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12 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pain Neuroscience Education to Reduce Catastrophizing: A Parallel Randomized Trial in Youth Athletes

by Andreu Sastre-Munar, Antonia Pades-Jiménez and Natalia Romero-Franco

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9701; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179701 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

In sport, pain is often normalized, leading athletes to train or compete despite discomfort. This can shape their response to pain, with catastrophizing potentially triggering fear of movement, avoidance behaviors, and increased pain. While previous research has examined the relationship between pain and [...] Read more.

In sport, pain is often normalized, leading athletes to train or compete despite discomfort. This can shape their response to pain, with catastrophizing potentially triggering fear of movement, avoidance behaviors, and increased pain. While previous research has examined the relationship between pain and catastrophizing in individuals with chronic pain, few studies have explored these effects in the sports population. This study investigated the effects of a pain neuroscience educational program on catastrophizing and injury rates in youth female and male athletes. This parallel randomized trial included an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG), both undergoing a 12-week program on healthy habits in sport. The IG received additional pain neuroscience information. Catastrophizing levels were collected before and after using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Injury rates were registered during the study. The results revealed a decrease in catastrophizing levels in the IG compared to baseline (p = 0.028, d = 0.32, 95%CI [0.03, 0.61]). In the IG, only males showed improvements (p = 0.041, d = 0.47, 95%CI [0.08, 0.86]). Injury rates were similar between groups (CG = 26.2%, IG = 27.8%; p > 0.05). Pain education may reduce catastrophizing in youth athletes, particularly males, although effects may vary by sex and context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 1275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Differences in the High Jump Kinematics of U18 Adolescent Athletes

by Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9382; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179382 - 26 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Biomechanical analyses of technique are essential for performance improvement in athletic jumps, but scarce evidence exists for adolescent athletes in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the sex differences in the high jump biomechanics of U18 athletes. Twenty-one women [...] Read more.

Biomechanical analyses of technique are essential for performance improvement in athletic jumps, but scarce evidence exists for adolescent athletes in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the sex differences in the high jump biomechanics of U18 athletes. Twenty-one women (15.2 ± 1.0 yrs) and twenty-one men (15.2 ± 1.2 yrs) Greek U18 high jumpers were recorded in regional competitions using two cameras (sampling frequency: 60 fps). The kinematic parameters of the last step, the take-off, and the crossbar clearance were calculated using 3D-DLT analysis. The independent samples t-test was used to detect significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups. Results revealed that men had significantly (p < 0.05) better performance, with larger last step angle and length, body center of mass (BCM) height at the final touchdown and take-off, approach and vertical BCM take-off velocity, touchdown lateral inclination of the take-off leg, and swing leg knee angle at take-off. Women had significantly (p < 0.05) higher vertical BCM velocity at touchdown. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed for take-off angle, the support leg knee angle, the inclination of the torso at touchdown, or the vertical BCM displacement during the take-off phase. The anthropometric and physical conditioning differences between sexes contributed to the findings of the study. Coaches should consider the age and sex differences of adolescent athletes when designing training programs to optimize high jump performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 1081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Observational Cohort Study of Mid-Term Outcomes Following Ponseti Method for Idiopathic Clubfoot

by Gianluca Testa, Vito Pavone, Giovanni Maria Zerbito, Giorgia D’Amico, Mirko Sicurella, Federico Canavese and Marco Sapienza

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179316 - 25 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Commonly known as clubfoot, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a structural deformity characterized by cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (CAVE) positioning of the foot. Idiopathic clubfoot requires prompt treatment to achieve functional, pain-free, and aesthetically normal feet. The Ponseti method is a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Commonly known as clubfoot, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a structural deformity characterized by cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (CAVE) positioning of the foot. Idiopathic clubfoot requires prompt treatment to achieve functional, pain-free, and aesthetically normal feet. The Ponseti method is a conservative treatment involving serial manipulation, casting, and Achilles tenotomy, which has demonstrated high success rates. The purpose of this study is to report 10 years of experience using the Ponseti method. Methods: A retrospective and follow-up analysis were conducted with 72 patients (118 feet) with idiopathic clubfoot were treated between 2011 and 2023 who met the minimum follow-up requirement of 12 months (mean follow-up: 54.15 months). The severity of deformities was assessed using the Pirani score. Data collection included demographic details, number of casts, tenotomy procedures, adherence to the Denis Browne brace protocol, and complications. Results: Initial correction of deformities was achieved in all 91 patients (100%). Outcomes were measured using the Ponseti functional scoring system. The average number of casts applied was 9.51 per patient. Percutaneous Achilles tenotomy was performed in 91.21% of cases. Relapse occurred in 22.2% of patients, which required additional treatments. The outcomes were excellent in 77.7% of cases, good in 13.88%, fair in 6.94%, and poor in 1.38%. Discussion: The Ponseti method is effective for idiopathic clubfoot treatment and achieves high rates of initial correction, favorable mid-term outcomes, and minimal complications. These results confirm its reliability and align with previously reported success rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 1638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of an Inertial Measurement Sensor for Measuring Elastic Force and Time Under Tension in Shoulder Abduction and Knee Extension

