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Search Results (1,459)

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Keywords = Zirconium-89

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11 pages, 1461 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Orbital Morphology Accuracy in 3D Models Based on Cone-Beam and Fan-Beam Computed Tomography Scans for Reconstructive Planning
by Natalia Bielecka-Kowalska, Bartosz Bielecki-Kowalski and Marcin Kozakiewicz
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5541; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155541 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Orbital reconstruction remains one of the most demanding procedures in maxillofacial surgery. It requires not only precise anatomical knowledge but also poses multiple intraoperative challenges. Limited surgical visibility—especially in transconjunctival or transcaruncular approaches—demands exceptional precision from the surgeon. At the same time, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Orbital reconstruction remains one of the most demanding procedures in maxillofacial surgery. It requires not only precise anatomical knowledge but also poses multiple intraoperative challenges. Limited surgical visibility—especially in transconjunctival or transcaruncular approaches—demands exceptional precision from the surgeon. At the same time, the complex anatomical structure of the orbit, its rich vascularization and innervation, and the risk of severe postoperative complications—such as diplopia, sensory deficits, impaired ocular mobility, or in the most serious cases, post-traumatic blindness due to nerve injury or orbital compartment syndrome—necessitate the highest level of surgical accuracy. In this context, patient-specific implants (PSIs), commonly fabricated from zirconium oxide or ultra-high-density polyethylene, have become invaluable. Within CAD-based reconstructive planning, especially for orbital implants, critical factors include the implant’s anatomical fit, passive stabilization on intact bony structures, and non-interference with orbital soft tissues. Above all, precise replication of the orbital dimensions is essential for optimal clinical outcomes. This study compares the morphological accuracy of orbital structures based on anthropometric measurements from 3D models generated from fan-beam computed tomography (FBCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A cohort group of 500 Caucasian patients aged 8 to 88 years was analyzed. 3D models of the orbits were generated from FBCT and CBCT scans. Anthropometric measurements were taken to evaluate the morphological accuracy of the orbital structures. The assessed parameters included orbital depth, orbital width, the distance from the infraorbital rim to the infraorbital foramen, the distance between the piriform aperture and the infraorbital foramen, and the distance from the zygomatico-orbital foramen to the infraorbital rim. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between virtual models derived from FBCT and those based on CBCT in several key parameters. Discrepancies were particularly evident in measurements of orbital depth, orbital width, the distance from the infraorbital rim to the infraorbital foramen, the distance between the piriform aperture and the infraorbital foramen, and the distance from the zygomatico-orbital foramen to the infraorbital rim. Conclusions: The statistically significant discrepancies in selected orbital dimensions—particularly in regions of so-called thin bone—demonstrate that FBCT remains the gold standard in the planning and design of CAD/CAM patient-specific orbital implants. Despite its advantages, including greater accessibility and lower radiation dose, CBCT shows limited reliability in the context of orbital and infraorbital reconstruction planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Innovations in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
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19 pages, 2474 KiB  
Article
Unraveling the Role of Aluminum in Boosting Lithium-Ionic Conductivity of LLZO
by Md Mozammal Raju, Yi Ding and Qifeng Zhang
Electrochem 2025, 6(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6030029 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The development of high-performance solid electrolytes is critical to advancing solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSBs), with lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) emerging as a leading candidate due to its chemical stability and wide electrochemical window. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of [...] Read more.
