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10 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field-Based Monitoring of Linear Sprint Performance: Agreement Between the K-Power Sensor and Timing Gates in Trained Youth Sprinters

by Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos, Emmanouil Athanasopoulos, Tong Li, Panagiotis Kitsikoudis and Christos Chalitsios

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031268 - 27 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 419

Abstract

This study aimed to establish the concurrent validity and agreement of the K-power (KINVENT Biomecanique, Montpellier, France) hybrid sensor system that combines Ultra-Wideband and Inertial Measurement Unit measures against criterion timing gates for recording 20-m sprint performance in adolescent athletes. Fifteen trained adolescent [...] Read more.

This study aimed to establish the concurrent validity and agreement of the K-power (KINVENT Biomecanique, Montpellier, France) hybrid sensor system that combines Ultra-Wideband and Inertial Measurement Unit measures against criterion timing gates for recording 20-m sprint performance in adolescent athletes. Fifteen trained adolescent track and field sprinters (age: 15.2 ± 2.4 years) performed two maximal 20-m sprints. Sprint times were simultaneously recorded using timing gates and the K-power sensor. Validity and agreement were assessed using paired-samples t-tests, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs), Coefficient of Variation (CV), and Bland–Altman analysis. Sensitivity was determined by comparing the Typical Error (TE) to the Smallest Worthwhile Change (SWC). No significant systematic bias was observed between the devices (p > 0.05). The K-power sensor demonstrated excellent absolute agreement (ICC = 0.96, [95% CI = 0.94–0.98) and a low relative error (CV = 1.07%). The device displayed high sensitivity, with a TE (0.034 s) smaller than SWC (0.040 s). In conclusion, the K-power sensor is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring 20-m sprint times, being a practical alternative to timing gates. While the system is sensitive (TE < SWC), the Minimal Detectable Change of 0.094 s likely reflects the inherent biological variability of adolescent mechanics; thus, coaches should view changes exceeding 0.09 s as meaningful for individual athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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17 pages, 2161 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do You Train Like You Compete? A Comparison of Training Tasks and Competition in Elite Basketball Based on Biomechanical and External Physiological Load

by Carlos Sosa Marín, Enrique Alonso-Pérez-Chao, Xavier Schelling and Alberto Lorenzo

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020997 - 19 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 472

Abstract

Basketball is an intermittent sport with high neuromuscular and metabolic demands. To optimize specificity, training tasks should replicate competitive loads, but little is known about how drills compare to official matches. This study compared the physiological and biomechanical load of training tasks with [...] Read more.

Basketball is an intermittent sport with high neuromuscular and metabolic demands. To optimize specificity, training tasks should replicate competitive loads, but little is known about how drills compare to official matches. This study compared the physiological and biomechanical load of training tasks with official competition in elite U18 basketball players. Twelve male players (16.9 ± 0.8 years) were monitored across two seasons (179 training sessions, 21 matches). A total of 3136 individual records were collected using Catapult Vector S7 LPS units. Training drills were classified by specificity (0–5). Physiological (distance and intensity zones) and biomechanical variables (accelerations, decelerations, jumps, explosive efforts, PlayerLoad™) were analyzed using cluster analysis and linear mixed models. Competition imposed the highest physiological and biomechanical loads. Non-opposition drills (1v0–5v0) showed limited transfer, though 1v0–2v0 accumulated higher jump density. Among opposition formats, 3v3 full-court was the best at replicating match demands. Continuous opposition tasks (3v3v3, 4v4v4, 5v5v5) elicited lower physiological but comparable biomechanical load. Small-sided formats, particularly 3v3 and 4v4, are the most effective training tools for reproducing competition demands, while non-opposition drills are better suited for technical or rehabilitation purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical and Posturographic Aspects of the Foot as a Basis of the Sport’s Postural Characteristics

by Matúš Kozel, Gabriela Škrečková, Marina Potašová, Eva Lukáčová, Iveta Boržíková, Cyril Grus and Rút Lenková

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010434 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 506

Abstract

Regular sports activity induces kinesiological adaptations and alters musculoskeletal configuration, influencing postural control and balance. These adaptations vary by sport type and may differentiate athletes from non-athletes. This study analysed the effect of regular physical activity, including high-performance sport participation, on postural stability [...] Read more.

