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Toxins
Special Issues
Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction
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Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 9741

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tomasz Góral

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland
Interests: Fusarium; mycotoxins; wheat; triticale; resistance breeding; durum wheat
Dr. Kinga Stuper-Szablewska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Genus Fusarium is a large and variable group of fungal species. Most of the species are pathogenic to agricultural crops. The most important diseases are Fusarium head blight of small grain cereals and Fusarium ear rot of maize. Fusarium species have the ability to produce toxic secondary metabolites which accumulate in grain and pose a threat to cereal consumers.

Therefore, I am guest editing a Special Issue that will collect research on Fusarium toxins. The aim of this Special Issue is to present the current knowledge on the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in agricultural products. Their occurrence is very variable and depends on year, region, country, and climatic conditions. The last factor should be focused on as we face changes in climate in many regions of the world, and this results in a Fusarium species frequency shift and hence an alteration of toxin composition and the emergence of new mycotoxins. Knowing the occurrence of Fusarium toxins, we can estimate the risk that they pose to consumers depending on their toxicity and the quantities in which they occur. There are different ways to reduce Fusarium toxins occurrence. Starting with agricultural practices, through genetic plant resistance to Fusarium diseases, chemical control, ending with food processing and detoxification treatments.

I look forward to your submissions to this Special Issue on “Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction”.

Dr. Tomasz Góral
Dr. Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Fusarium
  • mycotoxins
  • resistance
  • masked mycotoxins
  • toxicity
  • detoxification
  • chemical control

