathways are of great significance for plants to adapt to salt stress, but current research is limited and there are few reports on salt-tolerant crops such as oat, which is necessary to conduct in-depth research. In this study, we conducted a pot experiment to determine the effects of salt stress on oat root growth and respiratory metabolism. Three salt stress levels—control (CK), moderate, and severe—were applied to compare the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant cultivar Bai2 and the salt-sensitive cultivar Bai5. We selected oat roots at the seedling stage as the research focus and analyzed fresh root samples using an Oxytherm liquid-phase oxygen electrode, a digital scanner, and proteomics. The results showed that with an increased concentration of salt stress, the dry and fresh weight, root–shoot ratio, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and average diameter of the two oat cultivars showed a decreasing trend. Compared with CK, the total root respiration rate of Bai2 under moderate and severe stress decreased by 15.6% and 28%, respectively, and that of Bai5 decreased by 70.4% and 79.0%, respectively. After quantitative analysis of 18 oat root samples from the 2 cultivars using the label-free method, 7174 differential proteins were identified and 63 differential proteins were obtained, which involved 7 functional categories. In total, 111 differential proteins were specifically expressed in the root of the salt-tolerant cultivar Bai2, involving 12 functional categories. Through interaction network analysis, the proteins differentially expressed between the salt treatment and CK groups of the salt-tolerant cultivar Bai2 were analyzed. In total, five types of differentially expressed proteins interacting with each other were detected; these mainly involved antioxidant enzymes, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and energy metabolism pathways. Salt stress promoted the respiration rate of oat root glycolysis. The respiration rate of the tricarboxylic acid pathway decreased with increased salt stress concentration, while the respiration rate of the pentose phosphate pathway increased. Compared with CK, following moderate and severe salt stress treatment, alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Bai2 increased by 384% and 145%, respectively, while that of Bai5 increased by 434% and 157%, respectively. At increased salt stress concentrations, Bai2 mainly used pyruvate–ethanol fermentation for anaerobic respiration, while Bai5 mainly used pyruvate–lactic acid fermentation for anaerobic respiration. This significant discovery revealed for the first time from the perspective of respiratory metabolism that different salt-tolerant oat cultivars adapt to salt stress in different ways to maintain normal growth and development. The experimental results provide new insights into plant adaptation to salt stress from the perspective of respiratory metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Plant)
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15 pages, 473 KiB  
Article
Unmixed Diet Versus Total Mixed Ration in Beef Cattle Fed High-Concentrate Diets: Effects on Methane Emissions, Animal Performance, and Rumen Fermentation
by Amira Arbaoui, Gonzalo Gonzalo, Alejandro Belanche and Antonio de Vega
Animals 2025, 15(5), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050723 - 3 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 943
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of using a total mixed ration (TMR), compared to distributing the concentrate and the forage separately, on the productive performance of beef cattle fed high-concentrate diets and on rumen fermentation characteristics, including methane production. Eighteen rumen-fistulated beef calves [...] Read more.
This study assessed the effects of using a total mixed ration (TMR), compared to distributing the concentrate and the forage separately, on the productive performance of beef cattle fed high-concentrate diets and on rumen fermentation characteristics, including methane production. Eighteen rumen-fistulated beef calves were fed a concentrate plus pelleted barley straw separately (CS; n = 9) or as TMR (n = 9). Average daily gain and intake of TMR and of straw and concentrate with the CS treatment were recorded. Digestibility was estimated using ashes insoluble in hydrochloric acid as a marker. Rumen liquid and gas samples were obtained, and the abundance of total bacteria, methanogens, protozoa, and anaerobic fungi was analysed. Animals were slaughtered at 500 kg live weight (LW), and dressing percentage and carcass classification were obtained. Another 49 animals for each treatment were used on a commercial farm to exclusively assess animal performance. The treatment (CS or TMR) did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) final LW, average daily gain, carcass dressing percentage, dry matter or digestible organic matter intake, digestibility values, production of methane and carbon dioxide, and abundance of microorganisms in the rumen. However, animals fed TMR had lower rumen pH (5.87 vs. 5.58, p = 0.041 for CS and TMR), suggesting a higher risk of experiencing rumen acidosis than those fed straw and concentrate separately. In conclusion, using a total mixed ration does not seem a suitable strategy to reduce methane production or prevent rumen acidosis in feedlot cattle. Full article
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20 pages, 2985 KiB  
Article
Improving the Biomass Energy Yield of Cocksfoot Cultivated on Degraded Soil Amended with Organic–Mineral Fertilizer
by Urszula Wydro, Elżbieta Wołejko, Jolanta Joniec, Agata Bober and Mariola Chomczyńska
Energies 2025, 18(5), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051165 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 643
Abstract
The current difficult political and economic situation generates the need to seek new sources of energy, and the solution may be to increase biomass of energy crops through using organic–mineral wastes to improve soil quality. The research objectives were to determine the effect [...] Read more.
