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Drawbacks, Limitations, Solutions and Perspectives of Water Reuse

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Use and Scarcity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 October 2026 | Viewed by 5835

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
Interests: wastewater; modelling; nitrogen cycle; nitrous oxide; process control; biological processes; environmental legislation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water reuse has become one of the prominent countermeasures to combat increased water scarcity around the world. Water reuse involves recovering water from various sources, including domestic and industrial wastewater, as well as rain and stormwater, to meet human and environmental needs. Water reuse can actively contribute to the circular economy by recovering not only water but also nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. At the same time, depending on the source, treatment in light of water reuse could present various challenges, including those related to energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, applicability, investment, and operational costs, among others. Mathematical modelling and process control can help identify and overcome some of these issues. Furthermore, challenges may also arise when determining the optimal level of treatment to protect the environment and human health from the risks associated with disposing of reclaimed waters. Additional bottlenecks could arise from the transportation and storage of reclaimed water. Within this broad context, research activities are needed to explore, on one hand, measures to systematically boost the circular economy through water reuse, and, on the other hand, the challenges and solutions to ensure safe water reuse from various water sources while combating water scarcity.
Based on this premise, the present Special Issue is meant to collect both research and review articles dealing with:

  • Characterization of domestic, industrial, and urban wastewaters as well as rain and storm waters in light of water reuse;
  • Treatment of various types of waters (domestic, grey, urban, white, industrial) in light of water reuse;
  • Identification of risks for human health linked to water reuse;
  • Identification of risks for the environment linked to water reuse;
  • Limitations and drawbacks linked to water reuse;
  • Solutions overcoming challenges linked to water reuse;
  • Mathematical modelling for water reuse;
  • Control strategies for water reuse;
  • Measures to boost the circular economy through water reuse;
  • Decentralized water reuse case studies;
  • Water reuse role in the water cycle;
  • Techno-economic analyses of water reuse solutions;
  • Carbon footprint and energy analyses of water reuse solutions;
  • Resource recovery from water reuse;
  • Policy and legislation on water reuse.

Dr. Riccardo Boiocchi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • water reuse
  • wastewater
  • rainwater
  • stormwater
  • resource recovery
  • circular economy
  • modelling for water reuse
  • control for water reuse
  • policy
  • legislation
  • health risk
  • environmental protection
  • treatment for water reuse
  • water cycle

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

64 pages, 2249 KB  
Review
Towards a Structured Approach to Advance Sustainable Water Management in Higher Education Institutions: A Review
by Riccardo Boiocchi, Cosimo Peruzzi, Ramona Giurea and Elena Cristina Rada
Water 2025, 17(24), 3526; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243526 - 12 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3111
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the measures adopted by higher education institutions (HEIs) for sustainable water management in university campuses. Rain and storm water harvesting and treatment, rain and storm water reuse, wastewater treatment and reuse and technologies for runoff [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the measures adopted by higher education institutions (HEIs) for sustainable water management in university campuses. Rain and storm water harvesting and treatment, rain and storm water reuse, wastewater treatment and reuse and technologies for runoff reduction were found to be frequently undertaken. Sustainable approaches to water supply such as water-efficient appliances, irrigation algorithms and the use of drought-resistant plants have been adopted as well. In support, monitoring of consumed water and of rain and storm waters has been a widespread practice. Important considerations were given to the impact of the identified measures on campuses’ energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Nature-based solutions, employment of renewable energies and sustainable disinfection methods are measures to prioritize. Some wastewater technologies may deserve priority in virtue of their positive contribution to circular economy. Drawbacks such as groundwater and soil contamination due to wastewater reuse and the release of pollutants from fertilized nature-based technologies were identified. Despite their variety, it must be noted that many of these measures have generally involved rather limited portions of campuses, taken more for demonstration or pilot/full-scale research purposes. Additional measures not identified in the current review—for instance the prevention of pollution from micropollutants and waste mismanagement—should be implemented to boost HEIs’ environmental sustainability. The findings of this review pave the way for a more structured implementation of water sustainability measures in university campuses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drawbacks, Limitations, Solutions and Perspectives of Water Reuse)
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21 pages, 898 KB  
Review
Current Research Trends and Challenges Related to the Use of Greywater in Buildings
by Kaja Niewitecka and Monika Żubrowska-Sudoł
Water 2025, 17(23), 3431; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233431 - 2 Dec 2025
Viewed by 2313
Abstract
This paper presents a review of current trends and challenges in greywater use in buildings, with particular emphasis on toilet = flushing applications. It discusses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greywater, including its generation sources, share in total domestic wastewater volume (50–89%), [...] Read more.
This paper presents a review of current trends and challenges in greywater use in buildings, with particular emphasis on toilet = flushing applications. It discusses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greywater, including its generation sources, share in total domestic wastewater volume (50–89%), and flow variability depending on residents, building type, and user habits. Implementation of greywater recycling technologies faces several challenges, such as parameter variability, stringent sanitary and epidemiological standards, and the presence of micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals. Technological barriers include the integration of multi-stage treatment systems (physical, biological, and chemical) and ensuring effective disinfection for indoor use. The paper also highlights the lack of uniform international regulations and the significant variation in recovered water quality requirements. Key physicochemical and microbiological indicators that determine treatment system requirements are presented, with particular emphasis on the removal of organic pollutants and indicator bacteria. Various physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies are described, with hybrid systems offering high efficiency and user safety. The implementation of greywater recycling systems encounters technical, regulatory, and social barriers. Social acceptance and transparent monitoring are identified as key challenges for widespread adoption. This critical literature review summarises current knowledge on effective greywater management in buildings, representing an increasingly important issue for sustainable water resource management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drawbacks, Limitations, Solutions and Perspectives of Water Reuse)
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