Search Results (816)

This paper aims to assess the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic development/employment rate over the period 2013–2023 for Romania, as well as for other European Union country groups (Central and Eastern Europe, Northern and Western Europe and Peripheral Europe). In this respect, we used the Panel FEGLS method adjusted with cross-section SUR and found a positive relationship between FDI and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita for all panels, the strongest estimated relationship being identified for Romania (followed by the one specific to Central and Eastern European states), considering the important role of the level of economic development in shaping these differences. Regarding the relationship between FDI and employment rate, we also found positive coefficients, the highest ones being identified for Central and Eastern Europe and Romania. However, the weakest estimated relationship between FDI and GDP per capita/employment was identified for the Peripheral Europe countries. Full article

Water Resources Plans (WRPs) are foundational policy instruments globally, yet implementation rates remain persistently low. Without consistent action classification, policymakers cannot define what to measure, track outcomes systematically, or generate evidence for adaptive learning. This study develops and validates a comprehensive typology of water resources actions, positioning it as a foundational framework for systematic performance measurement and international transferability. The typology was constructed through a rigorous multi-phase methodology: initial consolidation and unification of actions from Ceará’s hydrographic plans (serving as a methodological foundation due to the state’s comprehensive participatory water resources planning process, 2021–2024), expert consensus via focal group discussions, and empirical validation across the entire Brazilian national context. Validation encompassed 53 Water Resources Plans (20 Brazilian state plans, 14 Brazilian river basin plans, and 19 international plans), achieving 99.6% applicability. The typology operationalizes action classification through 13 first-order categories and 160 subtypes, organized around the concept of ‘deliverable’—a governance-neutral principle that permits instantiation across diverse institutional arrangements. The identified action categories reflect universal principles of water management maturity recognized in international planning contexts (European Water Framework Directive, Turkish and Moroccan water governance systems), demonstrating that the typology captures generalizable patterns of adaptive planning behavior rather than Brazil-specific peculiarities. Furthermore, the typology’s governance-agnostic design—based on deliverable-centered logic rather than institutional-specific procedures—enables its adaptation to diverse water governance models, from highly decentralized (Brazil’s basin committees) to centralized systems (as in other countries). By offering a structured and comprehensive categorization, this typology functions as a valuable menu of action types for future Water Resources Plans development, ensuring a holistic consideration of potential interventions. Its dual role—as a precursor to robust indicator development and as a guide for future planning—underscores its transformative potential for both assessing past actions and informing prospective water management. Full article

Drug recall is a critical regulatory mechanism implemented to protect public health by removing defective, unsafe, or non-compliant pharmaceutical products from the market. Despite stringent regulatory approval processes, issues related to manufacturing defects, contamination, labeling errors, stability failures, and post-marketing safety concerns may lead to drug recalls. Regulatory authorities across the world, including the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other national agencies, have developed structured recall guidelines and rapid alert systems to ensure timely withdrawal of defective products. Drug recalls are typically classified based on the level of health risk and may be executed at different levels of the distribution chain, including wholesale, retail, and consumer levels. Effective recall management involves risk assessment, recall communication, product traceability, documentation, and recall effectiveness checks. Pharmacovigilance systems also play an important role in identifying adverse drug reactions and quality defects that may lead to product recalls. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of drug recall systems, including causes of recalls, regulatory frameworks in India and other countries, recall classification, recall procedures, rapid alert systems, and global recall trends. The article also discusses challenges in recall implementation and provides recommendations to strengthen drug recall systems and regulatory coordination worldwide. The review additionally summarizes major official sources of recall information, including recall alerts, safety communications, and regulatory databases maintained by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), EMA, CDSCO, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and World Health Organization (WHO), and provides a comparative global perspective on contemporary pharmaceutical recall practices. Full article

This study assesses the impact of research and development (R&D) tax incentives on the intensity of business R&D expenditure in Central and Eastern European countries and derives policy implications for Ukraine. The analysis uses a balanced panel of 11 new EU member states covering the period 2010–2023, based exclusively on officially published data. The main method is a two-way fixed-effects panel regression with country and year effects, clustered standard errors, alternative lag structures, heterogeneity analysis and robustness checks. The baseline specification shows that a 0.10 increase in the implicit subsidy rate is associated with an approximately 0.10 percentage point increase in Business Expenditure on R&D (BERD) to GDP two years later. However, the effect is strongly conditional on absorptive capacity: it is statistically significant in countries with a developed R&D base and practically absent in countries with a weak base. The estimated private R&D additionality ratio falls below one under the stated assumptions, indicating that the estimated effect does not imply more than one unit of additional private investment per unit of fiscal support. For Ukraine, the results support a gradual introduction of R&D tax incentives combined with structural measures that strengthen human capital, institutional capacity and links between science and business. Full article

