Search Results (61)

Today, access control systems are used in almost every institution and building. This is because they are an effective solution that provides a high level of security. There are many commercially available systems that provide security-related access features for buildings, including biometric options. Most use a centralized architecture, where each building can be remotely controlled via an Internet connection. This paper presents a completely different system from those on the market, a decentralized system with clone-detection and data-integrity verification mechanisms that allows access to buildings. The overall architecture includes hardware encoding of the access system’s location, and access is granted based on information written to the RFID card by the card-issuing center. This allows the system to be easily reconfigured at the hardware level prior to installation in the access area. The proposed system uses a confidential RFID card data integrity algorithm that uses the card data and immutable UID to determine a checksum in order to validate the RFID card data. As a result, any unwanted modification of at least one bit invalidates the card and blocks access to the building. The system was implemented, validated, and extensively tested over a one-year period with no reported operational issues. Full article

Background: Healthcare inventory management is critical for ensuring timely access to supplies and reducing stockouts. As supply chains grow more complex, algorithms, AI, and analytics techniques have emerged as tools for forecasting, tracking, classification, and procurement. Yet empirical validation across diverse contexts remains inadequate, and existing reviews treat these approaches as separate streams rather than an integrated system. Methods: To evaluate these capabilities, a systematic review of 64 peer-reviewed articles published between 2011 and 2025 was conducted using a descriptive and content analysis approach on the use of Triple A (Analytics, AI, and Algorithms) techniques in inventory frameworks across various healthcare contexts, such as hospitals, pharmaceutical supply chains, and humanitarian supply chains. Results: Integrating multiple Triple A approaches consistently outperforms single-method strategies, particularly with RFID and IoT tools. Key findings often overlooked are: emergency procurement and classification, which remain neglected despite the highest patient safety stakes, and key procurement drivers—organizational conditions, supplier reliability, and team capacity. Data quality, interoperability, and cybersecurity further constrain generalizability. Conclusions: Bridging these gaps requires integrated Triple A approaches rather than single methods. Phased implementation, cloud-based platforms, and privacy-by-design offer practical pathways for building resilience under real-world constraints. Full article

During the early years of interaction between humans and computer systems, user authentication and identification was carried out with the support of knowledge-based factors (something the user knows: passwords, PINs, etc.) and tokens (something the user possesses: credentials, RFID cards, etc.) or a combination of both. In other words, the user presents a token and a password to the system in order to gain access. These solutions pose major challenges: Knowledge-based systems, which rely on secrets like passwords, are vulnerable to those secrets being guessed, shared, or forgotten. On the other hand, tokens are also vulnerable; some, despite implementing encryption, attract cyber attackers who can forge them, and users can share or lose them. In the search for more robust methods, the use of biometrics has been considered. Full article

In grain storage and transportation, biological activity, including respiration and metabolism, generates heat, creating temperature gradients that can induce moisture migration and form high-humidity areas. This accelerates fungal and insect activity, leading to quality degradation. Long-term, distributed temperature monitoring inside grain piles is essential for ensuring safe storage and early risk warning. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has become widely adopted in storage temperature monitoring due to its low cost, maintenance-free operation, and high security. However, traditional RFID systems have limited communication ranges, and the large size of storage facilities necessitates the deployment of multiple readers, which increases costs. Additionally, the high density and fluctuating moisture content of bulk grain lead to significant RF signal absorption and scattering, weakening the accessibility of purely wireless systems to deeper parts of the grain pile. To address these issues, a passive distributed temperature monitoring system based on RFID technology is proposed. The system utilizes RFID readers to harvest RF energy for passive power supply, with an external antenna ensuring stable energy harvesting and data transmission. Single-bus multi-point temperature sensor modules are integrated into the system, enabling distributed temperature measurements across grain piles or warehouses. Experimental results show that the system achieves a temperature collection success rate of 98%, with an accuracy of ±1 °C and a polling cycle of less than 30 s, providing a low-cost, battery-free, and scalable solution for grain storage monitoring, significantly improving storage quality. Full article

