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24 pages, 3915 KiB  
Article
Prothrombotic Genetic Mutations Are Associated with Sub-Clinical Placental Vascular Lesions: A Histopathological and Morphometric Study
by Viorela-Romina Murvai, Anca Huniadi, Radu Galiș, Gelu Florin Murvai, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Alexandra-Alina Vesa and Ioana Cristina Rotar
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080612 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Inherited thrombophilia is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to placental vascular pathology and adverse pregnancy outcomes. While the clinical implications are well-established, fewer studies have systematically explored the histopathological changes associated with specific genetic mutations in thrombophilic pregnancies. Materials and Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: Inherited thrombophilia is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to placental vascular pathology and adverse pregnancy outcomes. While the clinical implications are well-established, fewer studies have systematically explored the histopathological changes associated with specific genetic mutations in thrombophilic pregnancies. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included two cohorts of placental samples collected between September 2020 and September 2024 at a tertiary maternity hospital. Group 1 included women diagnosed with hereditary thrombophilia, and Group 2 served as controls without known maternal pathology. Placentas were examined macroscopically and histologically, with pathologists blinded to group allocation. Histological lesions were classified according to the Amsterdam Consensus and quantified using a composite score (0–5) based on five key vascular features. Results: Placental lesions associated with maternal vascular malperfusion—including infarctions, intervillous thrombosis, stromal fibrosis, villous stasis, and acute atherosis—were significantly more frequent in the thrombophilia group (p < 0.05 for most lesions). A combination of well-established thrombophilic mutations (Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A) and other genetic polymorphisms with uncertain clinical relevance (MTHFR C677T, PAI-1 4G/4G) showed moderate-to-strong correlations with histopathological markers of placental vascular injury. A composite histological score ≥3 was significantly associated with thrombophilia (p < 0.001). Umbilical cord abnormalities, particularly altered coiling and hypertwisting, were also more prevalent in thrombophilic cases. Conclusions: Thrombophilia is associated with distinct and quantifiable placental vascular lesions, even in pregnancies without overt clinical complications. The use of a histological scoring system may aid in the retrospective identification of thrombophilia-related placental pathology and support the integration of genetic and histologic data in perinatal risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Molecular Medicine 2025)
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20 pages, 3279 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Maximum Torque per Ampere Control Method for Interior Permanent Magnet Machine Drives on dSpace with Emphasis on Potential Practical Issues for High Energy Efficiency
by Osman Emre Özçiflikçi, Mikail Koç and Serkan Bahçeci
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4118; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154118 (registering DOI) - 3 Aug 2025
Abstract
Interior-mounted permanent magnet (IPM) machines have been widely used in recent years due to their high efficiency, high torque/power densities, and so on. These machines can produce reluctance torque whereas their surface-mounted (SPM) counterparts cannot. Hence, IPMs are attractive in industrial applications that [...] Read more.
Interior-mounted permanent magnet (IPM) machines have been widely used in recent years due to their high efficiency, high torque/power densities, and so on. These machines can produce reluctance torque whereas their surface-mounted (SPM) counterparts cannot. Hence, IPMs are attractive in industrial applications that require high torque density. Id = 0 control is commonly adopted to drive permanent magnet (PM) machines, and the strategy is attractive due to its simplicity. However, although it is suitable for SPMs, adopting it in IPMs sacrifices the reluctance torque that can be obtained from the machine. Hence, it is vital to control IPMs using the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) strategy. This paper adopts the MTPA strategy for a 4.1 kW prototype IPM machine. Test system configuration is discussed step by step by paying particular attention to potential practical issues and inspirational discussions on their solutions. The issues associated with misaligned rotor positions or whistling problems pertinent to inappropriate power conversion strategies are addressed to overcome such issues in practical IPM drives. Comprehensive discussions and extensive comparisons of well-matched simulation and experimental results of both Id = 0- and MTPA-controlled drives at different evaluation metrics will be quite insightful to achieve efficiency-optimized IPM drives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Strategies of Permanent Magnet Motor Drive)
14 pages, 2408 KiB  
Article
Tsunami Flow Characteristics on the East Coast of the UAE by One-Dimensional Numerical Analysis and Artificial Neural Networking
by Napayalage A. K. Nandasena, Ashraf Hefny, Cheng Chen, Maryam Alshehhi, Noura Alahbabi, Fatima Alketbi, Maha Ali and Noura Alblooshi
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7036; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157036 (registering DOI) - 3 Aug 2025
Abstract
The coastal developments in the Middle East put low priority on tsunami risk assessment due to the rare occurrence and absence of genuine tsunami track records on the coastline in the past. Tsunami-vulnerable coasts, including the east coast of the UAE, need to [...] Read more.