The development of high-performance solid electrolytes is critical to advancing solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSBs), with lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) emerging as a leading candidate due to its chemical stability and wide electrochemical window. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of cation dopants, including aluminum (Al3+), tantalum (Ta5+), gallium (Ga3+), and rubidium (Rb+), on the structural, electronic, and ionic transport properties of LLZO using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. It appeared that, among all simulated results, Al-LLZO exhibits the highest ionic conductivity of 1.439 × 10−2 S/cm with reduced activation energy of 0.138 eV, driven by enhanced lithium vacancy concentrations and preserved cubic-phase stability. Ta-LLZO follows, with a conductivity of 7.12 × 10−3 S/cm, while Ga-LLZO and Rb-LLZO provide moderate conductivity of 3.73 × 10−3 S/cm and 3.32 × 10−3 S/cm, respectively. Charge density analysis reveals that Al and Ta dopants facilitate smoother lithium-ion migration by minimizing electrostatic barriers. Furthermore, Al-LLZO demonstrates low electronic conductivity (1.72 × 10−8 S/cm) and favorable binding energy, mitigating dendrite formation risks. Comparative evaluations of radial distribution functions (RDFs) and XRD patterns confirm the structural integrity of doped systems. Overall, Al emerges as the most effective and economically viable dopant, optimizing LLZO for scalable, durable, and high-conductivity solid-state batteries. Full article
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33 pages, 3776 KiB  
Review
The Role of Additive Manufacturing in Dental Implant Production—A Narrative Literature Review
by Ján Duplák, Darina Dupláková, Maryna Yeromina, Samuel Mikuláško and Jozef Török
Sci 2025, 7(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030109 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 191
Abstract
This narrative review explores the role of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the production of dental implants, focusing on materials and key AM methods. The study discusses several materials used in implant fabrication, including porous titanium, trabecular tantalum, zirconium dioxide, polymers, and composite [...] Read more.
This narrative review explores the role of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the production of dental implants, focusing on materials and key AM methods. The study discusses several materials used in implant fabrication, including porous titanium, trabecular tantalum, zirconium dioxide, polymers, and composite materials. These materials are evaluated for their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and suitability for AM processes. Additionally, the review examines the main AM technologies used in dental implant production, such as selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). These technologies are compared based on their accuracy, material limitations, customization potential, and applicability in dental practice. The final section presents a data source analysis of the Web of Science and Scopus databases, based on keyword searches. The analysis evaluates the research trends using three criteria: publication category, document type, and year of publication. This provides an insight into the evolution and current trends in the field of additive manufacturing for dental implants. The findings highlight the growing importance of AM technologies in producing customized and efficient dental implants. Full article
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13 pages, 2073 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Nucleation in Zr-2.5Nb During Reduced-Gravity Electromagnetic Levitation Experiments
by Gwendolyn P. Bracker, Stephan Schneider, Sarah Nell, Mitja Beckers, Markus Mohr and Robert W. Hyers
Crystals 2025, 15(8), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080703 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 99
Abstract
Levitation techniques reduce the available heterogeneous nucleation sites and provide stable access to deeply undercooled melts. However, some samples have repeatably demonstrated that, in the presence of strong stirring, solidification may be induced at moderate, sub-critical undercoolings. Dynamic nucleation is a mechanism by [...] Read more.
Levitation techniques reduce the available heterogeneous nucleation sites and provide stable access to deeply undercooled melts. However, some samples have repeatably demonstrated that, in the presence of strong stirring, solidification may be induced at moderate, sub-critical undercoolings. Dynamic nucleation is a mechanism by which solidification may be induced through flow effects within a sub-critically undercooled melt. In this mechanism, collapsing cavities within the melt produce very high-pressure shocks, which shift the local melting temperature. In these regions of locally shifted melt temperatures, thermodynamic conditions enable nuclei to grow and trigger solidification of the full sample. By deepening the local undercooling, dynamic nucleation enables solidification to occur in conditions where classical nucleation does not. Dynamic nucleation has been observed in several zirconium and zirconium-based samples in the Electromagnetic Levitator onboard the International Space Station (ISS-EML). The experiments presented here address conditions in which a zirconium sample alloyed with 2.5 atomic percent niobium spontaneously solidifies during electromagnetic levitation experiments with strong melt stirring. In these experimental conditions, classical nucleation predicts the sample to remain liquid. This solidification behavior is consistent with the solidification behavior observed in prior experiments on pure zirconium. Full article
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22 pages, 3440 KiB  
Article
Probabilistic Damage Modeling and Thermal Shock Risk Assessment of UHTCMC Thruster Under Transient Green Propulsion Operation
by Prakhar Jindal, Tamim Doozandeh and Jyoti Botchu
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3600; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153600 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 203
Abstract
This study presents a simulation-based damage modeling and fatigue risk assessment of a reusable ceramic matrix composite thruster designed for short-duration, green bipropellant propulsion systems. The thruster is constructed from a fiber-reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composite composed of zirconium diboride, silicon carbide, [...] Read more.
