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Vaccines
Special Issues
Safety and Immune Responses of Vaccines
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Safety and Immune Responses of Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccine Efficacy and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 7100

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Adrian Streinu-Cercel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: infectious diseases; epidemiology; microbiology and virology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As an antisense RNA virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causative agents of acute lower respiratory tact infection in infants and the elderly. Due to the lack of specific antiviral therapies, vaccine has been considered since the virus was discovered. Unfortunately, vaccine development has been hampered for half a century because lethal immunopathology was observed after inactivated vaccine immunization in infants. Since then, new vaccine immunization strategies and new vaccine forms have been applied to RSV vaccine development, among which maternal immunization strategy, vaccines based on viral vectors, subunit vaccines based on prefusion conformation design, and vaccines based on mRNA technology platforms have shown good application prospects. The latest clinical results showed that prime injection of the prefusion forms of F protein without boost showed promising effect in the elderly population, even without adjuvant.

Considering the complexity of RSV vaccination targets, which include infants, pregnant women and the elderly, we think it is time to summarize the experiences on the development of RSV vaccines that are based on non-inactivated technologies, in particular those can avoid immunopathology in infants, and those may induce high protective rate and long-lasting efficacy in the elderly. Contributions in the form of original research or reviews belong but not limited to the following fields are welcome in this special issue: (i) basic research on RSV invasion and immunopathology. (ii) vaccine immunization strategies. (iii) vaccine antigen prefusion protein design. (iv) adjuvant effects to elevate vaccine efficacy and to lower the risk of immunopathology. (v) Strategies to avoid antibody decline and prolong vaccine efficacy

Prof. Dr. Adrian Streinu-Cercel
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV)
  • antibody dependent enhancement (ADE)
  • maternal immunization
  • prefusion antigen
  • cell mediated immunity (CMI)