The coastal developments in the Middle East put low priority on tsunami risk assessment due to the rare occurrence and absence of genuine tsunami track records on the coastline in the past. Tsunami-vulnerable coasts, including the east coast of the UAE, need to prepare for, and pay attention to, the impact of future tsunamis due to increased earthquake activity in the region. This study investigated the tsunami characteristics of the nearshore from hypothetical tsunami conditions by applications of numerical modeling and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. The modeling results showed that the maximum tsunami depth at the shore was highest in Khor Fakkan and Mirbih for the given tsunami boundary conditions, while the tsunami withdrawal was greater on the southern bathymetry compared to that on the northern bathymetry when the tsunami period increased. ANN results confirmed that the still sea depth and seabed slope were more important than the tsunami period when predicting the maximum tsunami depth at the shore. Full article
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21 pages, 1677 KiB  
Systematic Review
Pharmacoeconomic Profiles of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in Rare Diseases: A Systematic Review
by Marianna Serino, Milana Krstin, Sara Mucherino, Enrica Menditto and Valentina Orlando
Healthcare 2025, 13(15), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151894 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 42
Abstract
Background and aim: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) are innovative drugs based on genes, tissues, or cells that target rare and severe diseases. ATMPs have shown promising clinical outcomes but are associated with high costs, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. Hence, this systematic [...] Read more.
Background and aim: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) are innovative drugs based on genes, tissues, or cells that target rare and severe diseases. ATMPs have shown promising clinical outcomes but are associated with high costs, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. Hence, this systematic review aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility profiles of the European Medicines Agency-authorized ATMPs for treating rare diseases. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ProQuest scientific databases. Economic evaluations reporting incremental cost-effectiveness/utility ratios (ICERs/ICURs) for ATMPs were included. Costs were standardized to 2023 Euros, and a cost-effectiveness plane was constructed to evaluate the results against willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of EUR 50,000, EUR 100,000, and EUR 150,000 per QALY, as part of a sensitivity analysis. Results: A total of 61 studies met the inclusion criteria. ATMPs for rare blood diseases, such as tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel, were found to be cost-effective in a majority of studies, with incremental QALYs ranging from 1.5 to 10 per patient over lifetime horizon. Tisagenlecleucel demonstrated a positive cost-effectiveness profile in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (58%), while axicabtagene ciloleucel showed a positive profile in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (85%). Onasemnogene abeparvovec for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) showed uncertain cost-effectiveness results, and voretigene neparvovec for retinal diseases was not cost-effective in 40% of studies, with incremental QALYs around 1.3 and high costs exceeding the WTP threshold set. Conclusions: ATMPs in treating rare diseases show promising economic potential, but cost-effectiveness varies across indications. Policymakers must balance innovation with system sustainability, using refined models and the long-term impact on patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare Economics, Management, and Innovation for Health Systems)
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26 pages, 7634 KiB  
Article
Research on the Preparation and Performance of Wood with High Negative Oxygen Ion Release Induced by Moisture
by Min Yin, Yuqi Zhang, Yun Lu, Zongying Fu, Haina Mi, Jianfang Yu and Ximing Wang
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080905 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 52
Abstract
With the growing severity of environmental pollution, people are paying increasing attention to their health. However, naturally occurring wood with health benefits and applications in human healthcare is still scarce. Natural wood exhibits a limited negative oxygen ion release capacity, and this release [...] Read more.
