Search Results (699)

Background/Objectives: The winter holiday period is often associated with lifestyle changes that can affect body composition. This study aimed to evaluate short-term changes in body composition and anthropometric indices over the winter holidays. Methods: A total of 168 adults (126 women and 42 men) were assessed before (December) and after (January) the holidays using bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770) and standard anthropometric measurements. Participants also completed a Healthy Eating Assessment questionnaire to evaluate their dietary habits during this period. Results: After the holiday, statistically significant increases were observed in weight (68.55 → 69.70 kg), body fat mass (20.60 → 21.15 kg), visceral fat area (95.40 → 97.60 cm²), and waist circumference (84.30 → 85.08 cm). Men showed greater gains in weight and fat-related parameters compared to women. Participants who reported healthier dietary behaviors had smaller increases in fat mass and anthropometric measures. Conclusions: These findings suggest that even brief holiday periods can lead to measurable gains in weight and body fat and, if repeated over time, may contribute to the development of obesity. Full article

Patients on hemodialysis (HD) often experience changes in body composition due to metabolic disorders. Phase angle (PhA) is a marker of tissue integrity and may reflect overall functional condition. This study evaluated body composition and its relationship with PhA in 53 HD patients (27 women, 26 men) over 40 years old, compared with 106 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measuring skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat tissue, total bone mass (BM), and PhA. HD patients had significantly lower fat mass and PhA than controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence of low SMM and BM was higher in patients, though not statistically significant. Sex differences were generally not significant, except for a higher prevalence of low BM in female controls (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and sex, PhA was positively associated with SMM% (p = 0.021) and BM (p = 0.035) in HD patients only. These results indicate that PhA–body composition relationships differ between HD patients and healthy individuals, highlighting PhA as a potential marker of body composition disturbances in HD. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of logistic regression and nomogram models based on multimodal ultrasound in predicting sarcopenia in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: A total of 178 patients with PD admitted to our nephrology department between June 2024 and April 2025 were enrolled. According to the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) diagnostic criteria, patients were categorized into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups. Ultrasound examinations were used to measure the muscle thickness (MT), pinna angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), attenuation coefficient (Atten Coe), and echo intensity (EI) of the right gastrocnemius medial head. The clinical characteristics of the groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Binary logistic regression was used to identify sarcopenia risk factors to construct clinical prediction models and nomograms. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the model accuracy and stability. Results: The sarcopenia group exhibited significantly lower MT, PA, and FL, but higher Atten Coe and EI than the non-sarcopenia group (all p < 0.05). A multimodal ultrasound logistic regression model was developed using machine learning—Logit(P) = −7.29 − 1.18 × MT − 0.074 × PA + 0.48 × FL + 0.52 × Atten Coe + 0.13 × EI (p < 0.05)—achieving an F1-score of 0.785. The area under the ROC curve (ROC-AUC) was 0.902, with an optimal cut-off value of 0.45 (sensitivity 77.3%, specificity 56.7%). Nomogram consistency analysis showed no statistical difference between the ultrasound diagnosis and the appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Z = 0.415, p > 0.05). Conclusions: The multimodal ultrasound-based prediction model effectively assists clinicians in identifying patients with PD at a high risk of sarcopenia, enabling early intervention to improve clinical outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Nutritional disorders are common conditions in older people. This study aimed to determine nutritional disorders in a Mediterranean cohort of nursing home residents without cognitive or functional impairment. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 10 Spanish geriatric centres. Socio-health, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded from the participants’ medical records. The Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and Global Leadership Initiative in Nutrition (GLIM) diagnostic criteria [weight loss and serum C-reactive protein (CRP)] were used. Frailty risk was assessed using the FRAIL questionnaire. Anthropometric parameters [body mass index, weight loss, triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), muscle mass circumference (MAMC), and calf-circumference] were evaluated. Body composition [hydration pattern, fat-free mass, muscle mass (MM), fat mass, and phase angle (PhA)] was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Laboratory parameters, such as haemoglobin, total lymphocyte count, serum albumin, transferrin, and CRP, were recorded. Participants were classified into two groups: the disease-related malnutrition (DRM) group and the no-DRM group. Using multivariate regression analysis, predictive factors for nutritional status were tested. Results: Among 340 participants, 63.2% were over 85 years old, 28.2% were men, and the median length of stay was 24 months (range: 6–119). Nutritional risk or malnutrition, as assessed by the MNA, was present in 60.8% of the residents. DRM was diagnosed in 39.4%, and frailty risk was diagnosed in 57.6%. Older adults with DRM had significantly lower MAMC, calfcircumference, MM, and serum albumin, as well as higher CRP concentrations compared with their No-DRM counterparts (all, at least, p < 0.05). The frailty risk (OR = 3.317), MM (OR = 0.732), PhA (OR = 0.033), serum albumin (OR = 0.070), and EuroQol visual analogue scale (OR = 0.961) were risk predictors of DRM in nursing home residents. Conclusions: This study supports the importance of conducting comprehensive nutritional assessments to ensure the earliest recognition of nutrition disorders in nursing homes. Older adults with DRM had greater unintentional weight loss, inflammation, and a high risk of frailty, as well as reduced MM, compared to those without DRM. Subclinical low-grade systemic inflammation is a risk factor for DRE and functional decline in older adults living in nursing homes. The generalisation of the study results is limited to institutionalised older adults without cognitive impairment who are clinically stable and functionally independent. Full article