Regular sports activity induces kinesiological adaptations and alters musculoskeletal configuration, influencing postural control and balance. These adaptations vary by sport type and may differentiate athletes from non-athletes. This study analysed the effect of regular physical activity, including high-performance sport participation, on postural stability and examined whether this influence is reflected in static sway parameters. The study included 88 men divided into an athlete group (S: n = 46) and a non-athlete control group (NS: n = 42). A comparative design was used to assess differences between groups. Postural diagnostics were carried out with the Feemed Maxi baropodometric platform, enabling precise evaluation of plantar pressure distribution and standing stability. Athletes demonstrated greater asymmetry in foot-loading distribution globally and within partial plantar segments. Mean asymmetry values were higher in athletes (total foot: +3.131; forefoot: −2.414; rearfoot: +2.413) than in non-athletes (total foot: −2.472; forefoot: +0.983; rearfoot: −1.317). The primary statistically significant finding was a greater anteroposterior centre-of-pressure displacement in athletes, indicating increased sagittal-plane postural load (p < 0.001), whereas mediolateral displacement remained minimal and non-significant (NS: −0.012; S: −0.011; p = 0.891). Overall normalised CoP position was slightly higher in non-athletes (10.245%) than in athletes (10.103%). Long-term sports loading influences plantar pressure distribution and postural mechanics through subtle, often subclinical adaptations shaped by training level, sport specialisation, and individual biomechanical characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 1223 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptual Demands in CrossFit^®: Convergent Validity of sRPE and the Relative Role of Session Phases in a Prospective Observational Study

by Eladio Domínguez-Antuña, David Suárez-Iglesias, Juan Rodríguez-Medina, Alba Niño and Jose A. Rodríguez-Marroyo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12159; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212159 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity and reliability of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in complete CrossFit^® sessions by comparing it with a weighted RPE measure (RPE_W) obtained from different session phases. Twenty-four [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity and reliability of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in complete CrossFit^® sessions by comparing it with a weighted RPE measure (RPE_W) obtained from different session phases. Twenty-four recreational practitioners (13 men and 11 women; age 34.5 ± 8.3 years; height 172.9 ± 11.2 cm; body mass 76.2 ± 15.2 kg) completed 28 standardized sessions (~60 min) consisting of warm-up, strength/skill, Workout of the Day (WOD), and cooldown phases. Phase-specific RPE values were collected after each session component, and a global sRPE was recorded ~30 min post-session. Results showed that RPE_W (5.8 ± 1.5) was significantly lower than sRPE (6.8 ± 1.4; p < 0.001, d = 0.69), resulting in a higher training load estimated by sRPE (+15.5%). Bland–Altman analysis revealed a positive bias and wide limits of agreement, while relative reliability was moderate to good (ICC = 0.73–0.77). Multiple regression analysis indicated that WOD RPE explained 70% of the variance in sRPE (R² = 0.70, p < 0.001), confirming its role as the primary perceptual determinant. In conclusion, sRPE represents a valid, simple, and cost-effective tool for monitoring internal load in CrossFit^®. However, it tends to overestimate RPE_W and shows substantial interindividual variability, limiting its precision for individualized monitoring. Coaches and practitioners should therefore interpret sRPE values with caution, especially considering the strong influence of the final session phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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17 pages, 2492 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a History of Adductor-Related Groin Pain on Kicking Biomechanics and HAGOS Subscales in Male Soccer Players: A Comprehensive Analysis Using 1D-SPM

by Tomonari Sugano, Ryo Kuboshita, Seigaku Hayashi, Yasutaka Kobayashi and Masahito Hitosugi

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12003; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212003 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1709

Abstract

Adductor-related groin pain (AGP) is a prevalent and frequently recurrent chronic injury among soccer players. This study investigated the impact of AGP history on kicking kinematics, kinetics, and patient-reported outcomes in regional-league soccer players using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (1D-SPM). Twenty male athletes [...] Read more.