With the growing severity of environmental pollution, people are paying increasing attention to their health. However, naturally occurring wood with health benefits and applications in human healthcare is still scarce. Natural wood exhibits a limited negative oxygen ion release capacity, and this release has a short duration, failing to meet practical application requirements. This study innovatively developed a humidity-responsive, healthy wood material with a high negative oxygen ion release capacity based on fast-growing poplar. Through vacuum cyclic impregnation technology, hexagonal stone powder was infused into the pores of poplar wood, endowing it with the ability to continuously release negative oxygen ions. The healthy wood demonstrated a static average negative oxygen ion release rate of 537 ions/cm3 (peaking at 617 ions/cm3) and a dynamic average release rate of 3,170 ions/cm3 (peaking at 10,590 ions/cm3). The results showed that the particle size of hexagonal stone powder in suspension was influenced by the dispersants and dispersion processes. The composite dispersion process demonstrated optimal performance when using 0.5 wt% silane coupling agent γ-(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH570), achieving the smallest particle size of 8.93 μm. The healthy wood demonstrated excellent impregnation performance, with a weight gain exceeding 14.61% and a liquid absorption rate surpassing 165.18%. The optimal impregnation cycle for vacuum circulation technology was determined to be six cycles, regardless of the type of dispersant. Compared with poplar wood, the hygroscopic swelling rate of healthy wood was lower, especially in PEG-treated samples, where the tangential, radial, longitudinal, and volumetric swelling rates decreased by 70.93%, 71.67%, 69.41%, and 71.35%, respectively. Combining hexagonal stone powder with fast-growing poplar wood can effectively enhance the release of negative oxygen ions. The static average release of negative oxygen ions from healthy wood is 1.44 times that of untreated hexagonal stone powder, and the dynamic release reaches 2 to 3 times the concentration of negative oxygen ions specified by national fresh air standards. The water-responsive mechanism revealed that negative oxygen ion release surged when ambient humidity exceeded 70%. This work proposes a sustainable and effective method to prepare healthy wood with permanent negative oxygen ion release capability. It demonstrates great potential for improving indoor air quality and enhancing human health. Full article
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15 pages, 2879 KiB  
Article
Study on the Eye Movement Transfer Characteristics of Drivers Under Different Road Conditions
by Zhenxiang Hao, Jianping Hu, Xiaohui Sun, Jin Ran, Yuhang Zheng, Binhe Yang and Junyao Tang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8559; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158559 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 141
Abstract
Given the severe global traffic safety challenges—including threats to human lives and socioeconomic impacts—this study analyzes visual behavior to promote sustainable transportation, improve road safety, and reduce resource waste and pollution caused by accidents. Four typical road sections, namely, turning, straight ahead, uphill, [...] Read more.