Wireless devices are increasingly used today, and the presence of vulnerabilities represents a significant risk to modern security systems. This study analyzes the different functionalities of the Flipper Zero device and its capability to compromise everyday systems. Through various tests and an exhaustive analysis of its infrared, RFID/NFC, sub-GHz, USB, and Bluetooth functionalities, several critical vulnerabilities were identified, such as access credential emulation and interference with remote control signals. These results demonstrate that the device is a highly versatile and useful tool for performing security audits, not only improving traditional testing methods but also opening new possibilities for developing more resilient defense systems. However, it also poses a potential risk if misused for malicious purposes. Full article

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems operating in the 860–960 MHz frequency range are widely used in applications such as supply chain management, retail, access control, healthcare, and transportation. This study presents the design, modeling, and fabrication of two antennas for this frequency range, followed by a comparative analysis to identify the antenna with superior gain. Key parameters, including corner fillets and chamfering, as well as antenna length, were varied to evaluate their impact on gain and S-parameters for the initial antenna considered the best from the two structures analyzed, aiming to optimize performance while minimizing size and keeping the frequency unchanged. Additionally, the antennas’ interaction with the human body was assessed through numerical modeling by evaluating the electric and magnetic fields and calculating the specific absorption rate for a human leg and hand in order to analyze the impact of these types of antennas on the human body. The dimensions of the initial structure were minimized while the antenna operated in the same frequency range, leading to a small decrease in the gain. It was discovered that when analyzing the values of the parameters of interest regarding the interaction with a human body, the RFID will not exceed them when considering the human hand, but it will harm a human foot when not placed at a specific distance from it. Full article

In the context of rapidly growing logistics demand, traditional warehouse management methods are inadequate in meeting contemporary efficiency and accuracy requirements. The present study proposes the development of an intelligent warehouse visualization platform, the objective of which is to address issues such as high labor dependency, opaque inventory, and operational inefficiencies. The construction of a virtual warehouse environment was undertaken using Unity3D, with the aim of simulating real-world zones. These comprised storage areas, automatic guided vehicle (AGV) pathways, and operational spaces. The platform incorporates radio frequency identification devices (RFID) for item tracking and a role-based access system, enabling real-time monitoring and management of inbound, inventory, and outbound processes. In order to optimize AGV path planning, the proposed algorithm incorporates a dynamic weighted heuristic, a five-neighborhood search, a bidirectional search, and Bézier curve-based smoothing. The efficacy of these enhancements has been demonstrated through a reduction in searched nodes, computation time, and path length, while simultaneously enhancing smoothness. As demonstrated by simulations conducted in Unity3D, the optimized algorithm exhibits a reduction in search nodes of 59.19%, in time of 45.41%, and in path length of 18%, in comparison with the conventional A-star algorithm. The platform offers a safe, efficient, and scalable solution for enterprise training and operational simulation, contributing valuable insights for intelligent warehouse upgrading. Full article

In today’s fast-paced world, secure and efficient access control is crucial for places like schools, gated communities, and corporate campuses. The system must overcome the issues of manual checking and record maintenance of traditional methods like RFID cards or license plate recognition. Our work introduces a budget-friendly, automated solution. A prototype was developed for a vehicle sticker recognition system to control and monitor gate access at NFC IET University as a case study. The automated system design will replace manual checking by detecting the car stickers issued to each vehicle by the university administration. An optimized lightweight YOLOv8 model is trained to identify three categories: IET stickers (authorized for access), non-IET stickers (unauthorized), and no sticker (denied access). A webcam connected to the Raspberry Pi 4 scans approaching vehicles. Authorized vehicles are allowed when the relevant class is detected, which signals a servo motor to open the gate. Otherwise, access to the gate is denied, and infrared (IR) sensors close the gates. A second set of IR sensors and a servo motor was also added to manage the exit side, preventing unauthorized tailgating. The system’s modular design makes it adaptable for different environments, and its use of affordable hardware and open-source tools keeps costs low, which is ideal for smaller institutions or communities. The prototype model is tested and trained on self-collected datasets comprising 506 images. Full article

