Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Pooled One-Year Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence
3.4. Subgroup Analyses
3.5. Meta-Regression Analyses
3.6. Sensitivity Analysis and Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Country | WHO Region | Sample Size | Event | Income Classification | Professional Group | Setting | Region of Health Care Setting | Method of Data Collection | Response Rate | Sampling | Quality Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eickson et al., 2000 [24] | U.S. | Americas | 55 | 31 | High income | nurses | emergency department | urban | self-administered | 98.00% | convenience | 4 |
May et al., 2002 [17] | U.S. | Americas | 86 | 64 | High income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 68.80% | convenience | 3 |
Tolhurst et al., 2003 [25] | Australia | Western Pacific | 314 | 10 | High income | physicians | primary care | rural | self-administered | 51.80% | purposive | 4 |
Kowalenko et al., 2003 [26] | U.S. | Americas | 171 | 48 | High income | physicians | emergency department | mixed | self-administered | 68.40% | random | 4 |
Gerberich et al., 2004 [27] | U.S. | Americas | 3999 | 462 | High income | nurses | Hospital/nursing home/other setting | mixed | self-administered | 78.00% | random | 6 |
Winstanley et al., 2004 [28] | U.K. | European | 375 | 104 | High income | nurses/physicians | general hospital | mixed | self-administered | 33.00% | all | 6 |
Carmi-Iluz et al., 2005 [29] | Israel | European | 177 | 16 | High income | physicians | hospital/community | mixed | self-administered | 88.50% | convenience | 4 |
Nijman et al., 2005 [30] | U.K. | European | 154 | 136 | High income | nurses | psychiatric | urban | self-administered | 39.00% | all | 4 |
AbuAlRub et al., 2007 [31] | Iraq | Eastern Mediterranean | 116 | 40 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | urban | face-to-face interview | 100.00% | purposive | 5 |
Lundstrom et al., 2007 [32] | Sweden | European | 120 | 30 | High income | nurses/assistant nurses/nurse’s aides | nursing home | urban | self-administered | 81.00% | / | 4 |
Kamchuchat et al., 2008 [16] | Thailand | South-East Asia | 545 | 15 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 91.70% | all | 7 |
Gale et al., 2009 [33] | New Zealand | Western Pacific | 197 | 37 | High income | physicians | psychiatric | mixed | self-administered | 63.90% | all | 4 |
Stubbs et al., 2009 [34] | U.K. | European | 116 | 28 | High income | physicians | psychiatric | mixed | self-administered | 65.00% | all | 4 |
Galinsky et al., 2010 [35] | U.S. | Americas | 677 | 31 | High income | nurses/assistant nurses/nurse’s aides | home healthcare | urban | face-to-face interview | 64.00% | convenience | 4 |
Hahn et al., 2010 [36] | Switzerland | European | 291 | 122 | High income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 71.00% | purposive | 4 |
Tak et al., 2010 [37] | U.S. | Americas | 2888 | 982 | High income | assistant nurses | nursing home | / | telephone interview | 70.60% | random | 7 |
Zampieron et al., 2010 [38] | Italy | European | 595 | 45 | High income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 85.00% | convenience | 6 |
Abualrub et al., 2011 [39] | Jordan | Eastern Mediterranean | 422 | 85 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 84.40% | convenience | 5 |
Behnam et al., 2011 [40] | U.S. | Americas | 263 | 48 | High income | physicians | emergency department | mixed | self-administered | 97.00% | random | 6 |
Campbell et al., 2011 [41] | U.S. | Americas | 2166 | 379 | High income | nurses | hospital/elder care | urban | self-administered | 52.00% | all | 5 |
Esmaeilpour et al., 2011 [42] | Iran | Eastern Mediterranean | 186 | 35 | Upper middle income | nurses | emergency department | urban | self-administered | 94.80% | / | 6 |