Given the severe global traffic safety challenges—including threats to human lives and socioeconomic impacts—this study analyzes visual behavior to promote sustainable transportation, improve road safety, and reduce resource waste and pollution caused by accidents. Four typical road sections, namely, turning, straight ahead, uphill, and downhill, were selected, and the eye movement data of 23 drivers in different driving stages were collected by aSee Glasses eye-tracking device to analyze the visual gaze characteristics of the drivers and their transfer patterns in each road section. Using Markov chain theory, the probability of staying at each gaze point and the transfer probability distribution between gaze points were investigated. The results of the study showed that drivers’ visual behaviors in different road sections showed significant differences: drivers in the turning section had the largest percentage of fixation on the near front, with a fixation duration and frequency of 29.99% and 28.80%, respectively; the straight ahead section, on the other hand, mainly focused on the right side of the road, with 31.57% of fixation duration and 19.45% of frequency of fixation; on the uphill section, drivers’ fixation duration on the left and right roads was more balanced, with 24.36% of fixation duration on the left side of the road and 25.51% on the right side of the road; drivers on the downhill section looked more frequently at the distance ahead, with a total fixation frequency of 23.20%, while paying higher attention to the right side of the road environment, with a fixation duration of 27.09%. In terms of visual fixation, the fixation shift in the turning road section was mainly concentrated between the near and distant parts of the road ahead and frequently turned to the left and right sides; the straight road section mainly showed a shift between the distant parts of the road ahead and the dashboard; the uphill road section was concentrated on the shift between the near parts of the road ahead and the two sides of the road, while the downhill road section mainly occurred between the distant parts of the road ahead and the rearview mirror. Although drivers’ fixations on the front of the road were most concentrated under the four road sections, with an overall fixation stability probability exceeding 67%, there were significant differences in fixation smoothness between different road sections. Through this study, this paper not only reveals the laws of drivers’ visual behavior under different driving environments but also provides theoretical support for behavior-based traffic safety improvement strategies. Full article
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13 pages, 721 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Hyperthyroid Metabolic Status on the Coagulation and Fibrinolysis System and the Risk of Thrombosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
by Manuela Andrea Hoffmann, Anne Zinndorf, Florian Rosar, Inge Scharrer, Nicolas Fischer, Tobias Gruebl, Pia-Elisabeth Baqué, Stefan Reuss and Mathias Schreckenberger
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081869 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 180
Abstract
Background: Risk assessment in hyperthyroidism remains challenging. The aim of the present study is to determine the influence of hyperthyroid metabolic status on blood clotting and an increased risk of thrombosis. Methods: This prospective study included 50 patients after radical thyroidectomy [...] Read more.
Background: Risk assessment in hyperthyroidism remains challenging. The aim of the present study is to determine the influence of hyperthyroid metabolic status on blood clotting and an increased risk of thrombosis. Methods: This prospective study included 50 patients after radical thyroidectomy and ablative radioiodine therapy because of thyroid carcinoma who were compared with 50 control subjects in a euthyroid metabolic state. Latent hyperthyroid patients with basal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ≤ 0.15 mU/L on levothyroxine hormone therapy were included. The control group was selected to match the patient group based on age and sex. The evaluation data were collected using laboratory coagulation tests and patient questionnaires. A bleeding and a thrombosis score were determined. Results: The coagulation parameters between the patient and control groups showed statistically significant differences. In particular, the patients’ group showed a significantly shortened activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT/p = 0.009) and a significantly higher plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1/p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Age, sex, and medication use were not found to influence the patients’ laboratory results. Only body mass index was higher in the patient group than in the control group. Conclusions: Our results support a shift in the coagulation system in latent hyperthyroid metabolism towards increased coagulability and reduced fibrinolysis. A latent hyperthyroid metabolic state appears to be associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. Further prospective cohort studies with large patient populations are needed to verify the association between (latent) hyperthyroidism and thromboembolic events as well as to determine therapeutic anticoagulation or to adjust the indication for exogenous administration of thyroid hormone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Metabolism Research)
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14 pages, 253 KiB  
Article
Marketing and Perceived Value of Differentiated Quality Labels in Extremadura’s Agri-Food Sector
by Alejandro Maya Reyes, Elena Muñoz-Muñoz, Carlos Díaz Caro and Ángel-Sabino Mirón Sanguino
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152707 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 420
Abstract
The present study focuses on the attractiveness and perceived value of differentiated quality labels, such as the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), for agri-food products from Extremadura (Spain). In doing so, it addresses a gap in the scientific [...] Read more.