In the context of increasing resource scarcity and pervasive uncertainty, informed economic decision-making requires access to timely and accurate information. Real-time sustainability monitoring tools, such as sensor- or RFID-based systems, have become essential to capture dynamic changes in production environments. Given the growing importance of sustainability, evaluating the environmental impact of production systems through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is critical, while economic dimensions are typically addressed via Life Cycle Costing (LCC). However, conventional LCA and LCC approaches often rely on static or outdated data, limiting their applicability in dynamic environments. This paper presents an integrated framework for the real-time assessment of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to facilitate continuous data collection throughout the production chain. By combining environmental and economic assessments with real-time data streams, the proposed framework supports more adaptive, transparent, and sustainable decision-making in resource-constrained industrial contexts. Full article

In the ever-evolving world full of technologies, blockchain proves itself to be the most secure way of dealing with tampering of data. This paper proposes an innovative model for tracking employees within facilities using RFID, IoT devices and blockchain technology implemented on the Hyperledger Fabric platform. The blockchain system supports a secure and tamper-proof recording of employee movement because it keeps the data in a decentralized system. Smart contracts automate activities like control access, generate alerts and create audit trails without the need for centralized management. This implementation shows a high level of security and efficiency, making it a good approach to improve monitoring and compliance within organizations. Full article

Road safety signboards are now difficult to see due to pollution and harsh weather elements such as snow and fog, which has resulted in more accidents. The problem is especially common in Western countries where snow can block these critical signs. An approach addressing this issue involves a system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Internet of Things (IoT). The real-time alerts that this system sends to drivers improve driver safety in complex environments. For this purpose, an RFID reader is placed in the vehicle, and passive RFID tags are attached to road safety signboards. The reader picks up the signal as a vehicle comes within range, and the warning for the vehicle is sent to the driver. It helps to reduce the number of accidents resulting from poor visibility. In addition, because its multi-lingual audio alerts the drive through speakers and visual warnings displayed on a display screen, the system is accessible to drivers from various regions. To make the system more sustainable, we added some solar panels to the system to cut costs as far as energy efficiency is concerned. The system combines GPS and GSM modules to provide the vehicle position in real time in the cloud. It gives better warnings and helps avoid accidents. In addition to improving road safety, the system offers support for the environment, by limiting emissions and waste of resources caused by accidents. Traffic patterns can thus be studied with the data, creating more efficient and ecofriendly transportation systems. This solution enables a smarter vehicle network that is safer and more sustainable with quick, accurate alerts. Full article

This paper proposes a solution for guiding visually impaired people to reach predefined locations marked with preregistered passive ultra-high-frequency RFID tags inside public buildings (e.g., secretary’s offices and information desks). Our approach employs an unmanned ground vehicle guidance system that assists customers in following predefined routes. The solution also includes a methodology for recording the best routes between all possible locations that may be visited. When reaching the destination, the system will read the tag, extract all the associated information from a database, and translate it into an audio format played into the user’s headphones. The system includes functionalities such as recording and playback of prerecorded routes, voice commands, and audio instructions. By describing the software and hardware architecture of the proposed guiding systems prototype, we show how combining ultra-high-frequency RFID technology with unmanned ground vehicle guiding systems equipped with ultrasonic, grayscale, hall sensors, and voice interfaces allows the development of accessible, low-cost guiding systems with increased functionalities. Moreover, we compare and analyze two different modes of route recording based on line following and manual recording, obtaining a performance regarding route playback with deviations under 10% for several basic scenarios. Full article