Background: Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) is a qualitative method that standardizes resistance and reactance relative to stature (R/H and Xc/H) and plots them as vectors on an R-Xc graph. This equation-free approach assesses body composition, allowing for the evaluation of hydration status and cellular integrity through tolerance ellipses. This study aimed to systematically map BIVA reference ellipses across general, pediatric, pathological, and athletic populations. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five databases were searched. Extracted data included (a) sample characteristics (sample size, age, sex, BMI, country, ethnicity), (b) population type, (c) analyzer specifications, and (d) R/H and Xc/H means, standard deviations, and correlation values. Results: A total of 53 studies published between 1994 and July 2025 were included. From these, 508 tolerance ellipses were identified: 281 for the general population (18–92 years), 133 for children/adolescents (0–18 years), 49 for athletes, and 45 for pathological groups. Studies were primarily conducted in Europe and the Americas, using 11 analyzers with variations in measurement protocols, including body side, posture, and electrode placement. Conclusions: This scoping review categorizes the existing BIVA tolerance ellipses by population type, sex, age, BMI, device used, and measurement protocol. The structured presentation is intended to guide researchers, clinicians, nutritionists, and sports professionals in selecting appropriate reference ellipses tailored to specific populations and contexts. Full article

Background/Objectives: Severe radiation-induced mucositis (RIM) is the most distressing acute side effect experienced by oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients during chemo-radiotherapy (CRT), with a prevalence between 40 and 68%. RIM severity exhibits a multifactorial etiology that remains unclear. We aimed to analyze nutritional and morphofunctional predictive factors for severe RIM in OPSCC patients undergoing CRT. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted. Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), functional assessment and dosimetric analysis were performed prior to radiotherapy. Results: Eighty-two patients were analyzed. Severe RIM affected 46.3% of patients. Severe malnutrition according to GLIM (p = 0.011), prolonged Timed Up and Go (TUG) test (p = 0.025) and larger PTV54 volume (p = 0.049) were independent predictive factors for severe RIM, while higher fat-free mass (FFM) (p = 0.006) showed a protective effect. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive early nutritional assessment for accurately identifying patients at a higher risk of severe RIM. Full article