This study presents a simulation-based damage modeling and fatigue risk assessment of a reusable ceramic matrix composite thruster designed for short-duration, green bipropellant propulsion systems. The thruster is constructed from a fiber-reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composite composed of zirconium diboride, silicon carbide, and carbon fibers. Time-resolved thermal and structural simulations are conducted on a validated thruster geometry to characterize the severity of early-stage thermal shock, stress buildup, and potential degradation pathways. Unlike traditional fatigue studies that rely on empirical fatigue constants or Paris-law-based crack-growth models, this work introduces a simulation-derived stress-margin envelope methodology that incorporates ±20% variability in temperature-dependent material strength, offering a physically grounded yet conservative risk estimate. From this, a normalized risk index is derived to evaluate the likelihood of damage initiation in critical regions over the 0–10 s firing window. The results indicate that the convergent throat region experiences a peak thermal gradient rate of approximately 380 K/s, with the normalized thermal shock index exceeding 43. Stress margins in this region collapse by 2.3 s, while margin loss in the flange curvature appears near 8 s. These findings are mapped into green, yellow, and red risk bands to classify operational safety zones. All the results assume no active cooling, representing conservative operating limits. If regenerative or ablative cooling is implemented, these margins would improve significantly. The framework established here enables a transparent, reproducible methodology for evaluating lifetime safety in ceramic propulsion nozzles and serves as a foundational tool for fatigue-resilient component design in green space engines. Full article
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15 pages, 5148 KiB  
Article
Effect of Kr15+ Ion Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of PSZ Ceramics
by Madi Abilev, Almira Zhilkashinova, Leszek Łatka, Alexandr Pavlov, Igor Karpov, Leonid Fedorov and Sergey Gert
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030095 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 137
Abstract
This article deals with the effect of Kr15+ ion irradiation on the structure and properties of partially stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZrO2 + 3 mol. % Y2O3) ceramics. Ion irradiation is used to simulate radiation damage typical of [...] Read more.
This article deals with the effect of Kr15+ ion irradiation on the structure and properties of partially stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZrO2 + 3 mol. % Y2O3) ceramics. Ion irradiation is used to simulate radiation damage typical of operating conditions in nuclear reactors and space technology. It is shown that with an increase in the irradiation fluence, point defects are formed, dislocations accumulate, and the crystal lattice parameters change. At high fluences (>1013 ions/cm2), a phase transition of the monoclinic (m-ZrO2) phase to the tetragonal (t-ZrO2) and cubic (c-ZrO2) modifications is observed, which is accompanied by a decrease in the crystallite size and an increase in internal stresses. Changes in the mechanical properties of the material were also observed: at moderate irradiation fluences, strengthening is observed due to the formation of dislocation structures, whereas at high fluences (>1014 ions/cm2), a decrease in strength and a potential amorphization of the structure begins. The change in the phase composition was confirmed by X-ray phase analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained allow a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of radiation-induced phase transformations in stabilized ZrO2 and can be used in the development of ceramic materials with increased radiation resistance. Full article
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14 pages, 6801 KiB  
Article
Effect of Zr Doping on BNT–5BT Lead-Free Ceramics: Substitutional and Excess Incorporation Analysis
by Mauro Difeo, Miriam Castro and Leandro Ramajo
Micro 2025, 5(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/micro5030035 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 142