Adductor-related groin pain (AGP) is a prevalent and frequently recurrent chronic injury among soccer players. This study investigated the impact of AGP history on kicking kinematics, kinetics, and patient-reported outcomes in regional-league soccer players using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (1D-SPM). Twenty male athletes were allocated to a group with prior AGP (GP group: n = 8) or without AGP (non-GP group, n = 12), and evaluated during maximal instep and inside-foot kicks using three-dimensional motion analysis and the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS). The GP group reported significantly lower HAGOS for pain and quality of life. The 1D-SPM analysis revealed that the GP group employed a compensatory kinetic chain strategy, characterized by impaired trunk–pelvis rotation, increased reliance on the stance leg (SL) for stability, and altered kicking leg (KL) mechanics with reduced hip flexion power. These findings reveal that the underlying deficit in AGP is not isolated muscle weakness but a ‘lack of adaptability in motor control’, resulting in inefficient load distribution and contributing to the high recurrence rates in the adductors and SL. Rehabilitation should adopt a kinetic chain-oriented approach that also addresses stance limb function to mitigate recurrence and optimize performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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17 pages, 2738 KB

Open AccessArticle

Success from the Spot: Insights into Penalty Performance in Elite Women’s Football

by Pablo Cidre-Fuentes, Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago and Iván Prieto-Lage

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11678; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111678 - 31 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study analyzed penalty kick performance in elite women’s football, focusing on contextual, situational, and technical factors across the Spanish Liga F and the English Women’s Super League during the 2022/23 to 2024/25 seasons. Using an observational methodology, 240 penalties were systematically coded [...] Read more.

This study analyzed penalty kick performance in elite women’s football, focusing on contextual, situational, and technical factors across the Spanish Liga F and the English Women’s Super League during the 2022/23 to 2024/25 seasons. Using an observational methodology, 240 penalties were systematically coded according to twelve criteria and fifty-five categories. Chi-square goodness-of-fit and independence tests were applied to examine distributions and associations. The overall conversion rate was 80.4%, with 15.4% of attempts saved and 4.2% missed. Home teams achieved significantly higher success than away teams (85.6% vs. 72.7%), while penalties taken when leading were less effective (69.9%) compared with those executed while drawing or losing (>84%). Temporal effects were also observed, with lower effectiveness around halftime (71.8%). Laterality and goalkeeper actions showed no significant influence, although some league-specific tendencies were noted. Shot placement emerged as the strongest determinant of success, with upper and central zones achieving near-perfect results, whereas medium-height shots were least effective. These findings extend existing knowledge by providing the first longitudinal evidence from elite women’s domestic leagues in Spain and England. Practical implications include emphasizing accuracy toward optimal zones, reinforcing psychological preparation when leading, and addressing performance drops during specific match periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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14 pages, 260 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Maturation Status on Physical Performance Adaptations Following a Combined 7-Week Strength and Power Training Program in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players

by Manuele Ferrini, José Asian-Clemente, Gabriele Bagattini and Luis Suarez-Arrones

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11505; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111505 - 28 Oct 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

This study investigated the adaptations induced by a 7-week training protocol combining strength and power training with regular soccer training in young elite soccer players, considering their maturity level. Thirty-five participants were categorized into three training groups according to their maturation status. They [...] Read more.