Pai et al., 2011 [43] | China Taiwan | Western Pacific | 545 | 89 | High income | nurses | health care setting | mixed | self-administered | 77.90% | random | 5 |
Petzall et al., 2011 [44] | Switzerland | European | 132 | 21 | High income | ambulance personnel | ambulance stations | mixed | self-administered | 79.00% | convenience | 8 |
Pinar et al., 2011 [45] | Turkey | European | 255 | 191 | Upper middle income | nurses | emergency department | urban | self-administered | 96.22% | all | 4 |
Ukpong et al., 2011 [46] | Nigeria | African | 101 | 34 | Lower middle income | nurses/physicians | psychiatric | urban | self-administered | 84.20% | / | 5 |
Khoshknab et al., 2012 [47] | Iran | Eastern Mediterranean | 183 | 124 | Upper middle income | nurses | psychiatric | urban | self-administered | 91.50% | random | 4 |
Magnavita et al., 2011 [48] | Italy | European | 275 | 34 | High income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 94.20% | / | 6 |
Hahn et al., 2012 [49] | Switzerland | European | 2495 | 422 | High income | health care professionals | general hospital | / | self-administered | 51.50% | all | 4 |
Joa et al., 2012 [50] | Norway | European | 527 | 67 | High income | health care professionals | primary care | mixed | telephone interview | 75.00% | all | 6 |
Kitaneh et al., 2012 [51] | Palestine | Eastern Mediterranean | 240 | 43 | Lower middle income | nurses/physicians | general hospital | / | self-administered | 88.70% | random | 6 |
Gascon et al., 2013 [52] | Spain | European | 1826 | 293 | High income | health care professionals | hospital/primary care center | mixed | self-administered | 76.00% | random | 6 |
Hills et al., 2013 [53] | Australia | Western Pacific | 9218 | 2548 | High income | physicians | health care setting | mixed | self-administered | 60.90% | all | 7 |
A.LBashtawyM et al., 2013 [54] | Jordan | Eastern Mediterranean | 227 | 24 | Lower middle income | nurses | emergency department | / | self-administered | 72.50% | convenience | 6 |
Zafar et al., 2013 [55] | Pakistan | Eastern Mediterranean | 266 | 37 | Lower middle income | nurses/physicians | emergency department | urban | self-administered | 86.00% | all | 4 |
AbuAlRub et al., 2014 [56] | Jordan | Eastern Mediterranean | 521 | 68 | Lower middle income | nurses/physicians | general hospital | / | self-administered | 75.00% | all | 6 |
Teymourzadeh et al., 2014 [57] | Iran | Eastern Mediterranean | 301 | 35 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 73.00% | all | 8 |
Abou-ElWafa et al., 2014 [58] | Egypt | Eastern Mediterranean | 275 | 51 | Lower middle income | nurses | Emergency department/internal medicine | urban | self-administered | 96.15% | all | 8 |
Alameddine et al., 2015 [8] | Lebanon | Eastern Mediterranean | 572 | 48 | Upper middle income | nurses | health care setting | / | self-administered | 64.80% | random | 6 |
Baran Aksakal et al., 2015 [59] | Turkey | European | 538 | 72 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | / | face-to-face interview | 82.76% | all | 6 |
Baykan et al., 2015 [60] | Turkey | European | 597 | 151 | Upper middle income | physicians | health care workplace | / | self-administered | 75.90% | all | 8 |
Jiao et al., 2015 [61] | China | Western Pacific | 588 | 46 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 84.00% | random | 7 |
Park et al., 2015 [62] | Korea | Western Pacific | 970 | 243 | High income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 95.20% | convenience | 8 |
Xing et al., 2015 [63] | China | Western Pacific | 840 | 90 | Upper middle income | nurses/physicians | primary care | rural | self-administered | 84.80% | purposive | 5 |
Alkorashy et al., 2016 [64] | Saudi Arabia | Eastern Mediterranean | 370 | 67 | High income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 80.80% | convenience | 6 |