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency represent a widespread problem in the majority of Central Asian countries, attributable to the geographical location of the region, urbanization, and dietary patterns of the population. Given that vitamin D not only participates in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism but also exerts pleiotropic effects on various organs and systems, its insufficiency and deficiency are associated with a broad spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from asymptomatic manifestations to severe clinical symptoms, including the development of autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular, gynecological and reproductive, and rheumatological conditions. The development of national and interdisciplinary guidelines addressing the diagnosis, prevention of insufficiency, and correction of vitamin D deficiency in the countries of Central Asia represents an important step toward the establishment of effective preventive programs and treatment strategies, which may contribute to a reduction in the prevalence of diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency. The aim of the present work is to formulate a resolution capturing the conclusions and recommendations derived from an interdisciplinary expert discussion. Methods: An Expert Council meeting with the participation of specialists in endocrinology, obstetrics and gynecology, rheumatology, clinical pharmacology, and other medical disciplines from Central Asian and European countries was conducted in Almaty (Kazakhstan) on 18 June 2025. During this meeting, the pleiotropic action of vitamin D was extensively discussed basing on RCTs and observational studies. Results: Following the Expert Council meeting, current international clinical guidelines, scientific research data, and relevant epidemiological evidence were reviewed, leading to the formulation of a resolution that reflects the agreed-upon recommendations for the prevention of vitamin D insufficiency and the correction of vitamin D deficiency across different age groups according to baseline vitamin D metabolite levels. Conclusions: The expert discussion emphasized the need for unified interdisciplinary approaches to the diagnosis, correction, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the countries of Central Asia. The proposed recommendations may serve as a foundation for the development of national clinical protocols and the implementation of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies in the countries of Central Asia. Full article

European sustainability transitions are increasingly defined by the convergence of blue, green, and circular economy agendas. Traditionally analysed and governed in isolation, these domains generate important interdependencies, trade-offs, and coordination challenges that remain insufficiently understood. Drawing on the multi-level perspective (MLP) and recent advances in multi-system dynamics, this article introduces the Resource Infrastructure Economy (RIE) as a novel integrative framework. The RIE differs from existing multi-system frameworks by explicitly integrating marine governance as a full socio-technical regime, theorising regulatory-driven regime coupling as a distinct transition pathway, and foregrounding the constitutive role of shared physical and digital infrastructures in shaping value creation, path dependencies, and distributional outcomes. The RIE conceptualises contemporary European transitions as processes of deep regime coupling and infrastructural integration, whereby energy, marine, and material regimes become tightly coordinated through shared physical and digital infrastructures and assertive regulatory steering. Through a systematic integrative literature review (58 core publications selected from over 450 records following PRISMA guidelines, analysed using abductive thematic analysis with MAXQDA 26 software) and comparative analysis of six countries—Portugal, Spain, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and Norway—the study reveals persistent structural gaps between the three agendas alongside emerging patterns of pairwise and triadic regime coupling. While Northern and Central European frontrunners demonstrate more advanced infrastructural coordination, Southern peripheral regions face greater difficulties in governance integration and just transition outcomes. The RIE framework advances sustainability transitions theory in three ways: (1) systematically integrating blue economy scholarship into multi-system analysis; (2) theorising regulatory-driven regime coupling as a distinct transition pathway; and (3) foregrounding the constitutive role of physical and digital infrastructures and environmental data systems in shaping value creation, path dependencies, and distributional outcomes. By reframing European sustainability transitions through the lens of the Resource Infrastructure Economy, this article provides a new conceptual lens to understand uneven transition geographies and offers actionable insights for more integrated and just policy coordination across the European Green Deal. Full article