This study investigated the adaptations induced by a 7-week training protocol combining strength and power training with regular soccer training in young elite soccer players, considering their maturity level. Thirty-five participants were categorized into three training groups according to their maturation status. They were classified based on their relative age and peak height velocity (PHV) as: Pre-PHV, Mid-PHV, and Post-PHV. Each group engaged in a 7-week program, combining their regular soccer training with two resistance sessions per week (one strength and one power session). Before and after the training program, the following tests were conducted: eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE), countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint with split times at 10 and 30 m, and Change of Direction and Acceleration Test (CODAT). The Pre-PHV group exhibited significant improvements in sprint performance (p < 0.02), while the Mid-PHV and Post-PHV groups showed enhanced performance in CODAT (p = 0.01 and p = 0.05, respectively). Notably, the Post-PHV group displayed improvements in the NHE (p < 0.05), but also experienced a decline in sprint performance (p < 0.01). The training protocol produced substantial enhancements in 10 and 30 m sprint times for the Pre-PHV and Mid-PHV groups relative to the Post-PHV group (p < 0.02), while the Post-PHV group achieved greater advancements in NHE compared to the Pre-PHV group (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found between Pre-PHV and Mid-PHV groups across all assessed parameters (p > 0.01). These findings demonstrated that the same strength training program led to different adaptations depending on the participants’ maturation status; therefore, this aspect should be carefully considered when designing training programs for young soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

13 pages, 660 KB

Open AccessArticle

Is Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) a Useful Exploratory Tool to Assess Exercise-Induced Metabolic and Mechanical Responses in Endurance-Trained Male Trail Runners?

by Fabrizio Gravina-Cognetti, Javier Espasa-Labrador, Álex Cebrián-Ponce, Marta Carrasco-Marginet, Silvia Puigarnau, Diego Chaverri, Xavier Iglesias and Alfredo Irurtia

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10768; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910768 - 7 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study tested whether classic and specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) parameters could explain metabolic and mechanical performance in endurance-trained trail runners. Fifteen males (

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O₂max 61.04 ± 6.91 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed a 60-min treadmill [...] Read more.

This study tested whether classic and specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) parameters could explain metabolic and mechanical performance in endurance-trained trail runners. Fifteen males (

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O₂max 61.04 ± 6.91 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed a 60-min treadmill protocol at 70%

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O₂max across randomized slopes (−7% to +7%), with continuous gas-exchange, heart-rate, and running-power recording; whole-body BIVA was obtained immediately pre- and post-exercise. Post-test, impedance and resistance increased (+2.73%, +2.84%), while reactance (Xc) and phase angle decreased (−2.36%, −4.91%); all were significant and mirrored by both classic and specific indices, consistent with acute fluid loss and altered cellular status. After Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment, baseline Xc/height correlated inversely with

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CO₂peak and

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CO₂mean, whereas exercise-induced changes in ΔXc/height and ΔXcspecific correlated positively with both metabolic variables and mean power. Stepwise regression retained ΔXc/h or ΔXcspecific as the only BIVA predictors for

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CO₂peak,

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CO₂mean, and mean power output, explaining ~31–36% and ~22–23% of the variance, respectively; classic and specific approaches performed similarly. No bioelectrical variable predicted

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O₂max. These preliminary findings suggest that acute reactance shifts may provide a modest yet sensitive, non-invasive index of exercise-induced physiological responses, warranting confirmation in larger and more diverse cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 1255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Validity of the Optojump Infrared Photocell System in Lower Limb Peak Power Assessment: Comparative Analysis with the Wingate Anaerobic Test and Sprint Performance

by Aymen Khemiri, Yassine Negra, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Manel Hajri, Abdelmonom Njah, Younes Hachana, Mevlüt Yıldız, Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu, Raul Ioan Muntean and Ahmed Attia

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10741; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910741 - 6 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Aim: This study analyzed the concurrent validity of the Optojump infrared photocell system for estimating lower limb peak power by comparing it with the 15 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) and examining relationships with sprint performance indicators. Methods: Twelve physically active university students [...] Read more.