by Jesus Aguiló-Furio, Borja Tronchoni-Crespo, Noemí Moreno-Segura, Francisco José Martín-San Agustín and Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168846 - 11 Aug 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Several tools have been proposed to measure elastic band tension and time under tension (TUT) during elastic band exercise performance. However, current methods are often indirect, non-objective, or expensive. The Elastic Force Evaluation Bracelet (EFEB) is a simple, wearable system designed [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Several tools have been proposed to measure elastic band tension and time under tension (TUT) during elastic band exercise performance. However, current methods are often indirect, non-objective, or expensive. The Elastic Force Evaluation Bracelet (EFEB) is a simple, wearable system designed to estimate both variables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity and test–retest reliability of the EFEB as a portable measurement device for application in a therapeutic exercise context. (2) Methods: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were recruited. Exercises with elastic bands were performed on the dominant upper and lower limbs in two sessions with a one-week interval between them, and peak elastic force values were obtained. Validity was assessed in the first session by comparing the force values obtained simultaneously using a force gauge, and the TUT compared to a linear encoder. Test–retest reliability was examined by comparing the measurements obtained between the two sessions. (3) Results: EFEB showed excellent correlation with the force gauge for elastic force (r = 0.883 for shoulder abduction and r = 0.981 for knee extension) and with the linear encoder for TUTs (r = 0.873 and r = 0.883, respectively). EFEB showed good levels of reliability for all four of the following parameters measured: elastic force for shoulder abduction and knee extension (ICC = 0.880 and 0.855, respectively), and TUT in both movements (ICC = 0.768 and 0.765, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, EFEB is a valid and reliable device for the measurement of TUT during shoulder abduction and knee extension exercises performed with elastic bands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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10 pages, 786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Front Crawl Trunk Incline and Lower Limbs’ Biomechanics in Non-Expert Swimmers

by Mário J. Costa, Marta L. Machado, Paul-Adrien Pserchia, Alain Hamaoui and Catarina C. Santos

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6676; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126676 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 602

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between front crawl trunk incline and the lower limbs’ biomechanics in non-expert swimmers. Eighteen male participants (19.22 ± 1.11 years) were recorded in the sagittal plane performing 2 × 25 m of front crawl at maximum intensity to [...] Read more.

This study examined the relationship between front crawl trunk incline and the lower limbs’ biomechanics in non-expert swimmers. Eighteen male participants (19.22 ± 1.11 years) were recorded in the sagittal plane performing 2 × 25 m of front crawl at maximum intensity to analyze their trunk incline (TI), maximum knee angle (KneeMax), minimum knee angle (KneeMin), knee range of motion (KneeROM), kicking duration (KickDur), descendent phase duration (DurDesc), and ascendant phase duration (DurAsc). They also performed towing for passive drag measurements and a 20 s lower limbs’ tethered test while connected to an electromechanical device and grabbing a floating board to collect the maximum (Fmax) and mean (Fmean) kicking forces. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to compute the relationships between all variables. For kinematics, a negative association was found between the TI and v (r = −0.64), KneeMin (r = −0.68), KneeRoM (r = −0.74), and SI (r = −0.52). Regarding kinetics, a single association was found between TI and Fmean (r = −0.52). The results indicate that a greater TI in non-expert swimmers may be a consequence of weaker knee action, which compromises their mean force application and negatively affects velocity and efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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18 pages, 1943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Different Intensities of Flywheel Half Squat Based on Velocity on Vertical Jump Performance in High-Level Athletes

by Xixuan Wang, Haiting Zhai and Hongwen Wei

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4388; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084388 - 16 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 914

Abstract

Coaches manipulate training variables to optimize and improve them, with intensity being crucial. Velocity-based training, measuring intensity by the movement speed, is advantageous over traditional methods. Flywheel training, offering concentric and eccentric loads, allows for supramaximal loading during the eccentric phase, enhancing muscle [...] Read more.