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness among working-age adults. Systematic screening programmes in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Nordic countries have reduced diabetes-related visual loss, yet many European countries, including Croatia, lack organised screening. This narrative review examines European DR screening programmes, evaluates telemedicine and artificial intelligence (AI) as enabling technologies, and proposes a phased roadmap for a national programme in Croatia. Croatia has nearly 400,000 registered persons with diabetes, a national diabetes registry (CroDiab) linked to the Central Health Information System (CEZIH), and pilot screening data showing 40% DR prevalence among screened patients with type 2 diabetes. The proposed programme combines decentralised telemedicine-based imaging at primary care sites with centralised grading, a staged rollout across three phases targeting 400,000 annual screenings, and stepwise AI integration for triage. Successful European programmes share standardised digital imaging, trained grading workforces, embedded quality assurance, and registry linkage. With dedicated funding and sustained political commitment, Croatia could adopt a hybrid telemedicine–AI model and, under favourable implementation conditions, reduce the burden of advanced DR over the coming decade. Full article

The expansion of the European Union Emissions Trading System to road transport and buildings (ETS2) raises significant concerns regarding the distributive social impacts of carbon pricing on vulnerable households, particularly in regions characterized by high car dependency, limited public transport accessibility, and pronounced territorial inequalities. This paper aims to develop an integrated conceptual framework for analyzing transport poverty in the context of ETS2 and the just climate transition. The study adopts a conceptual–analytical approach based on a structured literature review of peer-reviewed publications and EU policy documents, combined with a qualitative policy analysis focused on Bulgaria as a critical case. The paper identifies six interacting analytical dimensions of transport poverty—economic vulnerability, spatial vulnerability, mobility dependency, infrastructure vulnerability, climate-policy exposure, and social vulnerability—and maps the causal pathways through which carbon pricing mechanisms may intensify mobility deprivation, particularly among low-income, rural, and forced-car-ownership households. The analysis demonstrates that ETS2 may exacerbate existing socio-spatial inequalities unless accompanied by well-designed compensatory, accessibility-oriented, and territorially sensitive policy measures. The Bulgarian case illustrates the specific structural risk factors prevalent in Central and Eastern European countries. The paper contributes to the emerging academic literature on transport poverty by positioning it as a critical dimension of the just climate transition and by providing a conceptual foundation for future empirical research within the ACTETS2 project framework. Full article

Mycotoxin contamination of cereal crops poses escalating food safety risks across the Central and Balkan European (CBE) corridor under climate change, yet no PRISMA 2020-compliant synthesis of remote sensing (RS) and machine learning (ML) evidence for this region exists. We conducted an AI-augmented systematic review applying a four-stage automated pipeline—PICO domain scoring, SBERT semantic deduplication, and Thompson-sampling reinforcement learning—to 36,038 corpus records (2010–2025), yielding 156 included studies (inter-rater κ = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74–0.88)). Logistic growth modelling identified a 56-fold corpus expansion with inflection at t₀ = 2024.8 (R² = 0.981). Satellite multispectral imaging dominated the literature (91.7% of studies); random forest and gradient boosting models achieved R² = 0.74–0.80 for aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol prediction in CBE maize and wheat when integrating vegetation indices, land surface temperature, and precipitation covariates. Deep learning surpassed classical ML in annual study count from 2021, reaching ~60% relative share by 2025, though the performance advantage narrows at field scale relative to laboratory hyperspectral benchmarks (98–99% accuracy). A five-percentage-point CBE–global performance gap is largely consistent with differences in sample size and multi-toxin design scope rather than algorithmic access. The country × mycotoxin gap matrix identifies zero eligible studies for four CBE nations and for T-2/HT-2 toxins across the Balkan states. Climate-driven satellite mycotoxin prediction emerges as the field’s active research frontier. Full article

This study examines whether digital capabilities constitute a necessary condition for green innovation and firm competitiveness in the context of increasing sustainability and digital transformation pressures. Although prior research frequently links digitalization to improved environmental and business outcomes, limited evidence exists on whether firms must achieve a minimum level of digital capability to successfully generate green innovation and sustain competitive performance. To address this gap, the study investigates the relationships among digital capabilities, green innovation, and firm competitiveness using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). Using survey data from 740 firms across Hungary, Romania, Poland, Austria, and other Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, the findings demonstrate that digital capabilities significantly enhance both green innovation and firm competitiveness. Green innovation further acts as a mediating mechanism through which digital capabilities translate into superior competitive outcomes. Importantly, the NCA results reveal that digital capabilities are not merely beneficial but represent a necessary condition for achieving high levels of green innovation and competitiveness within the studied sample of CEE firms, suggesting a threshold relationship that warrants further causal investigation. Firms with higher digital maturity consistently outperform less digitally developed firm. Firms with higher digital maturity consistently outperform less digitally developed firms in leveraging sustainability-oriented innovation strategies. The study contributes to the literature by advancing understanding of how digital transformation capabilities support sustainable competitiveness and by combining sufficiency and necessity analytical approaches to examine these relationships. The findings also provide practical implications for managers and policymakers by highlighting the strategic importance of investing in digital capabilities to simultaneously support environmental sustainability and long-term competitive performance. Full article