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has greatly enhanced the lives of individuals with disabilities by leveraging radio frequency identification (RFID) systems to improve autonomy and access to essential services. However, these advancements also pose significant security risks, particularly through side-channel attacks that exploit weaknesses in the design and operation of RFID tags and readers, potentially jeopardizing sensitive information. To combat these threats, several solutions have been proposed, including advanced cryptographic protocols built on cryptographic algorithms such as elliptic curve cryptography. While these protocols offer strong protection and help minimize data leakage, they often require substantial computational resources, making them impractical for low-cost RFID tags. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the efficient implementation of cryptographic algorithms, which are fundamental to most encryption systems. Cryptographic algorithms primarily depend on various finite field operations, including field multiplication, field inversion, and field division. Among these operations, field multiplication is especially crucial, as it forms the foundation for executing other field operations, making it vital for the overall performance and security of the cryptographic framework. The method of implementing field multiplication operation significantly influences the system’s resilience against side-channel attacks; for instance, implementation using unidirectional systolic array structures can provide enhanced error detection capabilities, improving resistance to side-channel attacks compared to traditional bidirectional multipliers. Therefore, this research aims to develop a novel unidirectional systolic array structure for the Dickson basis multiplier, which is anticipated to achieve lower space and power consumption, facilitating the efficient and secure implementation of computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms in RFID systems with limited resources. This advancement is crucial as RFID technology becomes increasingly integrated into various IoT applications for individuals with disabilities, including secure identification and access control. Full article

The Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing rapid growth, with an increasing number of devices connected to the Internet. By 2020, approximately 54% of the 21.7 billion active internet-connected devices worldwide were IoT devices. This number is projected to reach 30 billion by 2025, with an average of four IoT devices per person globally. IoT devices use communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and RFID, to facilitate data exchange. However, the absence of standardized communication protocols and reprogrammable architectures presents significant challenges for IoT applications. Smart buildings, which heavily depend on IoT technology, are particularly affected by the diversity of protocols and standards used by different devices. The Web of Things (WoT) framework has been introduced to address these challenges, enabling interoperability among devices with heterogeneous communication protocols and enhancing system programmability. The increasing adoption of IoT devices necessitates more efficient communication protocols and integrated architectures to meet the demands of modern innovative building systems. This study presents a WoT-based modular architecture designed to ensure compatibility among devices and protocols while providing scalable, flexible, and secure solutions tailored to the current IoT trends. In this study, an Application Programming Interface (API) and a Worker Service were developed using .NET Core technology and the WoT framework for modular intelligent building automation. This system integrates various subsystems, leveraging hardware and communication protocols for seamless functionality. The API facilitates device monitoring and control, while the Worker Service manages scheduling and database operations. The system supports asynchronous communication by employing the HTTP and WebSocket protocols and provides multi-user access with role-based authorization. The proposed automation system was implemented and evaluated, demonstrating its practical applicability and effectiveness in managing complex, innovative building environments. Full article

Wearable collar technologies have become integral to the advancement of precision livestock farming, revolutionizing how dairy cattle are monitored in terms of their behaviour, health status, and productivity. These devices leverage cutting-edge sensors, including accelerometers, RFID tags, GPS receivers, microphones, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, to provide non-invasive, real-time insights that enhance animal welfare, optimize resource use, and support decision-making processes in livestock management. This systematized review focuses on analyzing the sensors integrated into collar-based systems, detailing their functionalities and applications. However, significant challenges remain, including the high energy consumption of some sensors, the need for frequent recharging, and limited parameter coverage by individual devices. Future developments must focus on integrating multiple sensor types into unified systems to provide comprehensive data on animal behaviour, health, and environmental interactions. Additionally, advancements in energy-efficient designs, longer battery life, and cost-reduction strategies are essential to enhance the practicality and accessibility of these technologies. By addressing these challenges, wearable collar systems can play a pivotal role in promoting sustainable, efficient, and responsible livestock farming, aligning with global goals for environmental and economic sustainability. This paper underscores the transformative potential of wearable collar technologies in reshaping the livestock industry and driving the adoption of innovative farming practices worldwide. Full article