Immune Responses to Viruses

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Tropical and other Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 1942

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, DRC 3020, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
Interests: therapeutic biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease); role of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of infectious and neurodegenerative diseases; transcriptomic, proteomic and bioinformatic mechanistic studies for neurodegenerative and infectious diseases; biological evaluation of nano-formulations in vitro and in vivo; RNAi for cancer therapy

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W-817, Box 62, New York, NY 10065, USA
Interests: antibody-mediated neutralization of virus infectivity; mechanisms of virus neutralization; induction of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies by vaccines; the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1; theoretical models of viral cell entry and its inhibition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses are a major threat to human health. They represent a global public health threat when they spread through social interactions, especially when they spread by airborne transmission, such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses possess an economic and social burden with complex disease mechanisms. They must infect the host cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of virus. They affect individual hosts to various degrees; they survive, replicate, and cause diseases in their hosts. Often, viruses end up killing the host cell in the process, causing damage to the host. Well-known examples of viruses causing human diseases include, but are not limited to, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HBV, HCV, varicella-zoster virus, and influenza viruses. Although many studies addressed the viral infections in humans from different aspects, many questions about viral disease mechanisms and preventive and therapeutic interventions remain enigmatic. How does innate and adaptive immunity respond to the virus? What are the underlying disease mechanisms? What are the short- and long-term effects on the infected host? What are the promising therapeutic targets for antiviral drugs? What are the effective and safe vaccines for adults and children?

For this Special Issue, we invite submissions in the form of reviews, research manuscripts, brief reports, as well as follow-up manuscripts that address these issues.

Dr. Mai Mostafa
Prof. Dr. P. J. Klasse
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 4370 KiB  
Article
A Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection
by Juan Carlos Andreu-Ballester, Lorena Galindo-Regal, Carmen Cuéllar, Francisca López-Chuliá, Carlos García-Ballesteros, Leonor Fernández-Murga, Antonio Llombart-Cussac and María Victoria Domínguez-Márquez
Vaccines 2024, 12(5), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050553 - 18 May 2024
Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest global health problem in the last hundred years. The efficacy of the vaccine to protect against severe disease is estimated to be 70–95% according to the studies carried out, although there are aspects of the immune [...] Read more.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest global health problem in the last hundred years. The efficacy of the vaccine to protect against severe disease is estimated to be 70–95% according to the studies carried out, although there are aspects of the immune response to the vaccine that remain unclear. Methods: Humoral and cellular immunity after the administration of three doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech and Oxford AstraZeneca vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 over one year and the appearance of post-vaccination COVID-19 were studied. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies, αβ and γδ T-cell subsets, and their differentiation stages and apoptosis were analyzed. Results: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies showed a progressive increase throughout the duration of the study. This increase was the greatest after the third dose. The highest levels were observed in subjects who had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies prior to vaccination. There was an increase in CD4+ αβ, CD8+ γδ and TEM CD8+ γδ T cells, and a decrease in apoptosis in CD4+ CD8+ and CD56+ αβ and γδ T cells. Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection was greater than 60%. The symptoms of COVID-19 were very mild and were related to a γδ T cell deficit, specifically CD8+ TEMRA and CD56+ γδ TEM, as well as lower pre-vaccine apoptosis levels. Conclusions: The results unveil the important role of γδ T cells in SARS-CoV-2-vaccine-mediated protection from the disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Viruses)
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