The current difficult political and economic situation generates the need to seek new sources of energy, and the solution may be to increase biomass of energy crops through using organic–mineral wastes to improve soil quality. The research objectives were to determine the effect of coal gangue (CG) and sewage sludge (SS) based organic–mineral fertilizer (OMF) application on cocksfoot growth and subsequently on biogas and methane production. First, a 6-week vegetation experiment was conducted where degraded soil (DS) taken from the edge of a sand mine in Rokitno was amended with OMF at 1% (DS + 1), 2%, 5%, and 10%. Cocksfoot was sown on such prepared soils. At the end of the first stage of the experiment, plant and soil samples were collected. In cocksfoot, dry shoot and root biomass were determined. The main soil properties and soil dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and protease (PROT) activities were analyzed. Next, an anaerobic fermentation experiment was conducted. In batch assay of digestion, cocksfoot collected from arable soil (CS) and from DS + 1% was used. Concerning the pot experiment, there was higher PROT in DS + 5% (by 133%) and DS + 10% (by 417%) compared to CS, and ALP in DS + 10% was higher by 19% than in CS. Shoot dry matter in OMF-amended DS was 107–297% higher than in CS. Among the fermentation experiment, the greatest differences (20–37%) in average daily biogas production between CS and DS + 1% were observed at 2–4 days but methane content in biogas in both variants was similar. Summarizing, fertilizer based on SS and CG can be a valuable substrate for degraded soil and increase in energy crops biomass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy from Waste: Towards Sustainable Development and Clean Future)
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20 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of Bacillus subtilis-810B and Bacillus licheniformis-809A on the Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota
by Raphaële Gresse, Bruno Ieda Cappellozza, Didier Macheboeuf, Angélique Torrent, Jeanne Danon, Lena Capern, Dorthe Sandvang, Vincent Niderkorn, Giuseppe Copani and Evelyne Forano
Animals 2025, 15(4), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040476 - 7 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) have shown the potential to improve livestock performance and overall health. Extensive research has been conducted to identify new DFMs and understand their mechanisms of action in the gut. Bacillus species are multifunctional spore-forming bacteria that exhibit resilience to harsh [...] Read more.
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) have shown the potential to improve livestock performance and overall health. Extensive research has been conducted to identify new DFMs and understand their mechanisms of action in the gut. Bacillus species are multifunctional spore-forming bacteria that exhibit resilience to harsh conditions, making them ideal candidates for applications in the feed industry and livestock production. This study investigates the mode of action of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis in the rumen using diverse in vitro techniques. Our results revealed that both strains germinated and grew in sterile rumen and intestinal contents from dairy cows and bulls. Gas composition analysis of in vitro cultures in a medium containing 40% rumen fluid demonstrated that germination of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis strains reduced oxygen levels, promoting an anaerobic environment favorable to rumen microbes. Enzymatic activity assays showed that B. licheniformis released sugars from complex substrates and purified polysaccharides in filtered rumen content. Additionally, the combination of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis survived and grew in the presence of a commercial monensin dose in rumen fluid media. The effects of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis on rumen fermentation activity and microbiota were studied using an in vitro batch fermentation assay. In fermenters that received a combination of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, less CO2 was produced while dry matter degradation and CH4 production was comparable to the control condition, indicating better efficiency of dry matter utilization by the microbiota. The investigation of microbiota composition between supplemented and control fermenters showed no significant effect on alpha and beta diversity. However, the differential analysis highlighted changes in several taxa between the two conditions. Altogether, our data suggests that the administration of these strains of Bacillus could have a beneficial impact on rumen function, and consequently, on health and performance of ruminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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15 pages, 796 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Corn Ensiling Methods on Digestibility and Biogas Yield
by Karol Kupryaniuk, Kamil Witaszek, Iryna Vaskina, Sebastian Filipek-Kaźmierczak, Jakub Kupryaniuk, Piotr Sołowiej and Jacek Dach
Energies 2025, 18(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010188 - 4 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 951
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of different corn silage preparation methods, namely the traditional and Shredlage methods, on digestibility and biogas yield in anaerobic digestion and its nutritional value—the first complex study of its kind. Key parameters of both silage types were analyzed, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of different corn silage preparation methods, namely the traditional and Shredlage methods, on digestibility and biogas yield in anaerobic digestion and its nutritional value—the first complex study of its kind. Key parameters of both silage types were analyzed, including chemical composition, fiber content, and elemental makeup. Methane and biogas production were assessed under standardized fermentation conditions. The results showed that the Shredlage method, characterized by more intensive chopping, led to higher biogas and methane yields per unit of organic dry matter compared to traditional silage. This improvement is attributed to enhanced digestibility due to the lower content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude fiber in Shredlage. An elemental analysis revealed slight differences in carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios, with both silages showing values suitable for efficient fermentation. Despite minor variations in mineral content, Shredlage demonstrated greater efficiency in biogas production, particularly for rapid fermentation processes. The findings underscore the importance of silage preparation techniques in optimizing biogas yield and suggest Shredlage as a superior option for enhancing energy recovery in biogas plants. Future work should explore the economic trade-offs and scalability of these methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Biogas Production from Organic Waste)
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19 pages, 249 KiB  
Article
Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Influence of Storage Conditions of Raw Material Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Using Different Strategies
by Domantas Armonavičius, Mantas Stankevičius and Audrius Maruška
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5530; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235530 - 22 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 795
Abstract
The study evaluates different preparation methods for identifying the best strategy for extracting biologically active compounds from raw Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Holub plant material. The methodologies include direct aqueous methanol extraction with a combination of natural aerobic and anaerobic fermentation for 24–72 h, [...] Read more.