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of zirconium (Zr) incorporation on the structural, microstructural, and functional properties of lead-free ceramics based on the 0.95(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.05BaTiO3 (BNT–5BT) system. Two distinct doping strategies were investigated: (i) the substitutional incorporation of [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the effect of zirconium (Zr) incorporation on the structural, microstructural, and functional properties of lead-free ceramics based on the 0.95(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.05BaTiO3 (BNT–5BT) system. Two distinct doping strategies were investigated: (i) the substitutional incorporation of Zr4+ at the Ti4+ site (BNT–5BT–xZrsub), and (ii) the addition of ZrO2 in excess (BNT–5BT–xZrexc). The samples were synthesized via conventional solid-state reaction and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM/EDS), and electrical measurements, including dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric responses. Both doping routes were found to influence phase stability and electromechanical performance. Substitutional doping notably reduced the coercive field while preserving high remanent polarization, resulting in an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient (d33). These results highlight the potential of Zr-modified BNT–5BT ceramics for lead-free energy harvesting applications. Full article
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16 pages, 5172 KiB  
Article
LAMP1 as a Target for PET Imaging in Adenocarcinoma Xenograft Models
by Bahar Ataeinia, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Lital Ben-Naim, Shadi A. Esfahani, Asier Marcos Vidal, Umar Mahmood and Pedram Heidari
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081122 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 503
Abstract
Background: Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), typically localized to the lysosomal membrane, is increasingly implicated as a marker of cancer aggressiveness and metastasis when expressed on the cell surface. This study aimed to develop a LAMP1-targeted antibody-based PET tracer and assess its efficacy [...] Read more.
Background: Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), typically localized to the lysosomal membrane, is increasingly implicated as a marker of cancer aggressiveness and metastasis when expressed on the cell surface. This study aimed to develop a LAMP1-targeted antibody-based PET tracer and assess its efficacy in mouse models of human breast and colon adenocarcinoma. Methods: To determine the source of LAMP1 expression, we utilized human single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, complemented by in-house flow cytometry on xenografted mouse models. Tissue microarrays of multiple epithelial cancers and normal tissue were stained for LAMP-1, and staining was quantified. An anti-LAMP1 monoclonal antibody was conjugated with desferrioxamine (DFO) and labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr). Human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and colon cancer (Caco-2) cell lines were implanted in nude mice. PET/CT imaging was conducted at 24, 72, and 168 h post-intravenous injection of 89Zr-DFO-anti-LAMP1 and 89Zr-DFO-IgG (negative control), followed by organ-specific biodistribution analyses at the final imaging time point. Results: Integrated single-cell and spatial RNA sequencing demonstrated that LAMP1 expression was localized to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in addition to the cancer cells. Tissue microarray showed significantly higher staining for LAMP-1 in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue (3986 ± 2635 vs. 1299 ± 1291, p < 0.001). Additionally, xenograft models showed a significantly higher contribution of cancer cells than the immune cells to cell surface LAMP1 expression. In vivo, PET imaging with 89Zr-DFO-anti-LAMP1 PET/CT revealed detectable tumor uptake as early as 24 h post-injection. The 89Zr-DFO-anti-LAMP1 tracer demonstrated significantly higher uptake than the control 89Zr-DFO-IgG in both models across all time points (MDA-MB-231 SUVmax at 168 h: 12.9 ± 5.7 vs. 4.4 ± 2.4, p = 0.003; Caco-2 SUVmax at 168 h: 8.53 ± 3.03 vs. 3.38 ± 1.25, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Imaging of cell surface LAMP-1 in breast and colon adenocarcinoma is feasible by immuno-PET. LAMP-1 imaging can be expanded to adenocarcinomas of other origins, such as prostate and pancreas. Full article
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14 pages, 1884 KiB  
Article
Ag/ZrO2 Hybrid Coating for Tribological and Corrosion Protection of Ti45Nb Alloy in Biomedical Environments
by Mevra Aslan Çakir
Metals 2025, 15(8), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080831 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
In this study, a Ag/ZrO2 hybrid coating prepared by the sol–gel method on a β-type Ti45Nb alloy was applied by the spin coating technique, and the microstructural, mechanical, electrochemical, and tribological properties of the surface were evaluated in a multi-dimensional manner. The [...] Read more.