Coaches manipulate training variables to optimize and improve them, with intensity being crucial. Velocity-based training, measuring intensity by the movement speed, is advantageous over traditional methods. Flywheel training, offering concentric and eccentric loads, allows for supramaximal loading during the eccentric phase, enhancing muscle hypertrophy and performance and reducing injury risk. This study examines the specific effects of flywheel training on post-activation potentiation (PAP). Forty-one high-level male athletes performed flywheel half squats at fast (0.95–1.05 m/s), medium (0.65–0.75 m/s), and slow (0.35–0.45 m/s) speeds. Their drop jump performance was assessed at 30 s and 4, 8, and 12 min post-induction. Lower-limb kinematic data and ground reaction forces were recorded using infrared motion capture and force plates. Measures included peak collision force, peak extension force, knee joint extension moment, knee joint power, average power output, and vertical jump height. High-speed intensity significantly increased peak impact force, peak vertical ground reaction force, knee joint eccentric power, concentric power, and extension torque at 4, 8, and 12 min post-induction (p < 0.05). Fast- (0.95–1.05 m/s) and medium-speed (0.65–0.75 m/s) flywheel squats acutely improved lower-limb performance, especially vertical jump height, within 4–12 min post-stimulation. Fast-speed loading showed greater benefits for reactive strength and power output, while a medium speed also yielded meaningful gains. These findings support using movement velocity to guide flywheel training intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Number of Substitutions on Running Activity in Professional Football Matches: An Observational Study from the Swiss Super League

by Gabriele Bagattini, Jose Asian-Clemente, Manuele Ferrini, Mattia Garrone and Luis Suarez-Arrones

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4328; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084328 - 14 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to compare the running activity of full-time players when the team made three or fewer substitutions versus when more than three substitutions were made. An observational study was conducted on one professional football team from the Swiss Super League during [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare the running activity of full-time players when the team made three or fewer substitutions versus when more than three substitutions were made. An observational study was conducted on one professional football team from the Swiss Super League during the 2021–2022 season. Matches were classified into two groups: Group A (≤3 substitutions) and Group B (>3 substitutions). Running activity was assessed using GPS technology, measuring total distance covered, sprinting distance, and acceleration/deceleration patterns. Despite a significantly higher number of substitutions in Group B (4.42 ± 0.51 vs. 2.8 ± 0.42, p < 0.01), no differences were observed between groups for all parameters analyzed (p > 0.05). Both groups exhibited significantly higher running performance during the first half compared to the second half (p < 0.01), except for distance covered > 25.2 km·h⁻¹, which remained unchanged (p > 0.05). No differences in second half running performance were found between groups (p > 0.05). The increase from three to five substitutions did not significantly alter the external load of full-time players. Running performance declined in the second half regardless of the number of substitutions made. These findings suggest that the new substitution rule does not influence the physical performance of players who complete the entire match. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 681 KB

Open AccessReview

A Scoping Review of Factors That Elevate the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Elite Male Field Team Sport Athletes

by Monica Galati, Madison Jamieson, Stephen Murray, Jo Vegar Haugen, Andrew Fayad, Kevin Netto, Dale W. Chapman and Rob Waller

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073420 - 21 Mar 2025

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Abstract

The primary aim of this scoping review was to identify practical risk factors associated with an elevated risk in anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACLI) in elite male field team athletes that can be applied meaningfully in screening tools by team support personnel. Five [...] Read more.

The primary aim of this scoping review was to identify practical risk factors associated with an elevated risk in anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACLI) in elite male field team athletes that can be applied meaningfully in screening tools by team support personnel. Five relevant databases were searched (SportsDISCUS, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) following the PRISMA-ScR protocol using the criteria: (1) written in English and peer-reviewed; (2) full-text available; (3) discussed ACLI screening tests; (4) an elite athlete cohort; (5) males; (6) field team sport. The search identified 962 manuscripts, with nine manuscripts meeting the inclusion criteria. Field sports represented were soccer (n = 7), American football (n = 1), and a mixed-sport cohort of soccer, rugby, and field hockey (n = 1). Manuscripts reported modifiable risk factors (the joint range of motion n = 1, biomechanics n = 3, and strength n = 1) and non-modifiable (anatomical n = 2 and genetics n = 2). Whilst the joint range of motion screening indicated statistical significance to ACLI risk, there was little predictive value. Non-modifiable risk factors were significantly correlated to ACLI and reported a higher predictive capacity for ACLI risk. There is limited systematic research investigating and providing predictive insight for screening tests of ACLI risk in elite male team sport athletes. Future prospective investigations should consider the validity of ACLI screening tests in elite male field-based sport populations, and establish efficacy, so that sporting clubs can confidently implement screening tests of value into practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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