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Symmetry
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Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition
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Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 12122

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kejun Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China
Interests: renewable energy integration and utilization; flexible DC transmission system; DC grid; smart distribution network; integrated energy system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yongliang Liang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Power System Intelligent Dispatch and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Interests: fault analysis and identification of smart distribution networks; protection of active distribution networks; power transformer condition assessment; optimal dispatch of integrated energy system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhijie Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China
Interests: renewable energy integration; high-power converters; mathematical modelling; HVDC technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electrical power system can be regarded as a comprehensive symmetrical system of power supply and power consumption, which is facing numerous unprecedented threats and challenges from urgent low-carbon requirement, uncertain renewable power integration, severe natural disasters, energy costs climb, and so forth. In particular, the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources along with converters strengthens the asymmetry problem of distribution network. To achieve an affordable, clean, safe, stable, and resilient power supply and to address asymmetrical problems, new technologies are presented, which include but are not limited to the integrated energy system (IES), smart distribution network (SDN), multilevel high power converter (MHPC), advanced power system protection technology (APSP), direct current transmission and distribution techonology (DCTD), panoramic situation awareness (PSA), and high-voltage insulation technology (HVI). The planned issue of Symmetry seeks to show the great significance of expressing new ideas and conducting research. In the opinion of the Guest Editors, there are many potential possibilities for the application of new techonologies to solve the problems faced by conventional electrical systems. This Special Issue is intended to encourage scholars to submit their research in this interesting field of study.

Prof. Dr. Kejun Li
Dr. Yongliang Liang
Dr. Zhijie Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Asymmetrical Fault Characteristics Analysis
  • Three-phase imbalance analysis

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 32228 KiB  
Article
A Virtual Synchronous Generator-Based Control Strategy and Pre-Synchronization Method for a Four-Leg Inverter under Unbalanced Loads
by Zhenshan Huang, Zhijie Liu, Gang Shen, Kejun Li, Yuanzong Song and Baihe Su
Symmetry 2024, 16(9), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1764
Abstract
Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control has positive effects on the stability of microgrids. In practical power systems, both single-phase loads and three-phase unbalanced loads are present. The four-leg inverter is an alternative solution for the power supply of unbalanced loads and grid connections. [...] Read more.
Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control has positive effects on the stability of microgrids. In practical power systems, both single-phase loads and three-phase unbalanced loads are present. The four-leg inverter is an alternative solution for the power supply of unbalanced loads and grid connections. The traditional VSG control strategy still faces challenges when using a four-leg inverter to provide a symmetrical voltage and stable frequency in the load power supply and pre-synchronization. This paper proposes a VSG-based control strategy along with a pre-synchronization method for four-leg inverters. An improved VSG control strategy is put forward for four-leg inverters. The improved virtual impedance control and power calculation methods are integrated into the control loop to suppress the voltage asymmetry and frequency ripples. Building on the improved VSG control strategy, a pre-synchronization control approach is proposed to minimize the amplitude and phase angle discrepancies between the inverter output voltage and the power grid voltage. In addition, an optimized design method for control parameters is presented to improve VSG dynamic performance. A hardware prototype of the four-leg inverter is built; the results show that the voltage unbalance ratio can be reduced by 89%, and the response time can be shortened by 50%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 11667 KiB  
Article
Economic Scheduling Strategy for Multi-Energy-Integrated Highway Service Centers Considering Carbon Trading and Critical Peak Pricing Mechanism
by Xiaoxue Ge, Zhijie Liu, Kejun Li, Chenxian Guo, Gang Shen and Zichen Wang
Symmetry 2024, 16(9), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091110 - 26 Aug 2024
Viewed by 914
Abstract
This study proposes an optimized economic scheduling strategy for multi-energy-integrated highway service centers (MEIHSCs) within a 24 h operational timeframe. With the imperative of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, highway areas are increasingly incorporating renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaic arrays, to capitalize [...] Read more.