In this study, a Ag/ZrO2 hybrid coating prepared by the sol–gel method on a β-type Ti45Nb alloy was applied by the spin coating technique, and the microstructural, mechanical, electrochemical, and tribological properties of the surface were evaluated in a multi-dimensional manner. The hybrid solution was prepared using zirconium propoxide and silver nitrate and stabilized through a low-temperature two-stage annealing protocol. The crystal structure of the coating was determined by XRD, and the presence of dense tetragonal ZrO2 phase and crystalline Ag phases was confirmed. SEM-EDS analyses revealed a compact coating structure of approximately 1.8 µm thickness with homogeneously distributed Ag nanoparticles on the surface. As a result of the electrochemical corrosion tests, it was determined that the open circuit potential shifted to more noble values, the corrosion current density decreased, and the corrosion rate decreased by more than 70% on the surfaces where the Ag/ZrO2 coating was applied. In the tribological tests, a decrease in the coefficient of friction, narrowing of wear marks, and significant reduction in surface damage were observed in dry and physiological (HBSS) environments. The findings revealed that the Ag/ZrO2 hybrid coating significantly improved the surface performance of the Ti45Nb alloy both mechanically and electrochemically and offers high potential for biomedical implant applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior and Surface Engineering of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 7820 KiB  
Article
Role of Dystrophic Calcification in Reparative Dentinogenesis After Rat Molar Pulpotomy
by Naoki Edanami, Kunihiko Yoshiba, Razi Saifullah Ibn Belal, Nagako Yoshiba, Shoji Takenaka, Naoto Ohkura, Shintaro Takahara, Takako Ida, Rosa Baldeon, Susan Kasimoto, Pemika Thongtade and Yuichiro Noiri
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157130 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Vital pulp therapy with calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) rapidly induces dystrophic calcification and promotes the accumulation of two members of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins: osteopontin (OPN) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1). However, the precise relationship between these initial events [...] Read more.
Vital pulp therapy with calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) rapidly induces dystrophic calcification and promotes the accumulation of two members of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins: osteopontin (OPN) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1). However, the precise relationship between these initial events and their roles in reparative dentinogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between dystrophic calcification, OPN and DMP1 accumulation, and reparative dentin formation. Pulpotomy was performed on rat molars using MTA or zirconium oxide (ZrO2). ZrO2 was used as a control to assess pulp healing in the absence of dystrophic calcification. Pulpal responses were evaluated from 3 h to 7 days postoperatively via elemental mapping, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and histological staining. In the MTA-treated group, a calcium-rich dystrophic calcification zone containing calcite and hydroxyapatite was observed at 3 h after treatment; OPN and DMP1 accumulated under the dystrophic calcification zone by day 3; reparative dentin formed below the region of OPN and DMP1 accumulation by day 7. In contrast, these reactions did not occur in the ZrO2-treated group. These results suggest that dystrophic calcification serves as a key trigger for OPN and DMP1 accumulation and plays a pivotal role in reparative dentinogenesis. Full article
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21 pages, 11034 KiB  
Article
Effect of Pre-Hoop Expansion Deformation on High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Zirconium Plate at 400 °C
by Haidong Qi, Li You and Xiping Song
Metals 2025, 15(8), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080827 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 222
Abstract
The role of pre-hoop expansion deformation on high-temperature mechanical properties of zirconium at 400 °C was investigated. The results showed that with the increase in the pre-strain, the yield strength and ultimate strength increased while the elongation decreased, all in a linear way. [...] Read more.