Fallahi-Khoshknab et al., 2016 [65] | Iran | Eastern Mediterranean | 5874 | 1187 | Upper middle income | health care professionals | general hospital | / | self-administered | 90.36% | random | 5 |
Jaradat et al., 2016 [9] | Palestine | Eastern Mediterranean | 343 | 13 | Lower middle income | nurses | hospitals/primary care | / | self-administered | 92.20% | / | 8 |
Quinn et al., 2016 [66] | U.S. | Americas | 1249 | 82 | High income | home care aides | home healthcare | / | self-administered | 44.20% | / | 6 |
Zafar et al., 2016 [7] | Pakistan | Eastern Mediterranean | 179 | 13 | Lower middle income | physicians | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 92.20% | all | 4 |
Abdellah et al., 2017 [67] | Egypt | Eastern Mediterranean | 134 | 19 | Lower middle income | Health care professionals | emergency department | urban | self-administered | 94.40% | / | 7 |
Boafo et al., 2016 [68] | Ghana | African | 592 | 44 | Lower middle income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 57.98% | random | 4 |
Cheung et al., 2017 [69] | China | Western Pacific | 720 | 113 | Upper middle income | nurses/physicians | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 80.00% | convenience | 7 |
Jafree et al., 2017 [70] | Pakistan | Eastern Mediterranean | 309 | 98 | Lower middle income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 34.80% | random | 6 |
Li et al., 2017 [71] | China | Western Pacific | 1932 | 206 | Upper middle income | nurses/physicians | pediatric hospital | urban | self-administered | 86.80% | random | 7 |
Pekurinen et al., 2017 [72] | Finland | European | 5228 | 1288 | High income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 70.00% | all | 7 |
Ridenour et al., 2017 [73] | U.S. | Americas | 309 | 118 | High income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 22.50% | random | 7 |
Shi et al., 2017 [6] | China | Western Pacific | 2796 | 335 | Upper middle income | health care professionals | general hospital | / | self-administered | 64.25% | convenience | 6 |
Sisawo et al., 2017 [74] | Gambia | African | 219 | 33 | low income | nurses | general hospital | mixed | face-to-face interview | 98.20% | purposive | 5 |
Chen et al., 2018 [75] | China | Western Pacific | 1831 | 111 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 92.30% | all | 5 |
Ifediora et al., 2018 [76] | Australia | Western Pacific | 168 | 6 | High income | physicians | primary care | / | self-administered | 56.00% | / | 7 |
Olashore et al., 2018 [77] | Botswana | African | 201 | 79 | Upper middle income | health care professionals | psychiatric | urban | self-administered | 95.70% | all | 3 |
Pandey et al., 2018 [78] | Nepal | South-East Asia | 200 | 22 | low income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 100.00% | random | 5 |
Pihl-Thingvad et al., 2018 [15] | Denmark | European | 496 | 126 | High income | health care professionals | general hospital | urban | self-administered | 28.00% | all | 7 |
Schablon et al., 2018 [79] | Germany | European | 1984 | 1329 | High income | nurses | hospital/elder care/residential facility | / | self-administered | 40.90% | random | 6 |
Yang et al., 2018 [80] | China | Western Pacific | 237 | 194 | Upper middle income | nurses | psychiatric | urban | self-administered | 84.50% | / | 5 |
Zhang et al., 2018 [81] | China | Western Pacific | 1024 | 149 | Upper middle income | nurses | general hospital | / | self-administered | 75.18% | snowball | 4 |
Subgroup | Studies | Pooled Prevalence % (95% CI) | I2 | Test of Difference within Each Subgroup | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | p | ||||
WHO Region | 10.60 | 0.0599 | |||
European | 18 | 26.38 (18.42–36.25) | 99.2% | ||
Americas | 10 | 23.61 (15.25–34.67) | 99.0% | ||
African | 4 | 20.71 (8.59–42.07) | 97.3% | ||