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2903 KiB  
Article
Zearalenone-14-Glucoside Is Hydrolyzed to Zearalenone by β-Glucosidase in Extracellular Matrix to Exert Intracellular Toxicity in KGN Cells
by Haonan Ruan, Yunyun Wang, Yong Hou, Jing Zhang, Jiashuo Wu, Fangqing Zhang, Ming Sui, Jiaoyang Luo and Meihua Yang
Toxins 2022, 14(7), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070458 - 04 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1837
Abstract
As one of the most important conjugated mycotoxins, zearalenone-14-glucoside (Z14G) has received widespread attention from researchers. Although the metabolism of Z14G in animals has been extensively studied, the intracellular toxicity and metabolic process of Z14G are not fully elucidated. In this study, the [...] Read more.
As one of the most important conjugated mycotoxins, zearalenone-14-glucoside (Z14G) has received widespread attention from researchers. Although the metabolism of Z14G in animals has been extensively studied, the intracellular toxicity and metabolic process of Z14G are not fully elucidated. In this study, the cytotoxicity of Z14G to human ovarian granulosa cells (KGN) and the metabolism of Z14G in KGN cells were determined. Furthermore, the experiments of co-administration of β-glucosidase and pre-administered β-glucosidase inhibitor (Conduritol B epoxide, CBE) were used to clarify the mechanism of Z14G toxicity release. Finally, the human colon adenocarcinoma cell (Caco-2) metabolism model was used to verify the toxicity release mechanism of Z14G. The results showed that the IC50 of Z14G for KGN cells was 420 μM, and the relative hydrolysis rate of Z14G on ZEN was 35% (25% extracellular and 10% intracellular in KGN cells). The results indicated that Z14G cannot enter cells, and Z14G is only hydrolyzed extracellularly to its prototype zearalenone (ZEN) by β-glucosidase which can exert toxic effects in cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the cytotoxicity of Z14G and clarified the toxicity release mechanism of Z14G. Different from previous findings, our results showed that Z14G cannot enter cells but exerts cytotoxicity through deglycosylation. This study promotes the formulation of a risk assessment and legislation limit for ZEN and its metabolites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction)
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20 pages, 38243 KiB  
Article
FumDSB Can Reduce the Toxic Effects of Fumonisin B1 by Regulating Several Brain-Gut Peptides in Both the Hypothalamus and Jejunum of Growing Pigs
by Quancheng Liu, Fuchang Li, Libo Huang, Wenjie Chen, Zhongyuan Li and Chunyang Wang
Toxins 2021, 13(12), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120874 - 07 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common food-borne mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species, posing a potential threat to human and animal health. Pigs are more sensitive to FB1 ingested from feed compared to other farmed livestock. Enzymatic degradation [...] Read more.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common food-borne mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species, posing a potential threat to human and animal health. Pigs are more sensitive to FB1 ingested from feed compared to other farmed livestock. Enzymatic degradation is an ideal detoxification method that has attracted much attention. This study aimed to explore the functional characteristics of the carboxylesterase FumDSB in growing pigs from the perspective of brain–gut regulation. A total of 24 growing pigs were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, the FB1 group was supplemented with FB1 at 5 mg/kg feed, and the FumDSB group received added FumDSB based on the diet of the FB1 group. After 35 days of animal trials, samples from the hypothalamus and jejunum were analyzed through HE staining, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that the ingestion of FB1 can reduce the feed intake and weight gain of growing pigs, indicating that several appetite-related brain-gut peptides (including NPY, PYY, ghrelin and obestatin, etc.) play important roles in the anorexia response induced by FB1. After adding FumDSB as detoxifying enzymes, however, the anorexia effects of FB1 were alleviated, and the expression and distribution of the corresponding brain-gut peptides exhibited a certain degree of regulation. In conclusion, the addition of FumDSB can reduce the anorexia effects of FB1 by regulating several brain-gut peptides in both the hypothalamus and the jejunum of growing pigs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction)
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9 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
Natural Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants from Western Poland
by Kinga Mruczyk, Angelika Cisek-Woźniak, Małgorzata Mizgier and Rafał W. Wójciak
Toxins 2021, 13(11), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110777 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1982
Abstract
The study examined 110 samples of baby products based on rice, wheat, maize and multi-grains available on the western Polish market in order to detect the level of deoxynivalenol (DON) by means of HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). DON [...] Read more.
The study examined 110 samples of baby products based on rice, wheat, maize and multi-grains available on the western Polish market in order to detect the level of deoxynivalenol (DON) by means of HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). DON was detected in 9.09% of the infant food samples, with an average and maximum level of 107.8 ± 30 and 148 μg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of DON was detected in food for infants: wheat-based (mean 121 ± 7.07, 4.8%), multi-grain (mean 118 ± 5.65, 4.25%) and maize-based (mean 100 ± 37.96; 35.30%). No high DON content and high estimated daily intake were observed in the analyzed products. However, in order to minimize the harmfulness associated with the presence of DON in food for infants and young children, a risk assessment should be performed based on the monitoring results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction)
25 pages, 9469 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Effects of Weather Conditions on Cereal Grain Contamination with Deoxynivalenol in the Baltic Sea Region
by Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt, Thomas Börjesson, Skaidre Suproniene, Małgorzata Jędryczka, Sigita Janavičienė, Tomasz Góral, Ida Karlsson, Yuliia Kochiieru, Piotr Ochodzki, Audronė Mankevičienė and Kristin Piikki
Toxins 2021, 13(11), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110737 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2615
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases of small-grain cereals worldwide, resulting in yield reduction and an accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in grain. Weather conditions are known to have a significant effect on the ability of fusaria [...] Read more.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases of small-grain cereals worldwide, resulting in yield reduction and an accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in grain. Weather conditions are known to have a significant effect on the ability of fusaria to infect cereals and produce toxins. In the past 10 years, severe outbreaks of FHB, and grain DON contamination exceeding the EU health safety limits, have occurred in countries in the Baltic Sea region. In this study, extensive data from field trials in Sweden, Poland and Lithuania were analysed to identify the most crucial weather variables for the ability of Fusarium to produce DON. Models were developed for the prediction of DON contamination levels in harvested grain exceeding 200 µg kg−1 for oats, spring barley and spring wheat in Sweden and winter wheat in Poland, and 1250 µg kg−1 for spring wheat in Lithuania. These models were able to predict high DON levels with an accuracy of 70–81%. Relative humidity (RH) and precipitation (PREC) were identified as the weather factors with the greatest influence on DON accumulation in grain, with high RH and PREC around flowering and later in grain development and ripening correlated with high DON levels. High temperatures during grain development and senescence reduced the risk of DON accumulation. The performance of the models, based only on weather variables, was relatively accurate. In future studies, it might be of interest to determine whether inclusion of variables such as pre-crop, agronomic factors and crop resistance to FHB could further improve the performance of the models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium Toxins: Occurrence, Risk and Reduction)
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