Climate change is progressively altering the thermal environment of European agriculture, with direct consequences for high-value perennial crops such as olive (Olea europaea L.) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Although the Growing Degree Days (GDD) index is widely applied to characterize crop thermal requirements, no systematic evidence exists on the actual GDD values accumulated at the locations where these crops are currently grown across Europe. This study introduces a “reverse agroclimatology” approach that anchors GDD calculations exclusively to olive grove and vineyard areas identified in the Corine Land Cover (CLC) dataset for five reference years (1990, 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2018), using ERA5-Land reanalysis daily temperature data as the climatological input. For each CLC reference year, GDD was computed for olive cultivation (T_base = 7 °C, January–May) and viticulture (T_base = 10 °C, April–October) exclusively over registered cultivation pixels, and per-country means were subjected to linear regression trend analysis (p < 0.05). For olive cultivation across 11 Mediterranean countries, statistically significant positive GDD trends were detected in 7 countries, with long-term (1985–2023) country means ranging from 476.2 GDD in France to 1214.3 in Cyprus, indicating that we can revise the known GDD thresholds. The first appearance of olive cultivation in Slovenia’s 2012 CLC dataset, with a median of 546.5 GDD, provides land use-mapped evidence of a spatial displacement of cultivation boundaries. For vineyard cultivation across 22 European countries, significant positive trends were identified in 18 countries, with warming rates reaching 19.25 GDD yr⁻¹ in Turkey, 15.83 GDD yr⁻¹ in Albania, and 14.89 GDD yr⁻¹ in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mediterranean and Balkan vineyards already exceed the classical 2000 GDD threshold of viticultural suitability across all reference years. In contrast, central and northern European registered vineyards operate below it, though their warmest sites are increasingly approaching or crossing it in the most recent periods. The cultivation-anchored GDD framework, built on openly available data and a fully reproducible R-based pipeline, provides a practical and updatable tool for monitoring the evolving thermal conditions of European olive and wine production under ongoing climate change. Full article

Background: The involvement of people living in situations of vulnerability has long been a central ethical issue in research, particularly in contexts marked by power asymmetries, limited access to resources, or restricted decisional autonomy. Although international ethical frameworks offer increasing guidance on protecting vulnerable participants, applying these principles in everyday research practice remains challenging, especially in qualitative and multi-country studies. This communication draws on the experience of the European Protecting You & Others project, an Erasmus+ initiative conducted across five countries. Methods: During the project design and implementation, the research team engaged in ongoing reflexive work to examine the ethical, methodological, and practical challenges encountered when defining vulnerability, involving participants living in situations of vulnerability, and adapting research activities and educational interventions to different specific needs. Reflexive notes and collective team discussions were used to identify recurrent challenges and the strategies adopted to address them. Results: Key challenges included (a) the difficulty of choosing an inclusive yet operational definition of vulnerability; (b) participants’ self-perceptions and tensions between externally assigned vulnerability; (c) risks of stigmatization associated with categorization; the use of respectful and context-appropriate language; and (d) the adoption of a shared international framework adapted to educational content across countries. Overall, vulnerability emerged as a dynamic and context-dependent condition that requires research designs, methodologies and interventions to remain open, flexible, and responsive throughout the study process. Conclusions: Studies involving people living in situations of vulnerability, particularly in international and multi-country contexts, should not rely solely on predefined classifications or standardized safeguards. Instead, adaptive procedures are needed to recognize how needs, barriers, resources, and forms of participation vary across individuals and contexts. Such openness may support more person-centered approaches to engagement, communication, and intervention adaptation, while preserving ethical consistency and methodological rigor across countries. Full article