The present study focuses on the attractiveness and perceived value of differentiated quality labels, such as the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), for agri-food products from Extremadura (Spain). In doing so, it addresses a gap in the scientific literature concerning consumer behavior toward products bearing these certifications. The results show that awareness of these quality schemes is significantly higher among middle-aged and older individuals, underscoring the need for more modern and targeted communication strategies. The findings highlight the strategic role of agri-food marketing in promoting certified products and emphasize the importance of bridging the generational gap in consumer education. Overall, differentiated quality schemes are perceived as strategic tools to enhance the competitiveness of local products, strengthen cultural identity, and foster sustainable rural economies. Furthermore, this study identifies a negative relationship between the consumption of certified products and the awareness of certification and a positive relationship with the willingness to pay a premium. Consumers with greater awareness tend consume these products less, although they are more willing to pay higher prices for items bearing quality labels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Consumer Sciences)
25 pages, 5899 KiB  
Review
Non-Invasive Medical Imaging in the Evaluation of Composite Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions
by Samira Farjaminejad, Rosana Farjaminejad, Pedram Sotoudehbagha and Mehdi Razavi
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080400 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
Tissue-engineered scaffolds, particularly composite scaffolds composed of polymers combined with ceramics, bioactive glasses, or nanomaterials, play a vital role in regenerative medicine by providing structural and biological support for tissue repair. As scaffold designs grow increasingly complex, the need for non-invasive imaging modalities [...] Read more.
Tissue-engineered scaffolds, particularly composite scaffolds composed of polymers combined with ceramics, bioactive glasses, or nanomaterials, play a vital role in regenerative medicine by providing structural and biological support for tissue repair. As scaffold designs grow increasingly complex, the need for non-invasive imaging modalities capable of monitoring scaffold integration, degradation, and tissue regeneration in real-time has become critical. This review summarizes current non-invasive imaging techniques used to evaluate tissue-engineered constructs, including optical methods such as near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); X-ray-based approaches like computed tomography (CT); and ultrasound-based modalities. It discusses the unique advantages and limitations of each modality. Finally, the review identifies major challenges—including limited imaging depth, resolution trade-offs, and regulatory hurdles—and proposes future directions to enhance translational readiness and clinical adoption of imaging-guided tissue engineering (TE). Emerging prospects such as multimodal platforms and artificial intelligence (AI) assisted image analysis hold promise for improving precision, scalability, and clinical relevance in scaffold monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)
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28 pages, 437 KiB  
Article
The General Semimartingale Market Model
by Moritz Sohns
AppliedMath 2025, 5(3), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5030097 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 95
Abstract
This paper develops a unified framework for mathematical finance under general semimartingale models that allow for dividend payments, negative asset prices, and unbounded jumps. We present a rigorous approach to the mathematical modeling of financial markets with dividend-paying assets by defining appropriate concepts [...] Read more.
This paper develops a unified framework for mathematical finance under general semimartingale models that allow for dividend payments, negative asset prices, and unbounded jumps. We present a rigorous approach to the mathematical modeling of financial markets with dividend-paying assets by defining appropriate concepts of numéraires, discounted processes, and self-financing trading strategies. While most of the mathematical results are not new, this unified framework has been missing in the literature. We carefully examine the transition between nominal and discounted price processes and define appropriate notions of admissible strategies that work naturally in both settings. By establishing the equivalence between these models and providing clear conditions for their applicability, we create a mathematical foundation that encompasses a wide range of realistic market scenarios and can serve as a basis for future work on mathematical finance and derivative pricing. We demonstrate the practical relevance of our framework through a comprehensive application to dividend-paying equity markets where the framework naturally handles discrete dividend payments. This application shows that our theoretical framework is not merely abstract but provides the rigorous foundation for pricing derivatives in real-world markets where classical assumptions need extension. Full article
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24 pages, 2839 KiB  
Article
Personality Assessment Inventory in Fibromyalgia: Links to Functional, Physical–Somatic, and Emotional Impact
by Andrea Doreste, Jesus Pujol, Eva Penelo, Víctor Pérez, Laura Blanco-Hinojo, Gerard Martínez-Vilavella, Fabiola Ojeda, Jordi Monfort and Joan Deus
Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(8), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15080149 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 195
Abstract
Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and psychological symptoms. Patients often present distinct personality traits and psychopathological patterns associated with symptom severity. Objective: To examine psychopathological profiles in FM patients based on functional, physical–somatic, and [...] Read more.
Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and psychological symptoms. Patients often present distinct personality traits and psychopathological patterns associated with symptom severity. Objective: To examine psychopathological profiles in FM patients based on functional, physical–somatic, and emotional impairment domains, as well as on cumulative disease severity. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 70 women clinically diagnosed with FM at a specialized Fibromyalgia Unit. Psychological functioning was assessed using the Personality Assessment Inventory, and disease impact was measured with the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Hierarchical cluster analyses were used to classify participants into mild and severe clusters across FIQ domains, and psychological profiles were compared. Results: Patients with severe functional impairment had more affective dysregulation (76.43 vs. 70.20, p < 0.01) and somatic complaints (85.57 vs. 79.76, p < 0.05) than those with mild impairment. The severe–physical cluster showed greater mood instability, somatization, and suicidal ideation (60.94 vs. 53.61, p < 0.05). The severe–emotional cluster had higher rates of major depression (85.71% vs. 64.28%) and persistent depressive disorder (76.19% vs. 70.61%, p < 0.05). Severe showed more emotional instability and somatization, distinguishing it from mild. Greater cumulative severity intensified depressive and somatic disorders. Discussion: Findings support FM’s biopsychosocial profile, where emotional distress may relate to psychological and physical symptoms, reinforcing the need for personalized, multidisciplinary care and comprehensive assessment. Full article
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27 pages, 1832 KiB  
Review
Breaking the Traffic Code: How MaaS Is Shaping Sustainable Mobility Ecosystems
by Tanweer Alam
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030094 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 109
Abstract
Urban areas are facing increasing traffic congestion, pollution, and infrastructure strain. Traditional urban transportation systems are often fragmented. They require users to plan, pay, and travel across multiple disconnected services. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) integrates these services into a single digital platform, simplifying access and [...] Read more.
Urban areas are facing increasing traffic congestion, pollution, and infrastructure strain. Traditional urban transportation systems are often fragmented. They require users to plan, pay, and travel across multiple disconnected services. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) integrates these services into a single digital platform, simplifying access and improving the user experience. This review critically examines the role of MaaS in fostering sustainable mobility ecosystems. MaaS aims to enhance user-friendliness, service variety, and sustainability by adopting a customer-centric approach to transportation. The findings reveal that successful MaaS systems consistently align with multimodal transport infrastructure, equitable access policies, and strong public-private partnerships. MaaS enhances the management of routes and traffic, effectively mitigating delays and congestion while concurrently reducing energy consumption and fuel usage. In this study, the authors examine MaaS as a new mobility paradigm for a sustainable transportation system in smart cities, observing the challenges and opportunities associated with its implementation. To assess the environmental impact, a sustainability index is calculated based on the use of different modes of transportation. Significant findings indicate that MaaS systems are proliferating in both quantity and complexity, increasingly integrating capabilities such as real-time multimodal planning, dynamic pricing, and personalized user profiles. Full article
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24 pages, 650 KiB  
Article
Investigating Users’ Acceptance of Autonomous Buses by Examining Their Willingness to Use and Willingness to Pay: The Case of the City of Trikala, Greece
by Spyros Niavis, Nikolaos Gavanas, Konstantina Anastasiadou and Paschalis Arvanitidis
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(8), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080298 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a promising sustainable urban mobility solution, expected to lead to enhanced road safety, smoother traffic flows, less traffic congestion, improved accessibility, better energy utilization and environmental performance, as well as more efficient passenger and freight transportation, in [...] Read more.