Aim: This study analyzed the concurrent validity of the Optojump infrared photocell system for estimating lower limb peak power by comparing it with the 15 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) and examining relationships with sprint performance indicators. Methods: Twelve physically active university students (ten males, two females; age: 23.39 ± 1.47 years; body mass: 73.08 ± 9.19 kg; height: 173.67 ± 6.97 cm; BMI: 24.17 ± 1.48 kg·m⁻²) completed a cross-sectional validation protocol. Participants performed WAnT on a calibrated Monark ergometer (7.5% body weight for males, 5.5% for females), 30 s continuous jump tests using the Optojump system (Microgate, Italy), and 30 m sprint assessments with 10 m and 20 m split times. Peak power was expressed in absolute (W), relative (W·kg⁻¹), and allometric (W·kg^−0.67) terms. Results: Thirty-second continuous jump testing produced systematically higher peak power values across all metrics (p < 0.001). Mean differences indicated large effect sizes: relative power (Cohen’s d = 0.99; 18.263 ± 4.243 vs. 10.99 ± 1.58 W·kg⁻¹), absolute power (d = 0.86; 1381.71 ± 393.44 vs. 807.28 ± 175.45 W), and allometric power (d = 0.79). Strong correlations emerged between protocols, with absolute power showing the strongest association (r = 0.842, p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis revealed that 30 s continuous jump-derived measurements explained 71% of the variance in Wingate outcomes (R² = 0.710, p < 0.001). Sprint performance showed equivalent predictive capacity for both tests (Wingate: R² = 0.66; 30 s continuous jump: R² = 0.67). Conclusions: The Optojump infrared photocell system provides a valid and practical alternative to laboratory-based ergometry for assessing lower limb anaerobic power. While it systematically overestimates absolute values compared with the Wingate anaerobic test, its strong concurrent validity (r > 0.80), large effect sizes, and equivalent predictive ability for sprint performance (R² = 0.66–0.71) confirm its reliability as a field-based assessment tool. These findings underscore the importance of sport-specific, weight-bearing assessment technologies in modern sports biomechanics, providing coaches, practitioners, and clinicians with a feasible method for monitoring performance, talent identification, and training optimization. The results further suggest that Optojump-based protocols can bridge the gap between laboratory precision and ecological validity, supporting both athletic performance enhancement and injury prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pain Neuroscience Education to Reduce Catastrophizing: A Parallel Randomized Trial in Youth Athletes

by Andreu Sastre-Munar, Antonia Pades-Jiménez and Natalia Romero-Franco

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9701; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179701 - 3 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

In sport, pain is often normalized, leading athletes to train or compete despite discomfort. This can shape their response to pain, with catastrophizing potentially triggering fear of movement, avoidance behaviors, and increased pain. While previous research has examined the relationship between pain and [...] Read more.

In sport, pain is often normalized, leading athletes to train or compete despite discomfort. This can shape their response to pain, with catastrophizing potentially triggering fear of movement, avoidance behaviors, and increased pain. While previous research has examined the relationship between pain and catastrophizing in individuals with chronic pain, few studies have explored these effects in the sports population. This study investigated the effects of a pain neuroscience educational program on catastrophizing and injury rates in youth female and male athletes. This parallel randomized trial included an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG), both undergoing a 12-week program on healthy habits in sport. The IG received additional pain neuroscience information. Catastrophizing levels were collected before and after using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Injury rates were registered during the study. The results revealed a decrease in catastrophizing levels in the IG compared to baseline (p = 0.028, d = 0.32, 95%CI [0.03, 0.61]). In the IG, only males showed improvements (p = 0.041, d = 0.47, 95%CI [0.08, 0.86]). Injury rates were similar between groups (CG = 26.2%, IG = 27.8%; p > 0.05). Pain education may reduce catastrophizing in youth athletes, particularly males, although effects may vary by sex and context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 1275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Differences in the High Jump Kinematics of U18 Adolescent Athletes

by Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9382; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179382 - 26 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1901

Abstract

Biomechanical analyses of technique are essential for performance improvement in athletic jumps, but scarce evidence exists for adolescent athletes in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the sex differences in the high jump biomechanics of U18 athletes. Twenty-one women [...] Read more.