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health issue worldwide that leads to reductions in skeletal muscle mass and lower-limb function, thereby increasing the risk of locomotive syndrome (LS), a mobility-limiting condition. This study investigated the effects of a 5-month, lower limb-focused, low-intensity resistance exercise program using slow movements (slow exercise) on LS in patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients with T2DM (69.3 ± 7.3 years, 10 men and 9 women) performed slow exercises three times per week for 5 months. The program consisted of bodyweight and machine-based exercises with a load of 30–50% one-repetition maximum using slow concentric–isometric–eccentric phases. Assessments included HbA1c, LS stage distribution (non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, LS-3), LS risk tests (two-step, stand-up, and GLFS-25), five-time sit-to-stand test, four-meter gait speed, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and phase angle (PhA) by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Statistical comparisons were performed using repeated one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and Cochran’s Q test. Results: HbA1c decreased from 7.5 ± 0.7% to 7.2 ± 0.8% (p < 0.05). LS stage distribution improved significantly (stage 3: 4 to 0; non-LS: 1 to 5; each p < 0.05). The two-step test and GLFS-25 improved (1.17 ± 0.15 to 1.27 ± 0.17; 14.6 ± 13.1 to 7.6 ± 6.3; each p < 0.05). Five-time sit-to-stand time improved from 9.28 ± 2.53 s to 7.73 ± 1.54 s, and four-meter gait speed improved from 3.58 ± 0.95 s to 3.07 ± 0.55 s (each p < 0.05). SMI and PhA increased (6.82 ± 1.00 to 6.95 ± 0.92 kg/m²; 4.35 ± 0.67 to 4.56 ± 0.78 degrees; each p < 0.05). Conclusions: A 5-month slow exercise program significantly improved LS severity, muscle quantity and quality, and lower-limb function in patients with T2DM. Slow exercise may be a safe and effective intervention to improve mobility and maintain independence in this population. Full article

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in dogs causes persistent left-to-right shunting, leading to pulmonary overcirculation, left heart volume overload, and potential congestive heart failure. Accurate assessment of fluid imbalance is essential but challenging with conventional echocardiography or biomarkers. Phase angle (PhA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), may serve as a non-invasive marker of extracellular fluid distribution and cellular integrity. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate PhA as an indicator of thoracic fluid imbalance in dogs with PDAby analyzing its correlation with pulmonary velocity (PV) and end-diastolic volume (eV), as well as its responsiveness to surgical correction. In addition, we assessed the relationships between PhA and echocardiographic structural indices (LA/Ao, TDI Sep E/Em, TDI Lat E/Em) and examined the influence of the measurement region. Methods: PhA was measured at 5, 50, and 250 kHz in 30 PDA-affected and 15 healthy dogs, with electrode placement across thorax, trunk, and abdomen. Echocardiography evaluated PV, eV, and PDA-specific structural parameters. Results: Thoracic PhA at 5 kHz was significantly reduced in PDAdogs, strongly correlated with PV and moderately with eV. Postoperative measurements showed progressive PhA recovery. Only TDI Lat E/Em correlated with mid-frequency PhA, while other structural indices showed minimal association. Thoracic PhA was lower than trunk or abdominal values, indicating that thoracic measurements may better capture localized extracellular fluid changes in PDAcompared with other regions. Conclusion: Thoracic PhA at 5 kHz effectively reflects extracellular fluid changes in PDA, complements structural echocardiography, and tracks postoperative fluid normalization. Its non-invasive nature supports clinical utility for monitoring hemodynamic burden and therapeutic response. Full article

Background/Objectives: The risk of sarcopenic obesity across menopausal transition stages remains unclear. This study investigated the association between menopausal stage and the risk of sarcopenic obesity. Methods: This longitudinal study included 4766 Korean women aged 42–52 years (median follow-up duration, 9.1 years). Menopausal transition was classified by STRAW + 10 stages: premenopause, early transition, late transition, and postmenopause. Sarcopenic obesity was defined as ASM index < 5.7 kg/m² combined with PBF ≥ 35%. ASM and PBF were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis with an InBody 720 device. Obesity, defined by BMI or waist circumference, was used for the sensitivity analyses. Associations were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results: Participants had a mean age and BMI of 42.2 years (SD 3.0) and 22.1 kg/m² (SD 2.9), respectively; 16.1% had high body fat, and 15.6% had low muscle mass. Increased age was associated with higher odds of sarcopenic obesity (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03–1.10). Compared to pre-menopause, late transition (OR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.17–1.89) and post-menopause (OR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.26–2.23) were significantly associated with sarcopenic obesity, independent of confounders. Similar trends were observed using waist circumference-based definitions. No significant associations were identified using BMI-based definitions (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²), although positive trends were observed. Conclusions: In middle-aged Korean women undergoing natural menopause, sarcopenic obesity increased across menopausal stages, becoming significant from the late transition. These unfavorable changes were more evident when using body composition measures, suggesting that BMI alone may underestimate such changes during menopausal transition. Full article

