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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Disease
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Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Disease

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines, Clinical Advancement, and Associated Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2026) | Viewed by 3889

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pui-Ying Leong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
Interests: immunology; vaccine development; inflammatory pathways; autoimmune diseases; cytokine signaling; immunotherapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on the role of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies in preventing and treating inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is a crucial factor in the development of various chronic conditions, including autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndromes, and certain types of cancer. As our understanding of immune regulation improves, new therapeutic vaccines and targeted immunotherapies have emerged as promising tools to address abnormal inflammatory responses.

We invite original research articles, reviews, and clinical studies that examine vaccine-based interventions, immune modulation strategies, biomarkers for vaccine efficacy, and the potential application of immunotherapies in inflammatory disease contexts. We particularly encourage contributions that connect basic immunology with clinical applications.

Dr. Pui-Ying Leong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccines
  • immunotherapy
  • inflammation
  • autoimmune disease
  • cytokines
  • immune modulation
  • chronic inflammatory diseases
  • immune response
  • vaccine development
  • translational immunology

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 203 KB  
Article
The Association Between SARS-CoV-2 Exposure, COVID-19 Vaccination and Psoriatic Arthritis—A Nested Case-Control Study
by Amir Haddad, Ella Zabari Parnis, Nili Stein, Tal Gazitt, Walid Saliba and Devy Zisman
Vaccines 2026, 14(4), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040289 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 638
Abstract
Background/Objective: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on immune-mediated diseases, particularly with respect to disease induction and exacerbation. We aimed to investigate the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination and the development of [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on immune-mediated diseases, particularly with respect to disease induction and exacerbation. We aimed to investigate the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination and the development of Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA). Methods: A retrospective nested case-control study in a cohort of 3,122,602 adults without a diagnosis of PsA was conducted using a database of a large health care provider. Newly diagnosed patients with PsA aged 18 years and older were identified from the database between 1 January 2021 and 30 June 2022 and were matched by age and sex to 10 non-PsA controls. Patients were tracked to assess their exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within six months prior to diagnosis (inception date). The primary outcome of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was compared in the cases and controls. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking, socioeconomic status (SES), the Charlson comorbidity index, ethnicity, psoriasis and COVID-19 vaccination status within six months. Results: Overall, 718 patients had a new diagnosis of PsA and were matched with 7180 controls. SARS-CoV-2 exposure among PsA cases was (N = 88/718, 12.3%) compared to controls (N = 755/7180, 10.5%), the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.115). No statistically significant association was found between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PsA development after adjusting for all confounders (OR = 1.08, 95% CI [0.76–1.54], p = 0.652). COVID-19 vaccination was also not associated with PsA development (OR = 1.10, 95% CI [0.86–1.41], p = 0.45). Conclusions: This study found no statistically significant association between SARS-CoV-2 exposure or COVID-19 vaccination and PsA development within six months post-exposure; however, small differences cannot be excluded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Disease)
14 pages, 2271 KB  
Article
Establishment of a Dynamic Ear Inflammation Model in Rats for Acne Vulgaris and Evaluation of Adjuvanted Inactivated Cutibacterium acnes-Based Vaccines Efficacy
by Tiannan Lu, Jie Yang, Dongsheng Yang, Yaxin Du, Ling Chen, Jing Guo and Zejun Wang
Vaccines 2026, 14(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14020124 - 27 Jan 2026
Viewed by 795
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by sebaceous gland hyperactivity, follicular hyperkeratinization, proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), and subsequent inflammation. The development of effective therapeutics necessitates reliable preclinical models that accurately replicate key pathological aspects [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by sebaceous gland hyperactivity, follicular hyperkeratinization, proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), and subsequent inflammation. The development of effective therapeutics necessitates reliable preclinical models that accurately replicate key pathological aspects of the human disease. Methods: In this study, we established an inflammatory acne model in Wistar rats via the intradermal injection of live C. acnes into the ear pinnae and thoroughly characterized its temporal dynamics of the induced inflammation. Utilizing this model, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a whole-cell inactivated C. acnes vaccine (HI-C. acnes) formulated with adjuvants WS03 or MA107b. Results: Inflammation peaked between days 1 and 3 post-infection, manifesting as pronounced erythema, ear swelling, increased ear thickness, elevated bacterial load, and significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1). Histopathological examination revealed extensive neutrophil infiltration and microabscess formation, while immunohistochemistry confirmed localized overexpression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL1 within the lesional tissue. Inflammatory manifestations gradually subsided by day 5 and were fully resolved by day 7, which coincided with complete bacteria clearance and normalization of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Vaccinated rats developed significantly higher C. acnes-specific IgG titers and, upon challenge, exhibited markedly reduced ear swelling, diminished bacterial burden, and suppressed expression of key inflammatory mediators compared to control groups, indicating that vaccine-induced protection is associated with humoral immunity. Conclusions: Collectively, our standardized and quantifiable rat ear inflammation model provides a robust platform for mechanistic investigations and preclinical assessment of novel anti-acne vaccines and therapeutic agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Disease)
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14 pages, 612 KB  
Article
COVID-19 Vaccination Reduces Lower Limb Amputation Rates and Mortality Rate in Patients with Pre-Existing Peripheral Vascular Disease Based on TriNetX Database
by Shiuan-Tzuen Su, Yu-Hsuan Huang, Jing-Yang Huang and James C.-C. Wei
Vaccines 2025, 13(9), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13090969 - 12 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1348
Abstract
Background: Unvaccinated individuals with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) are more likely to develop acute limb ischemia (ALI) following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We assessed the protective effect of the COVID-19 vaccine in preventing ALI in PAOD patients with [...] Read more.
Background: Unvaccinated individuals with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) are more likely to develop acute limb ischemia (ALI) following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We assessed the protective effect of the COVID-19 vaccine in preventing ALI in PAOD patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the United States TriNetX (Cambridge, MA, USA), using patients with PAOD who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 November 2020 and 31 December 2023. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for demographic variables, lifestyle factors, medical utilization, and comorbidities. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the two matched cohorts. Kaplan–Meier analysis estimated the 3-year cumulative probability of lower limb amputation incidence. We selected 12,948 PAOD patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine and 44,064 PAOD patients who were unvaccinated against COVID-19. Results: A total of 11,822 pairs of COVID-19 vaccinated PAOD patients and unvaccinated individuals were compared. The mean (SD) age was 66.5 (14.1) years; there were 4849 male patients (41%) and 6569 female (55.6%) compared to unvaccinated PAOD patients, and those who received the COVID-19 vaccine had a significantly lower risk of 3-year all-cause mortality (log-rank test, p < 0.001; hazard ratio (HR) was 0.857; 95% CI, 0.796–0.922) and lower limb amputation (log-rank test, p = 0.001, HR = 0.716; 95% CI, 0.587–0.873), though there was no significant difference in ischemic stroke (log-rank test, p = 0.174; HR = 0.958; 95% CI, 0.902–1.019). Conclusions: This study found that patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine had a significantly lower risk of 3-year all-cause mortality and lower limb amputation, though there was no significant difference in ischemic stroke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Disease)
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Review