Biomechanical analyses of technique are essential for performance improvement in athletic jumps, but scarce evidence exists for adolescent athletes in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the sex differences in the high jump biomechanics of U18 athletes. Twenty-one women (15.2 ± 1.0 yrs) and twenty-one men (15.2 ± 1.2 yrs) Greek U18 high jumpers were recorded in regional competitions using two cameras (sampling frequency: 60 fps). The kinematic parameters of the last step, the take-off, and the crossbar clearance were calculated using 3D-DLT analysis. The independent samples t-test was used to detect significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups. Results revealed that men had significantly (p < 0.05) better performance, with larger last step angle and length, body center of mass (BCM) height at the final touchdown and take-off, approach and vertical BCM take-off velocity, touchdown lateral inclination of the take-off leg, and swing leg knee angle at take-off. Women had significantly (p < 0.05) higher vertical BCM velocity at touchdown. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed for take-off angle, the support leg knee angle, the inclination of the torso at touchdown, or the vertical BCM displacement during the take-off phase. The anthropometric and physical conditioning differences between sexes contributed to the findings of the study. Coaches should consider the age and sex differences of adolescent athletes when designing training programs to optimize high jump performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 1081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Observational Cohort Study of Mid-Term Outcomes Following Ponseti Method for Idiopathic Clubfoot

by Gianluca Testa, Vito Pavone, Giovanni Maria Zerbito, Giorgia D’Amico, Mirko Sicurella, Federico Canavese and Marco Sapienza

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179316 - 25 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1577

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Commonly known as clubfoot, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a structural deformity characterized by cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (CAVE) positioning of the foot. Idiopathic clubfoot requires prompt treatment to achieve functional, pain-free, and aesthetically normal feet. The Ponseti method is a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Commonly known as clubfoot, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a structural deformity characterized by cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (CAVE) positioning of the foot. Idiopathic clubfoot requires prompt treatment to achieve functional, pain-free, and aesthetically normal feet. The Ponseti method is a conservative treatment involving serial manipulation, casting, and Achilles tenotomy, which has demonstrated high success rates. The purpose of this study is to report 10 years of experience using the Ponseti method. Methods: A retrospective and follow-up analysis were conducted with 72 patients (118 feet) with idiopathic clubfoot were treated between 2011 and 2023 who met the minimum follow-up requirement of 12 months (mean follow-up: 54.15 months). The severity of deformities was assessed using the Pirani score. Data collection included demographic details, number of casts, tenotomy procedures, adherence to the Denis Browne brace protocol, and complications. Results: Initial correction of deformities was achieved in all 91 patients (100%). Outcomes were measured using the Ponseti functional scoring system. The average number of casts applied was 9.51 per patient. Percutaneous Achilles tenotomy was performed in 91.21% of cases. Relapse occurred in 22.2% of patients, which required additional treatments. The outcomes were excellent in 77.7% of cases, good in 13.88%, fair in 6.94%, and poor in 1.38%. Discussion: The Ponseti method is effective for idiopathic clubfoot treatment and achieves high rates of initial correction, favorable mid-term outcomes, and minimal complications. These results confirm its reliability and align with previously reported success rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 1638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of an Inertial Measurement Sensor for Measuring Elastic Force and Time Under Tension in Shoulder Abduction and Knee Extension

by Jesus Aguiló-Furio, Borja Tronchoni-Crespo, Noemí Moreno-Segura, Francisco José Martín-San Agustín and Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168846 - 11 Aug 2025