Background: Sarcopenia and low muscle mass are prevalent and prognostically relevant in patients with lung cancer, yet their diagnosis remains challenging in routine clinical practice. Opportunistic assessment using computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a valuable tool for body composition evaluation. We aimed to assess the utility of thoracic CT at T12 and T4 levels in identifying sarcopenia and low muscle mass and explore their correlation with morphofunctional tools such as bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), nutritional ultrasound (NU), and functional performance tests. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 80 patients with lung cancer were evaluated at diagnosis. Body composition was assessed using BIVA-, NU-, and CT-derived parameters at T12 and T4 levels. Functional status was measured using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 30-Second Chair Stand Test. Sarcopenia was defined according to EWGSOP2 criteria. Results: Sarcopenia was identified in 20% of patients. CT-derived indices at T12CT demonstrated better diagnostic performance than T4CT. For detecting low muscle mass, the optimal SMI cut-off values were SMI_T12CT < 31.98 cm²/m² and SMI_T4CT < 59.05 cm²/m² in men and SMI_T12CT < 28.23 cm²/m² and SMI_T4CT < 41.69 cm²/m² in women. For sarcopenia diagnosis, the values were SMI_T12CT < 24.78 cm²/m² and SMI_T4CT < 57.23 cm²/m² in men and SMI_T12CT < 21.24 cm²/m² and SMI_T4CT < 49.35 cm²/m² in women. A combined model including SMI_T12CT, RF_CSA, and the 30 s squat test showed high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.826). In multivariable analysis, lower SMA_T12CT was independently associated with risk of sarcopenia (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–0.99, p = 0.022), as were older age (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07–1.47, p = 0.010) and fewer repetitions in the 30 s squat test (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63–0.91, p = 0.007). Conclusions: CT-derived body composition assessment, particularly at the T12 level, shows good correlation with morphofunctional tools and may offer a reliable and timely alternative for identifying sarcopenia and low muscle mass in patients with lung cancer. Full article

Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits combined with low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness pose a serious threat to the health of young people. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between selected components of body composition, the occurrence of eating disorders, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity levels among university students. Material and Methods: This study was conducted among 254 students at a university in Poland. It included the measurements of body height, body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). This research also employed the My Eating Habits (MEH) questionnaire and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Results: Based on body fat percentage (BF%), nearly one-fifth (19.69%) of participants were classified as obese. According to the body mass index (BMI), over one-third had excess body weight (overweight 24.02%, obesity 10.24%), while 6.7% were underweight. Eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women (p = 0.0002). A significant relationship was observed between eating disorders and BMI, muscle mass (MM%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM%), body fat (BF%), and visceral fat (VFATL). Higher BMI, BF%, and VFATL were associated with a greater risk of developing eating disorders. Emotional overeating was significantly less common among individuals with normal body weight compared to those who were underweight or overweight. No statistically significant associations were found between students’ physical activity levels and eating habits. However, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was significantly negatively correlated with the presence of eating disorders. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between components of body composition, eating disorders, physical activity levels, and cardiorespiratory fitness is crucial for designing effective interventions that promote a healthier lifestyle and psychological well-being among university students. Full article

This study tested whether classic and specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) parameters could explain metabolic and mechanical performance in endurance-trained trail runners. Fifteen males ($\dot{\mathrm{V}}$O₂max 61.04 ± 6.91 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed a 60-min treadmill protocol at 70% $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$O₂max across randomized slopes (−7% to +7%), with continuous gas-exchange, heart-rate, and running-power recording; whole-body BIVA was obtained immediately pre- and post-exercise. Post-test, impedance and resistance increased (+2.73%, +2.84%), while reactance (Xc) and phase angle decreased (−2.36%, −4.91%); all were significant and mirrored by both classic and specific indices, consistent with acute fluid loss and altered cellular status. After Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment, baseline Xc/height correlated inversely with $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$CO₂peak and $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$CO₂mean, whereas exercise-induced changes in ΔXc/height and ΔXcspecific correlated positively with both metabolic variables and mean power. Stepwise regression retained ΔXc/h or ΔXcspecific as the only BIVA predictors for $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$CO₂peak, $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$CO₂mean, and mean power output, explaining ~31–36% and ~22–23% of the variance, respectively; classic and specific approaches performed similarly. No bioelectrical variable predicted $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$O₂max. These preliminary findings suggest that acute reactance shifts may provide a modest yet sensitive, non-invasive index of exercise-induced physiological responses, warranting confirmation in larger and more diverse cohorts. Full article

