Dear Colleagues,

The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the three greatest threats to human health; annual deaths related to AMR are currently ~700,000, and are projected to rise to 10 million by 2050. New antibiotics cannot solve the problem, as bacteria quickly adapt and develop new resistance mechanisms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of vaccines against AMR. Bacterial vaccines are used for managing bacterial diseases. They reduce the incidence of resistant and susceptible infections, as well as antibiotic consumption. Advances in vaccine technology in recent decades have made it possible to develop vaccines against previously challenging targets. There is a need to understand which vaccines are currently being developed and which may serve as tools to help control AMR in the future.

The aim of this Special Issue is to investigate bacterial vaccine candidates in preclinical and clinical development against pathogens, some of the main advances made, new techniques and methods for vaccine development, and vaccine benefits and drawbacks.

Dr. Naeem Khan
Dr. Ajay S. Akhade
Guest Editors

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• antimicrobial resistance
• clinical and preclinical vaccine design
• types of vaccines
• adjuvant
• delivery
• safety