This study proposes an optimized economic scheduling strategy for multi-energy-integrated highway service centers (MEIHSCs) within a 24 h operational timeframe. With the imperative of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, highway areas are increasingly incorporating renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaic arrays, to capitalize on abundant resources along highways. Considering the diverse load demands of new energy vehicles and the mismatch between energy supply and demand on the highway, MEIHSCs must adapt to these trends by establishing integrated networks for electricity, natural gas, and hydrogen refueling. However, there is a lack of coordination between equipment switching and the phases of low electricity prices and peak renewable energy periods. To address this challenge and improve economic efficiency, this study proposes an economic dispatch strategy that combines economic incentives based on carbon trading and critical peak pricing mechanisms. This strategy aims to maximize economic benefits while fully meeting the load demands of new energy vehicles. Case studies indicate that operating costs are reduced by 28.04% compared to strategies without new energy installations, and by 47.85% compared to strategies without optimization. The results demonstrate that this integrated and optimized strategy significantly reduces energy costs and enhances economic benefits in highway service centers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 7350 KiB  
Article
A Symmetric Sixth-Order Step-Up Converter with Asymmetric PWM Achieved with Small Energy Storage Components
by Iván Dueñas-García, Julio C. Rosas-Caro, Hector R. Robles-Campos, Johnny Posada, Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz, Antonio Valderrabano-Gonzalez, Hossam A. Gabbar and Bhanu Babaiahgari
Symmetry 2024, 16(4), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040460 - 10 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1289
Abstract
This research explores an improved operation of a recently studied converter, the so-called two-phase sixth-order boost converter (2P6OBC). The converter consists of a symmetric design of power stations followed by an LC filter; its improved operation incorporates an asymmetric pulse width modulation (PWM) [...] Read more.
This research explores an improved operation of a recently studied converter, the so-called two-phase sixth-order boost converter (2P6OBC). The converter consists of a symmetric design of power stations followed by an LC filter; its improved operation incorporates an asymmetric pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme for transistor switching, sometimes known as an interleaved PWM approach. The new operation leads to improved performance for the 2P6OBC. Along with studying the 2P6OBC, one of the contributions of this research is providing design equations for the converter and comparing it versus the interleaved (or multiphase) boost converter, known for its competitiveness and advantages; the single-phase boost topology was also included in the comparison. The comparison consisted of a design scenario where all converters must achieve the same power conversion with an established maximum switching ripple, and then the stored energy in passive components is compared. Although the 2P6OBC requires a greater number of components, the total amount of stored energy is smaller. It is known that the stored energy is related to the size of the passive components. Still, the article includes a discussion of this topic. The new operation of the converter offers more streamlined, cost-effective, and efficient alternatives for a range of applications within power electronics. The final design of the 2P6OBC required only 68% of the stored energy in inductors compared to the multiphase boost converter, and 60% of the stored energy in capacitors. This result is outstanding, considering that the multiphase boost converter is a very competitive topology. Experimental results are provided to validate the proposed concept. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 10336 KiB  
Article
Accurate Electromagnetic Force Analysis of Offshore Wind Power Transformer Windings Based on Fractional Order Lumped Parameter Model
by Hui Zhong, Yuheng Zuo, Runze Wang, Li Zhang and Xiaoshan Ouyang
Symmetry 2023, 15(9), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15091768 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1465
Abstract
Accurate calculation of the electromagnetic force distribution of transformer windings under different loads and fault conditions is of great significance for transformer maintenance, condition evaluation and life prediction. Due to the influence of offshore wind power systems, offshore wind power transformers have high [...] Read more.
Accurate calculation of the electromagnetic force distribution of transformer windings under different loads and fault conditions is of great significance for transformer maintenance, condition evaluation and life prediction. Due to the influence of offshore wind power systems, offshore wind power transformers have high harmonic content and large changes in load rates, which can easily cause the coil destabilization, winding deformation or even damage because of the uneven distribution of the electromagnetic force. To improve the accuracy of electromagnetic force calculation, this paper proposes a fractional order numerical method. First, a three-dimensional axisymmetric transformer model and a symmetrical lumped parameter equivalent circuit model are established, respectively, based on field-circuit coupling. Second, the fractional order approximation of circuit components is realized by using the improved Oustaloup filter. In the fractional order model, the transformer is replaced by the lumped parameter equivalent circuit model. Third, as in the calculation process for integer order electromagnetic force, the integer order current has a large error, and the current waveform does not match the actual power frequency. The fractional order current and electromagnetic force at the 0.9 order are closer to the rated value. Finally, the effects of different load rates, three-phase short circuits and harmonic conditions are studied with the fractional order model. Compared with the traditional integer order finite element electromagnetic model, the fractional order equivalent circuit model established in this paper is more accurate and suitable for electromagnetic force calculation. The proposed method is significant for the structural design and state detection of transformers and also could be applied in the analysis of other dry-type transformers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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10 pages, 1551 KiB  
Article
Variable Step Size Methods of the Hybrid Affine Projection Adaptive Filtering Algorithm under Symmetrical Non-Gaussian Noise
by Xingli Zhou, Guoliang Li, Hongbin Zhang and Xin Cao
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061158 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1497
Abstract
The idea of variable step-size was introduced into the Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (H-APA) and we propose two variable step size algorithms based on H-APA, which are called the Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (VSS-H-APA) and the Modified Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine [...] Read more.