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a promising sustainable urban mobility solution, expected to lead to enhanced road safety, smoother traffic flows, less traffic congestion, improved accessibility, better energy utilization and environmental performance, as well as more efficient passenger and freight transportation, in terms of time and cost, due to better fleet management and platooning. However, challenges also arise, mostly related to data privacy, security and cyber-security, high acquisition and infrastructure costs, accident liability, even possible increased traffic congestion and air pollution due to induced travel demand. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among 654 residents who experienced an autonomous bus (AB) service in the city of Trikala, Greece, in order to assess their willingness to use (WTU) and willingness to pay (WTP) for ABs, through testing a range of factors based on a literature review. Results useful to policy-makers were extracted, such as that the intention to use ABs was mostly shaped by psychological factors (e.g., users’ perceptions of usefulness and safety, and trust in the service provider), while WTU seemed to be positively affected by previous experience in using ABs. In contrast, sociodemographic factors were found to have very little effect on the intention to use ABs, while apart from personal utility, users’ perceptions of how autonomous driving will improve the overall life standards in the study area also mattered. Full article
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15 pages, 4649 KiB  
Article
Defect Detection Algorithm for Photovoltaic Cells Based on SEC-YOLOv8
by Haoyu Xue, Liqun Liu, Qingfeng Wu, Junqiang He and Yamin Fan
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082425 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 178
Abstract
Surface defects of photovoltaic (PV) cells can seriously affect power generation efficiency. Accurately detecting such defects and handling them in a timely manner can effectively improve power generation efficiency. Aiming at the high-precision and real-time requirements for surface defect detection during the use [...] Read more.
Surface defects of photovoltaic (PV) cells can seriously affect power generation efficiency. Accurately detecting such defects and handling them in a timely manner can effectively improve power generation efficiency. Aiming at the high-precision and real-time requirements for surface defect detection during the use of PV cells, this paper proposes a PV cell surface defect detection algorithm based on SEC-YOLOv8. The algorithm first replaces the Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast module with the SPPELAN pooling module to reduce channel calculations between convolutions. Second, an ECA attention mechanism is added to enable the model to pay more attention to feature extraction in defect areas and avoid target detection interference from complex environments. Finally, the upsampling operator CARAFE is introduced in the Neck part to solve the problem of scale mismatch and enhance detection performance. Experimental results show that the improved model achieves a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 69.2% on the PV cell dataset, which is 2.6% higher than the original network, which is designed to achieve a superior balance between the competing demands of accuracy and computational efficiency for PV defect detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section AI-Enabled Process Engineering)
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15 pages, 459 KiB  
Article
Higher Status, More Actions but Less Sacrifice: The SES Paradox in Pro-Environmental Behaviors
by Lijuan Fan and Ni An
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6948; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156948 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Identifying predictors of pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) can not only figure out who concerns about the environment most but also inform possible pathways that advance or inhabit such prosocial actions. Most past studies and theories focus on factors that reside within personal characteristics or [...] Read more.
Identifying predictors of pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) can not only figure out who concerns about the environment most but also inform possible pathways that advance or inhabit such prosocial actions. Most past studies and theories focus on factors that reside within personal characteristics or sociopsychological mechanisms rather than taking a holistic view that integrates these two elements into a framework. This study investigates how socioeconomic status (SES) correlates with PEBs, integrating both structural and psychological mechanisms. Drawing on the Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) theoretical framework, this paper examines the paradox whereby individuals with higher SES exhibit more frequent environmental actions yet demonstrate lower willingness to pay (WTP)—a form of economic sacrifice. Using nationally representative data from the 2021 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), our structural equation modeling reveals that adulthood SES positively correlates with environmental values and behaviors but negatively correlates with WTP. This challenges the traditional linear assumption that greater willingness necessarily leads to greater action. Additionally, while childhood SES predicts adult SES, it shows no direct effect on environmental engagement. These findings highlight multidimensional pathways by which SES shape environmental actions, necessitating differentiated policy approaches to build a sustainable world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Resident Participation and Sustainable Urban Environments)
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