The study evaluates different preparation methods for identifying the best strategy for extracting biologically active compounds from raw Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Holub plant material. The methodologies include direct aqueous methanol extraction with a combination of natural aerobic and anaerobic fermentation for 24–72 h, followed by 35 °C and 60 °C drying. Furthermore, the study also focuses on determining the different temperature storage conditions on the stability of biologically active compounds. UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to quantitatively evaluate the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and radical scavenging activity. For qualitative analysis, chromatographic separation with electrochemical detection (ED) of extracted compounds, a gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system was used. Study results indicate that 48 h natural aerobic fermentation followed by 35 °C drying and 75% (v/v) aqueous methanol extraction yielded the maximum amount of biologically active compounds in Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Holub leaves, blossom, and stem samples. Freezing samples in liquid nitrogen had the lowest impact on the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and radical scavenging activity. HPLC-ED system results identified chlorogenic acid, oenothein B, trans-p-Coumaric acid, ellagic acid, and rutin in Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Holub leave samples. Full article
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13 pages, 1137 KiB  
Article
Research on a New Method of Water Recovery from Biogas Plant Digestate
by Mateusz Nowak, Wojciech Czekała, Wiktor Bojarski and Jacek Dach
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5505; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215505 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1651
Abstract
Digestate is a product with valuable fertilizing properties, remaining after the anaerobic fermentation process. An essential feature of the substance in question is its high water content of up to 97%. To improve the fertilizer value of the digestate, it is necessary to [...] Read more.
Digestate is a product with valuable fertilizing properties, remaining after the anaerobic fermentation process. An essential feature of the substance in question is its high water content of up to 97%. To improve the fertilizer value of the digestate, it is necessary to dehydrate it to produce a concentrated product. This paper determined the possibility of dewatering the digestate using an innovative reactor design. The study, conducted on a laboratory scale, used digestate from a Polish biogas plant. The dewatering technique described in the paper is based on the evaporation and condensation of water vapor on the inner surface of the reactor dome. The condensate accumulated on the leach trough and was directed to a storage tank. During the weeks of testing, 11.5 kg of condensate was separated from the initial weight of the digestate (32 kg), with a dry weight of 6.11%. The resulting condensate from dehydration had an average pH value of 9.0 and an average ammonium nitrogen content of 2.07 g∙kg−1. The economic calculations made in the paper allowed for estimating the expected savings associated with the management of digestate in Poland. The research showed the proposed technology’s high potential for dewatering digestate under laboratory conditions. Full article
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12 pages, 2165 KiB  
Article
Effect of Lentilactobacillus buchneri on Chemical and Microbial Compositions of Herba Leonuri (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.)-Contained Alfalfa Silage
by Mingjie Zhang, Chaosheng Liao, Xiaolong Tang, Bi Wang, Guangrou Lu, Cheng Chen, Xiaokang Huang, Lin Li, Ping Li and Chao Chen
Fermentation 2024, 10(10), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10100519 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1443
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are commonly used in silage production, yet their effects on silage containing antimicrobial components, such as those found in Leonurus japonicus, remain less explored. Herein, the harvested alfalfa were thoroughly mixed with dried Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (LJH) [...] Read more.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are commonly used in silage production, yet their effects on silage containing antimicrobial components, such as those found in Leonurus japonicus, remain less explored. Herein, the harvested alfalfa were thoroughly mixed with dried Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (LJH) at a ratio of 9:1 on a fresh weight basis and treated without (CK) or with a lactic acid bacterial inoculant (L; Lentilactobacillus buchneri). The mixtures were stored under anaerobic conditions in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags for 30 days at ambient temperature. The L-treated silage exhibited high levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (4.98% dry matter (DM)) and acid detergent fiber (27.88% DM). Compared to that of treatment CK, treatment with L increased the acetic acid content of the silage, as a result of increased (p < 0.05) bacterial dominance and decreased (p < 0.05) bacterial richness indices (e.g., Pielou’s E, Shannon, and Simpson) in the pre-storage period. However, these changes gradually reduced as the storage length increased. Treatment L reshaped the bacterial community structure of silage, by increasing the prevalence of Lactobacillus and reducing relative abundances of Enterococcus and Weissella. However, the principal coordinate and Bray–Curtis index analyses illustrated that samples from the L-treated silages exhibited similarities to the CK samples post-fermentation. Overall, the effect of LJH on LAB was only observed in the later stages of fermentation, which did not sufficiently change the silage quality. Hence, using LJH in silage is vital for clean livestock production without compromising the function of LAB when mixed with alfalfa silage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Fermentation)
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