Background: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a widely used field technique for assessing body composition in football. However, its reliance on population-specific regression equations limits its accuracy. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the scientific literature on BIA applications in professional and semi-professional football, highlighting uses, limitations, and research opportunities. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the scientific databases PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Identified studies involved the use of BIA in professional and semi-professional football players (≥16 years) in the context of routine training and competition. Results: From 14,624 records, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Three main applications were identified: (1) quantitative body composition assessment, (2) qualitative/semi-quantitative analysis (e.g., bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA)), and (3) muscle health and injury monitoring. Seven specific research areas emerged, including hydration monitoring, cross-method validation of body composition analyses, development of predictive models, sport phenotype identification, tracking training adaptations, performance/load assessment via phase angle, and localized BIA for injury diagnosis and recovery. Conclusions: While quantitative BIA estimates may lack individual-level precision, raw parameter analyses may offer valuable insights into hydration, cellular integrity, and muscle injury status, yet further research is needed to fully realize these applications. Full article

Background: Right heart failure (RHF) in dogs is marked by pathological fluid redistribution and extracellular fluid (ECF) accumulation, which intensifies cardiac work-load and disrupts systemic homeostasis. This study aimed to validate the clinical utility of phase angle (PhA), a key biomarker derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), as a non-invasive and real-time indicator of fluid distribution abnormalities in canine RHF. PhA reflects cellular integrity and fluid balance, making it a promising tool for detecting ECF accumulation, one of the hallmark features of RHF. Additionally, the study assessed the feasibility and clinical applicability of the InBody M20 device in veterinary cardiology, supporting its potential role in monitoring and managing fluid-related complications in dogs with RHF. Methods: A total of 110 canine patients presenting to the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Veterinary Hospital were enrolled and categorized into three groups: right-sided heart failure (RHF), left-sided heart failure (LHF), and healthy controls. Phase angle (PhA) was measured using the InBody M20 device, and plasma osmolality (OSM) was also assessed. Additionally, the effects of body weight and age on PhA values were analyzed to account for potential confounding factors. Results: Dogs in the RHF group exhibited significantly lower phase angle (PhA) values and higher plasma osmolality (OSM) compared to those in the LHF and control groups. A strong positive correlation was observed between PhA and OSM (r = 0.9211, p < 0.0001). Additionally, PhA measured at 5 kHz demonstrated a significant negative correlation with body weight (r = –0.4536, p = 0.0007), while PhA at 50 kHz showed a significant negative correlation with age (r = –0.3219, p = 0.0176). Conclusions: PhA is a reliable and non-invasive biomarker for assessing extracellular fluid accumulation and diagnosing right heart failure in dogs. Its strong correlation with plasma osmolality, as well as its associations with body weight and age, highlights its clinical relevance for comprehensive fluid status evaluation. The findings support the feasibility and applicability of using the InBody M20 device in veterinary cardiology to monitor and manage fluid-related complications in canine patients. Full article

Sarcopenia, a progressive age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, is a major contributor to disability, reduced quality of life, and mortality in older adults. While current diagnostic approaches, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT), are widely used to assess muscle mass, they have limitations in detecting early qualitative changes in muscle architecture and composition. Shear Wave Elastography (SWE), an ultrasound-based technique that quantifies tissue stiffness, has emerged as a promising tool to evaluate both muscle quantity and quality in a non-invasive, portable, and reproducible manner. Studies suggest that SWE can detect alterations in muscle mechanical properties associated with sarcopenia, providing complementary information to traditional morphometric assessments. Preliminary evidence indicates its good reproducibility, feasibility in various clinical settings, and potential for integration into routine evaluations. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the use of SWE for the assessment of sarcopenia across diverse populations. Full article