Eastern Mediterranean | 17 | 17.07 (13.15–21.86) | 95.7% | ||
Western Pacific | 14 | 14.53 (10.05–20.54) | 98.9% | ||
South-East Asia | 2 | 5.62 (1.38–20.14) | 94.5% | ||
Income classification | 9.84 | 0.0020 | |||
High-income | 32 | 21.66 (17.49–26.51) | 99.0% | ||
Upper-middle-income | 20 | 19.98 (14.61–26.69) | 98.7% | ||
Lower-middle-income | 11 | 13.75 (9.49–19.50) | 93.6% | ||
Low-income | 2 | 13.14 (9.62–17.70) | 33.6% | ||
Year of publication | 1.06 | 0.3036 | |||
2000–2010 | 17 | 22.83 (15.31–32.61) | 98.6% | ||
2011–2018 | 48 | 18.22 (15.17–21.73) | 98.8% | ||
Sample size | 9.91 | 0.0016 | |||
≤500 | 37 | 24.48 (18.84–31.16) | 97.2% | ||
>500 | 28 | 13.96 (10.99–17·57) | 99.3% | ||
Response rate | 4.31 | 0.0379 | |||
≤50% | 7 | 38.53 (18.75–63.00) | 99.4% | ||
>50% | 58 | 17.65 (15.33–20.23) | 98.1% | ||
Professional group | 4.38 | 0.0364 | |||
nurses | 34 | 22.99 (17.11–30.16) | 99.1% | ||
physicians | 10 | 14.66 (10.67–19.81) | 94.4% | ||
Method of collection | 0.88 | 0.6441 | |||
Self-administered | 59 | 19.66 (16.60–23.14) | 98·8% | ||
face-to-face interview | 4 | 13.93 (6.39–27.76) | 96.3% | ||
Telephone interview | 2 | 21.61 (7.40–48.73) | 98.8% | ||
Gender | 0.04 | 0.8392 | |||
Male | 3 | 7.37 (2.00–23.69) | 89.5% | ||
Female | 3 | 8.40 (6.72–10.46) | 37.9% | ||
Sampling | 0.84 | 0.6572 | |||
all | 21 | 20.82 (16.89–25.38) | 98.2% | ||
Random | 17 | 20.86 (14.19–29.59) | 99.4% | ||
convenience | 17 | 17.64 (12.82–23.79) | 97.1% | ||
Region of health care setting | 7.93 | 0.0190 | |||
Urban | 27 | 26.16 (19.11–34.69) | 98.5% | ||
Rural/township | 2 | 6.11 (1.80–18.76) | 93.1% | ||
Mixed | 13 | 17.85 (13.68–22.97) | 97.7% | ||
Type of health care setting | 39.52 | <0.0001 | |||
Tertiary hospital | 18 | 22.48 (15.35–31.69) | 98.4% | ||
Secondary hospital | 3 | 18·83 (9.94–32.77) | 91.3% | ||
Primary care facilities | 6 | 6.51 (4.36–9.64) | 90.2% | ||
nursing home | 2 | 30.33 (22.32–39.75) | 75.7% | ||
Quality score | 3.92 | 0.0476 | |||
≤5 | 31 | 24.00 (16.41–33.69) | 99.0% | ||
>5 | 34 | 15.86 (13.53–18.51) | 98.3% |
Univariate Analysis | β | 95% CI | R2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Publish year (continuous variable) | −0.0483 | −0.1076 | 0.0109 | 2.29% | 0.1100 |
Sample size (n < 500 vs. n ≥ 500) | −0.6983 | −1.2281 | −0.1685 | 8.72% | 0.0098 |
Response rate (continuous variable) | −0.7139 | −2.1540 | 0.7262 | 0.00% | 0.3313 |
Income Classification (high income vs. other) | 0.2798 | −0.2698 | 0.8294 | 0.00% | 0.3183 |
Professional (nurses vs. other) | −0.6344 | −1.5518 | 0.2831 | 1.66% | 0.1753 |
Region of health care setting (urban vs. rural) | 0.6527 | −0.0754 | 1.3808 | 4.78% | 0.0789 |
Type of health care setting (tertiary hospital vs. primary care facilities) | 1.4696 | 0.5297 | 2.4095 | 14.20% | 0.0022 |
Method of data collection (Self-administered vs. others) | 0.4451 | −0.1229 | 1.0130 | 2.22% | 0.1245 |
Quality score (continuous variable) | −0.2125 | −0.4117 | −0.0134 | 5.41% | 0.0364 |
Multivariate Analysis | |||||
Sample size (n < 500 vs. n ≥ 500) | −0.1671 | −0.7712 | 0.4369 | / | 0.5876 |
Type of health care setting (tertiary hospital vs. primary care facilities) | 1.8345 | 0.8373 | 2.8316 | / | 0.0003 |
Quality score (continuous variable) | −0.3008 | −0.5314 | −0.0703 | / | 0.0105 |
Overall | 24.87% |
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Li, Y.-L.; Li, R.-Q.; Qiu, D.; Xiao, S.-Y. Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010299
Li Y-L, Li R-Q, Qiu D, Xiao S-Y. Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010299
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yi-Lu, Rui-Qi Li, Dan Qiu, and Shui-Yuan Xiao. 2020. "Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010299
APA StyleLi, Y.-L., Li, R.-Q., Qiu, D., & Xiao, S.-Y. (2020). Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010299