Central European, especially the Hungarian and Polish experiences, reveal a profound paradox, anti-immigration policy narratives, yet immigration laws and policies support reliance on migrant workforce (non-EU migrants). The question arises: why is that? The aim of this research is to examine the ways in which Poland and Hungary have managed the challenges of labor migration in the region, arising from the demographic crisis and labor shortages in the region. The research will use a socio-legal approach in the analysis of the changes in the laws of the two countries, government strategies, statistics, and political discourse in the period from 2023 to 2025. The assessment of the two countries will reveal a contrast in the political narrative and the implementation of the laws. Hungary maintains a narrative of strict migration and quotas, while at the same time liberalizing economic migration. Poland, on the contrary, has adopted a liberal yet selective migration strategy in the new laws that incorporate digital administrative tools, integration, and a points system for economic migrants. The research will reveal that both countries have moved from being net emigration countries to being net immigration countries, despite the political narrative. The research will conclude that the migration policies of the two countries have been influenced by the need to address the structural labor shortages in the region and not political ideologies. Experiences in Central Europe, specifically those of Hungary and Poland, show a unique contradiction of having anti-immigration politics and legislation providing for easier access to the countries’ borders to non-EU workers to solve problems of labor shortages. This paper will discuss the approaches of these two countries to dealing with labor migration in light of declining populations and increased need for migrant workers. Comparative socio-legal research is conducted in the course of this project, where recent legislative amendments, policies, statistics, and political discourse in relation to labor migration are reviewed within the period from 2023 to 2025. The research shows that while maintaining its conservative and securitized narrative, Hungary makes some concessions for economic migration through specific legal channels. Meanwhile, Poland has managed to build up an open and selective approach by combining labor market demands with digitization and points-based policy making. The results suggest that both nations operate in an environment of net immigration despite their official rhetoric implying otherwise. In conclusion, policies towards labor migration in Central Europe remain economic in nature, which produces contradiction between politics and reality. Full article

This paper investigates the relationship between green vocational education and training (VET), structural economic features, and green employment in Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies. For the purpose of the research, an initial database covering the post-2010 period was assembled from Eurostat and related statistical sources. Due to data availability and cross-country comparability constraints, the final empirical analysis employs a balanced panel of six EU Member States covering the period 2018–2022. The empirical analysis employs pooled OLS and fixed-effects estimators over the period 2018–2022, following a stepwise modeling strategy to assess baseline relationships and robustness. The results show that VET enrollment alone is not a reliable predictor of green employment growth, while VET graduation rates exhibit a more consistent—yet not robust—association once country-specific heterogeneity is controlled for. By contrast, structural reliance on industrial sectors is consistently linked to lower green employment shares, while environmental tax revenues demonstrate modest positive effects. Overall, the findings suggest that green employment dynamics are driven primarily by structural and macroeconomic conditions rather than by skill formation alone. The study contributes to the literature on the green transition by providing an integrated perspective on the interaction between skills, structural transformation, and policy incentives in shaping sustainable labor market outcomes. Full article

Regulations of next-generation networks (NGNs) have played a central role in the transition from copper networks to broadband networks in Fiber to The Home (FTTH), also allowing for a reduction in asymmetries between incumbent operators and their competitors. Despite common European Union directives, telecom infrastructure development varies across countries due to differences in regulation, investment models, legacy networks, operators’ behavior, and public policies. This study analyzes the evolution of Very High-Capacity Networks (VHCNs), focusing on the implementation of FTTH in four European countries (Portugal, Spain, France, and Germany), and in South Korea. The latter was included as a benchmark in government-driven broadband development. The analysis considers key factors influencing FTTH development, including infrastructure regulation, fiber investment incentives, incumbent strategies, infrastructure sharing and co-investment, rural coverage plans, and demographic differences of each country. The results show that regulatory measures directly influence the pace of FTTH installation; but its effectiveness also depends on investment incentives, market competition, and demand factors. Portugal, Spain, and France have high FTTH coverage despite different regulatory and investment models. In contrast, Germany relied on xDSL over copper networks for a long time, causing significant delays, with an FTTH coverage rate of 42.5% and a penetration rate of only 12.3%, putting the European Union’s 2030 goal of universal 1 Gbps coverage at risk. South Korea shows that long-term public policies, demand-side incentives, and high digital adoption accelerate mass FTTH adoption and turn telecommunications infrastructure into a key driver of economic and technological development. Full article