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16 pages, 627 KB  
Review
Modern Strategies for Brucellosis Vaccination: From Traditional Approaches to Innovative Platforms
by Nurika Assanzhanova, Kuandyk Zhugunissov, Olga Chervyakova, Sholpan Ryskeldinova, Nurlan Akmyrzayev, Aigerim Sagymbayeva, Yeldos Myrzakhmetov and Aigerim Mailybayeva
Vaccines 2026, 14(5), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14050409 - 1 May 2026
Viewed by 191
Abstract
Brucellosis remains one of the most widespread zoonotic infections worldwide, causing serious veterinary, medical, and socio-economic consequences. The disease, caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as humans, with global incidence [...] Read more.
Brucellosis remains one of the most widespread zoonotic infections worldwide, causing serious veterinary, medical, and socio-economic consequences. The disease, caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as humans, with global incidence potentially reaching 1.6–2.1 million new cases annually. The most effective approach to combating brucellosis is specific prevention through vaccination. Therefore, we conducted this review to summarize data from existing studies on modern strategies for brucellosis vaccination, types of vaccine platforms, their efficacy, safety, and applicability in veterinary and human medicine. We searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant scientific articles in English published from 1990 to 2025. The aim of this work is to conduct a systematic analysis of modern brucellosis vaccination strategies in livestock and humans, as well as to evaluate the prospects of new vaccine platforms. The review examines live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, vector, and DNA vaccines, as well as their immunological mechanisms of action, advantages, and limitations of application. This information allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity formation and challenges related to DIVA diagnostics (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals). The “One Health” concept demonstrated the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental factors, emphasizing the need for an interdisciplinary approach to brucellosis monitoring, prevention, and control. Vector vaccines based on influenza virus (Flu-BA), developed in Kazakhstan, have shown high promise, combining immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and a favorable safety profile. Promising directions remain mRNA vaccines, nanoparticles, CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, and mucosal vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Disease)
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