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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15 pages, 1673 KiB  
Article
Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Mortality and Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients
by Rihong Hu, Jiazhen Yin, Tingfei He, Yuxuan Zhu, Ye Li, Jinchi Gao, Xiaomin Ye, Lidan Hu and Yayu Li
Vaccines 2024, 12(7), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070799 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1520
Abstract
This study analyzed 550 hemodialysis patients, 469 unvaccinated and 81 vaccinated against COVID-19, to assess the impact on infection rates, mortality, and clinical/laboratory parameters. Gender distribution was similar (p = 0.209), but the vaccinated group’s median age was significantly lower (p [...] Read more.
This study analyzed 550 hemodialysis patients, 469 unvaccinated and 81 vaccinated against COVID-19, to assess the impact on infection rates, mortality, and clinical/laboratory parameters. Gender distribution was similar (p = 0.209), but the vaccinated group’s median age was significantly lower (p = 0.005). Hospitalization rates showed no significant difference (p = 0.987), while mortality was lower in the vaccinated group (p = 0.041). Only uric acid levels were significantly higher in the vaccinated group (p = 0.009); other parameters, including creatinine and B-type natriuretic peptide, showed no significant differences. Age was an independent predictor of mortality (HR = 1.07, p < 0.001). Peak mortality occurred in December 2022 and January 2023, predominantly among unvaccinated patients. Although vaccination lowered mortality, it did not significantly affect long-term survival rates (p = 0.308). Logistic regression identified age and dialysis duration as significant mortality factors. Monthly death counts indicated higher mortality among unvaccinated patients during peak pandemic months, suggesting that vaccination provides some protection, though no significant long-term survival benefit was found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Immune Responses of Vaccines)
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11 pages, 1072 KiB  
Article
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses in a Vaccinated COVID-19-Naive Population
by Vassiliki C. Pitiriga, Myrto Papamentzelopoulou, Kanella E. Konstantinakou, Irene V. Vasileiou, Alexandros D. Konstantinidis, Natalia I. Spyrou and Athanasios Tsakris
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030270 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2515
Abstract
Introduction: Exploring T cell response duration is pivotal for understanding immune protection evolution in natural SARS-CoV-2 infections. The objective of the present study was to analyze the T cell immune response over time in individuals who were both vaccinated and COVID-19-naive and had [...] Read more.
Introduction: Exploring T cell response duration is pivotal for understanding immune protection evolution in natural SARS-CoV-2 infections. The objective of the present study was to analyze the T cell immune response over time in individuals who were both vaccinated and COVID-19-naive and had undetectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies at the time of testing. Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis using data extracted from the electronic medical records of consecutive adult individuals who underwent COVID-19 immunity screening at a private healthcare center from September 2021 to September 2022. The study participants were divided into three groups according to the post-vaccination time period, as follows: group A (up to 3 months), group B (3–6 months), and group C (>6 months). T cell response was evaluated using the IGRA methodology T-SPOT®.COVID. Results: Of the total number of subjects (n = 165), 60/165 (36.4%) had been vaccinated in the last 3 months (group A), 57/165 (34.5%) between 3 and 6 months (group B), and 48/165 (29.1%) at least 6 months prior to the examination day (group C). T cell positivity was reported in 33/60 (55.0%) of group A, 45/57 (78.9%) of group B, and 36/48 (75%) of group C (p < 0.007). No statistically significant differences were revealed in the spot-forming cell (SFC) count among groups, with mean SFC counts of 75.96 for group A, 89.92 for group B, and 83.58 for group C (Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.278). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that cellular immunity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may endure for at least six months, even in the presence of declining or absent IgG antibody levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Immune Responses of Vaccines)
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20 pages, 2924 KiB  
Article
Pre-Clinical Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Coronavirus Protein-Based Subunit Vaccine for COVID-19
by Kamshat Shorayeva, Aziz Nakhanov, Ainur Nurpeisova, Olga Chervyakova, Kuanysh Jekebekov, Zhandos Abay, Nurika Assanzhanova, Sandugash Sadikaliyeva, Elina Kalimolda, Aibol Terebay, Sabina Moldagulova, Zharkinay Absatova, Ali Tulendibayev, Syrym Kopeyev, Gulnur Nakhanova, Aisha Issabek, Sergazy Nurabayev, Aslan Kerimbayev, Lespek Kutumbetov, Yergali Abduraimov, Markhabat Kassenov, Mukhit Orynbayev and Kunsulu Zakaryaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121771 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
Creating an effective and safe vaccine is critical to fighting the coronavirus infection successfully. Several types of COVID-19 vaccines exist, including inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, synthetic peptide, virus-like particle-based, DNA and mRNA-based, and sub-unit vaccines containing purified immunogenic viral proteins. However, the scale [...] Read more.
Creating an effective and safe vaccine is critical to fighting the coronavirus infection successfully. Several types of COVID-19 vaccines exist, including inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, synthetic peptide, virus-like particle-based, DNA and mRNA-based, and sub-unit vaccines containing purified immunogenic viral proteins. However, the scale and speed at which COVID-19 is spreading demonstrate a global public demand for an effective prophylaxis that must be supplied more. The developed products promise a bright future for SARS-CoV-2 prevention; however, evidence of safety and immunogenicity is mandatory before any vaccine can be produced. In this paper, we report on the results of our work examining the safety, toxicity, immunizing dose choice, and immunogenicity of QazCoVac-P, a Kazakhstan-made sub-unit vaccine for COVID-19. First, we looked into the product’s safety profile by assessing its pyrogenicity in vaccinated rabbit models and using the LAL (limulus amebocyte lysate) test. We examined the vaccine’s acute and sub-chronic toxicity on BALB/c mice and rats. The vaccine did not cause clinically significant toxicity-related changes or symptoms in our toxicity experiments. Finally, we performed a double immunization of mice, ferrets, Syrian hamsters, and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We used ELISA to measure antibody titers with the maximum mean geometric titer of antibodies in the animals’ blood sera totaling approximately 8 log2. The results of this and other studies warrant recommending the QazCoVac-P vaccine for clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Immune Responses of Vaccines)
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