Viewed by 924

Abstract

(1) Background: Several tools have been proposed to measure elastic band tension and time under tension (TUT) during elastic band exercise performance. However, current methods are often indirect, non-objective, or expensive. The Elastic Force Evaluation Bracelet (EFEB) is a simple, wearable system designed [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Several tools have been proposed to measure elastic band tension and time under tension (TUT) during elastic band exercise performance. However, current methods are often indirect, non-objective, or expensive. The Elastic Force Evaluation Bracelet (EFEB) is a simple, wearable system designed to estimate both variables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity and test–retest reliability of the EFEB as a portable measurement device for application in a therapeutic exercise context. (2) Methods: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were recruited. Exercises with elastic bands were performed on the dominant upper and lower limbs in two sessions with a one-week interval between them, and peak elastic force values were obtained. Validity was assessed in the first session by comparing the force values obtained simultaneously using a force gauge, and the TUT compared to a linear encoder. Test–retest reliability was examined by comparing the measurements obtained between the two sessions. (3) Results: EFEB showed excellent correlation with the force gauge for elastic force (r = 0.883 for shoulder abduction and r = 0.981 for knee extension) and with the linear encoder for TUTs (r = 0.873 and r = 0.883, respectively). EFEB showed good levels of reliability for all four of the following parameters measured: elastic force for shoulder abduction and knee extension (ICC = 0.880 and 0.855, respectively), and TUT in both movements (ICC = 0.768 and 0.765, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, EFEB is a valid and reliable device for the measurement of TUT during shoulder abduction and knee extension exercises performed with elastic bands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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10 pages, 786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Front Crawl Trunk Incline and Lower Limbs’ Biomechanics in Non-Expert Swimmers

by Mário J. Costa, Marta L. Machado, Paul-Adrien Pserchia, Alain Hamaoui and Catarina C. Santos

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6676; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126676 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1405

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between front crawl trunk incline and the lower limbs’ biomechanics in non-expert swimmers. Eighteen male participants (19.22 ± 1.11 years) were recorded in the sagittal plane performing 2 × 25 m of front crawl at maximum intensity to [...] Read more.

This study examined the relationship between front crawl trunk incline and the lower limbs’ biomechanics in non-expert swimmers. Eighteen male participants (19.22 ± 1.11 years) were recorded in the sagittal plane performing 2 × 25 m of front crawl at maximum intensity to analyze their trunk incline (TI), maximum knee angle (KneeMax), minimum knee angle (KneeMin), knee range of motion (KneeROM), kicking duration (KickDur), descendent phase duration (DurDesc), and ascendant phase duration (DurAsc). They also performed towing for passive drag measurements and a 20 s lower limbs’ tethered test while connected to an electromechanical device and grabbing a floating board to collect the maximum (Fmax) and mean (Fmean) kicking forces. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to compute the relationships between all variables. For kinematics, a negative association was found between the TI and v (r = −0.64), KneeMin (r = −0.68), KneeRoM (r = −0.74), and SI (r = −0.52). Regarding kinetics, a single association was found between TI and Fmean (r = −0.52). The results indicate that a greater TI in non-expert swimmers may be a consequence of weaker knee action, which compromises their mean force application and negatively affects velocity and efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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18 pages, 1943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Different Intensities of Flywheel Half Squat Based on Velocity on Vertical Jump Performance in High-Level Athletes

by Xixuan Wang, Haiting Zhai and Hongwen Wei

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4388; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084388 - 16 Apr 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

Coaches manipulate training variables to optimize and improve them, with intensity being crucial. Velocity-based training, measuring intensity by the movement speed, is advantageous over traditional methods. Flywheel training, offering concentric and eccentric loads, allows for supramaximal loading during the eccentric phase, enhancing muscle [...] Read more.

Coaches manipulate training variables to optimize and improve them, with intensity being crucial. Velocity-based training, measuring intensity by the movement speed, is advantageous over traditional methods. Flywheel training, offering concentric and eccentric loads, allows for supramaximal loading during the eccentric phase, enhancing muscle hypertrophy and performance and reducing injury risk. This study examines the specific effects of flywheel training on post-activation potentiation (PAP). Forty-one high-level male athletes performed flywheel half squats at fast (0.95–1.05 m/s), medium (0.65–0.75 m/s), and slow (0.35–0.45 m/s) speeds. Their drop jump performance was assessed at 30 s and 4, 8, and 12 min post-induction. Lower-limb kinematic data and ground reaction forces were recorded using infrared motion capture and force plates. Measures included peak collision force, peak extension force, knee joint extension moment, knee joint power, average power output, and vertical jump height. High-speed intensity significantly increased peak impact force, peak vertical ground reaction force, knee joint eccentric power, concentric power, and extension torque at 4, 8, and 12 min post-induction (p < 0.05). Fast- (0.95–1.05 m/s) and medium-speed (0.65–0.75 m/s) flywheel squats acutely improved lower-limb performance, especially vertical jump height, within 4–12 min post-stimulation. Fast-speed loading showed greater benefits for reactive strength and power output, while a medium speed also yielded meaningful gains. These findings support using movement velocity to guide flywheel training intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Number of Substitutions on Running Activity in Professional Football Matches: An Observational Study from the Swiss Super League