The role of pre-hoop expansion deformation on high-temperature mechanical properties of zirconium at 400 °C was investigated. The results showed that with the increase in the pre-strain, the yield strength and ultimate strength increased while the elongation decreased, all in a linear way. The creep life had a significant decrease as the creep stress exceeded 276 MPa. The fatigue–creep results indicated that as the stress ratio was less than 0.7, the deformation process was dominated by fatigue (the fatigue–creep life first increased and then decreased), while as the stress ratio was higher than 0.7, the deformation process was dominated by creep (the fatigue–creep life decreased monotonically). The dwell time had a negative effect on the fatigue–creep life. The stress field simulation results indicated that there existed a compressive stress zone, a stress transition zone, and a tensile stress zone around the pre-hoop expansion deformation zone. The compressive stress was beneficial while the tensile stress was harmful for the high-temperature mechanical properties of the zirconium plate. Full article
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18 pages, 4914 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Failure Behavior of Gel Electrolytes for Multilayer Structure Lithium Metal Solid-State Batteries
by Chu Chen, Wendong Qin, Qiankun Hun, Yujiang Wang, Xinghua Liang, Renji Tan, Junming Li and Yifeng Guo
Gels 2025, 11(8), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080573 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
High safety gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is used in lithium metal solid state batteries, which has the advantages of high energy density, wide temperature range, high safety, and is considered as a subversive new generation battery technology. However, solid-state lithium batteries with multiple [...] Read more.
High safety gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is used in lithium metal solid state batteries, which has the advantages of high energy density, wide temperature range, high safety, and is considered as a subversive new generation battery technology. However, solid-state lithium batteries with multiple layers and large capacity currently have poor cycle life and a large gap between the actual output cycle capacity retention rate and the theoretical level. In this paper, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN)—lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)—lithium lanthanum zirconium tantalate (LLZTO) gel polymer electrolytes was prepared by UV curing process using a UV curing machine at a speed of 0.01 m/min for 10 s, with the temperature controlled at 30 °C and wavelength 365 nm. In order to study the performance and failure mechanism of multilayer solid state batteries, single and three layers of solid state batteries with ceramic/polymer composite gel electrolyte were assembled. The results show that the rate and cycle performance of single-layer solid state battery with gel electrolyte are better than those of three-layer solid state battery. As the number of cycles increases, the interface impedance of both single-layer and three-layer electrolyte membrane solid-state batteries shows an increasing trend. Specifically, the three-layer battery impedance increased from 17 Ω to 42 Ω after 100 cycles, while the single-layer battery showed a smaller increase, from 2.2 Ω to 4.8 Ω, indicating better interfacial stability. After 100 cycles, the interface impedance of multi-layer solid-state batteries increases by 9.61 times that of single-layer batteries. After 100 cycles, the corresponding capacity retention rates were 48.9% and 15.6%, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for large capacity solid state batteries with gel electrolyte design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Application Prospects of Gel Electrolytes)
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15 pages, 3416 KiB  
Article
The Study of Tribological Characteristics of YSZ/NiCrAlY Coatings and Their Resistance to CMAS at High Temperatures
by Dastan Buitkenov, Zhuldyz Sagdoldina, Aiym Nabioldina and Cezary Drenda
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8109; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148109 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the structure, phase composition, thermal corrosion, and tribological properties of multilayer gradient coatings based on YSZ/NiCrAlY obtained using detonation spraying. X-ray phase analysis showed that the coatings consist entirely of metastable tetragonal zirconium [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the structure, phase composition, thermal corrosion, and tribological properties of multilayer gradient coatings based on YSZ/NiCrAlY obtained using detonation spraying. X-ray phase analysis showed that the coatings consist entirely of metastable tetragonal zirconium dioxide (t’-ZrO2) phase stabilized by high temperature and rapid cooling during spraying. SEM analysis confirmed the multilayer gradient phase distribution and high density of the structure. Wear resistance, optical profilometry, wear quantification, and coefficient of friction measurements were used to evaluate the operational stability. The results confirm that the structural parameters of the coating, such as porosity and phase gradient, play a key role in improving its resistance to thermal corrosion and CMAS melt, which makes such coatings promising for use in high-temperature applications. It is shown that a dense and thick coating effectively prevents the penetration of aggressive media, providing a high barrier effect and minimal structural damage. Tribological tests in the temperature range from 21 °C to 650 °C revealed that the best characteristics are observed at 550 °C: minimum coefficient of friction (0.63) and high stability in the stage of stable wear. At room temperature and at 650 °C, there is an increase in wear due to the absence or destabilization of the protective layer. Full article
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20 pages, 1106 KiB  
Article
Synchrotron-Based Structural Analysis of Nanosized Gd2(Ti1−xZrx)2O7 for Radioactive Waste Management
by Marco Pinna, Andrea Trapletti, Claudio Minelli, Armando di Biase, Federico Bianconi, Michele Clemente, Alessandro Minguzzi, Carlo Castellano and Marco Scavini
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141134 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
Complex oxides with the general formula Gd2(Ti1−xZrx)2O7 are promising candidates for radioactive waste immobilization due to their capacity to withstand radiation by dissipating part of the free energy driving defect creation and phase transitions. [...] Read more.
Complex oxides with the general formula Gd2(Ti1−xZrx)2O7 are promising candidates for radioactive waste immobilization due to their capacity to withstand radiation by dissipating part of the free energy driving defect creation and phase transitions. In this study, samples with varying zirconium content (xZr = 0.00, 0.15, 0.25, 0.375, 0.56, 0.75, 0.85, 1.00) were synthesized via the sol–gel method and thermally treated at 500 °C to obtain nanosized powders mimicking the defective structure of irradiated materials. Synchrotron-based techniques were employed to investigate their structural properties: High-Resolution X-ray Powder Diffraction (HR-XRPD) was used to assess long-range structure, while Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy provided insights into the local structure. HR-XRPD data revealed that samples with low Zr content (xZr ≤ 0.25) are amorphous. Increasing Zr concentration led to the emergence of a crystalline phase identified as defective fluorite (xZr = 0.375, 0.56). Samples with the highest Zr content (xZr ≥ 0.75) were fully crystalline and exhibited only the fluorite phase. The experimental G(r) functions of the fully crystalline samples in the low r range are suitably fitted by the Weberite structure, mapping the relaxations induced by structural disorder in defective fluorite. These structural insights informed the subsequent EXAFS analysis at the Zr-K and Gd-L3 edges, confirming the splitting of the cation–cation distances associated with different metal species. Moreover, EXAFS provided a local structural description of the amorphous phases, identifying a consistent Gd-O distance across all compositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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16 pages, 2901 KiB  
Article
SiO2-Al2O3-ZrO2-Ag Composite and Its Signal Enhancement Capacity on Raman Spectroscopy
by Jesús Alberto Garibay-Alvarado, Pedro Pizá-Ruiz, Armando Erasto Zaragoza-Contreras, Francisco Espinosa-Magaña and Simón Yobanny Reyes-López
Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070266 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
A ceramic–metal composite was synthesized using sol–gel and electrospinning methods to serve as a SERS substrate. The precursors used were tetraethyl orthosilicate, aluminum nitrate, and zirconium, and polyvinylpyrrolidone was added to electrospun nonwoven fibrous membranes. The membranes were sintered, decorated with silver nanoparticles. [...] Read more.
A ceramic–metal composite was synthesized using sol–gel and electrospinning methods to serve as a SERS substrate. The precursors used were tetraethyl orthosilicate, aluminum nitrate, and zirconium, and polyvinylpyrrolidone was added to electrospun nonwoven fibrous membranes. The membranes were sintered, decorated with silver nanoparticles. The enhancement substrates were made of fibers of cylindric morphology with an average diameter of approximately 190 nm, a smooth surface, and 9 nm spherical particles decorating the surface of the fibers. The enhancement capacity of the substrates was tested using pyridine, methyl orange, methylene blue, crystal violet, and Eriochrome black T at different concentrations with Raman spectroscopy to determine whether the size and complexity of the analyte has an impact on the enhancement capacity. Enhancement factors of 2.53 × 102, 3.06 × 101, 2.97 × 103, 4.66 × 103, and 1.45 × 103 times were obtained for the signal of pyridine, methyl orange, methylene blue, crystal violet, and Eriochrome black T at concentrations of 1 nM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopic Techniques for Chemical Analysis)
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