by Gabriele Bagattini, Jose Asian-Clemente, Manuele Ferrini, Mattia Garrone and Luis Suarez-Arrones

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4328; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084328 - 14 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3535

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the running activity of full-time players when the team made three or fewer substitutions versus when more than three substitutions were made. An observational study was conducted on one professional football team from the Swiss Super League during [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare the running activity of full-time players when the team made three or fewer substitutions versus when more than three substitutions were made. An observational study was conducted on one professional football team from the Swiss Super League during the 2021–2022 season. Matches were classified into two groups: Group A (≤3 substitutions) and Group B (>3 substitutions). Running activity was assessed using GPS technology, measuring total distance covered, sprinting distance, and acceleration/deceleration patterns. Despite a significantly higher number of substitutions in Group B (4.42 ± 0.51 vs. 2.8 ± 0.42, p < 0.01), no differences were observed between groups for all parameters analyzed (p > 0.05). Both groups exhibited significantly higher running performance during the first half compared to the second half (p < 0.01), except for distance covered > 25.2 km·h⁻¹, which remained unchanged (p > 0.05). No differences in second half running performance were found between groups (p > 0.05). The increase from three to five substitutions did not significantly alter the external load of full-time players. Running performance declined in the second half regardless of the number of substitutions made. These findings suggest that the new substitution rule does not influence the physical performance of players who complete the entire match. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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Review

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22 pages, 681 KB

Open AccessReview

A Scoping Review of Factors That Elevate the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Elite Male Field Team Sport Athletes

by Monica Galati, Madison Jamieson, Stephen Murray, Jo Vegar Haugen, Andrew Fayad, Kevin Netto, Dale W. Chapman and Rob Waller

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073420 - 21 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3105

Abstract

The primary aim of this scoping review was to identify practical risk factors associated with an elevated risk in anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACLI) in elite male field team athletes that can be applied meaningfully in screening tools by team support personnel. Five [...] Read more.

The primary aim of this scoping review was to identify practical risk factors associated with an elevated risk in anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACLI) in elite male field team athletes that can be applied meaningfully in screening tools by team support personnel. Five relevant databases were searched (SportsDISCUS, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) following the PRISMA-ScR protocol using the criteria: (1) written in English and peer-reviewed; (2) full-text available; (3) discussed ACLI screening tests; (4) an elite athlete cohort; (5) males; (6) field team sport. The search identified 962 manuscripts, with nine manuscripts meeting the inclusion criteria. Field sports represented were soccer (n = 7), American football (n = 1), and a mixed-sport cohort of soccer, rugby, and field hockey (n = 1). Manuscripts reported modifiable risk factors (the joint range of motion n = 1, biomechanics n = 3, and strength n = 1) and non-modifiable (anatomical n = 2 and genetics n = 2). Whilst the joint range of motion screening indicated statistical significance to ACLI risk, there was little predictive value. Non-modifiable risk factors were significantly correlated to ACLI and reported a higher predictive capacity for ACLI risk. There is limited systematic research investigating and providing predictive insight for screening tests of ACLI risk in elite male team sport athletes. Future prospective investigations should consider the validity of ACLI screening tests in elite male field-based sport populations, and establish efficacy, so that sporting clubs can confidently implement screening tests of value into practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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