The idea of variable step-size was introduced into the Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (H-APA) and we propose two variable step size algorithms based on H-APA, which are called the Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (VSS-H-APA) and the Modified Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (MVSS-H-APA). These are two variable-step algorithms aim to further improve the robust performance and convergence speed of H-APA under non-Gaussian noise. This allows for faster convergence while maintaining stability. The MVSS-H-APA goes further than VSS-H-APA to estimate the noise in order to achieve better convergence performance. The proposed algorithm performs better than the existing algorithms in system identification under symmetric non-Gaussian noise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 6284 KiB  
Article
Micromagnetic Simulation of Saturation Magnetization of Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys under High-Frequency Excitation
by Kaihang Guo, Liang Zou, Lingjun Dai and Li Zhang
Symmetry 2022, 14(7), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14071443 - 14 Jul 2022
Viewed by 2549
Abstract
In order to explore the magnetic moment rotation in nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys under high-frequency sinusoidal excitation, based on G. Herzer’s stochastic anisotropy theory and symmetry principle, a three-dimensional model of nanocrystalline alloy was established, and a sinusoidal alternating magnetic field with a [...] Read more.
In order to explore the magnetic moment rotation in nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys under high-frequency sinusoidal excitation, based on G. Herzer’s stochastic anisotropy theory and symmetry principle, a three-dimensional model of nanocrystalline alloy was established, and a sinusoidal alternating magnetic field with a frequency f of 1 kHz to 10 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.1 T to 0.8 T was applied to the model. The magnetic moment movement in the magnetization process is investigated at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels by defining the magnetic moment deflection velocity ω and magnetization rate v, respectively. The results show that ω is positively correlated with the alternating magnetic field f and H, and the increase of f has a particularly significant effect on ω growth compared with the increase of H. Then the function relation between ω and f and H is obtained by fitting. In which the coefficient of f is much larger than that of H, about 2.5 times that of H. Finally, the magnetization curve is measured by an AC measuring device, and the functional relations between v and the alternating magnetic fields f and H are obtained, in which the coefficient of f is much larger than that of H, about 2.75 times that of H. This value is approximately the same as that of the ω analysis, at the same time the relative error is only 9.1%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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11 pages, 1716 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Ignition Point of High Voltage Cable Trenches Based on Ceiling Temperature Distribution
by Hongmin Yang, Liang Zou, Zhiping Song, Xiaolong Wang, Ying Sun and Yubing Duan
Symmetry 2022, 14(7), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14071417 - 10 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1760
Abstract
With the improvement of the development level of power systems, high voltage cable trenches are being widely used in power systems. The high voltage cable trench is characteristically strongly sealed, which makes it difficult to find a fire in the trench. In order [...] Read more.
With the improvement of the development level of power systems, high voltage cable trenches are being widely used in power systems. The high voltage cable trench is characteristically strongly sealed, which makes it difficult to find a fire in the trench. In order to judge the development of an early cable fire, the relationship between the ceiling temperature distribution and the location of cable ignition points was studied. According to the idea of symmetry, this paper adopts the experimental method of symmetrical double ignition points, carries out several groups of longitudinally symmetrical cable fire combustion experiments with high voltage cable trenches as the carrier, and establishes an equation for calculating the fitness of the relationship between the ceiling temperature and the distance from the ignition point. The results show that the temperature measurement results of the 1:1 high voltage cable trench experimental platform are accurate; in the longitudinal direction, the ceiling temperature decreases from the ignition point to both sides, and the temperature change curve has obvious stage characteristics; within a range of 5 m from the expected ignition point, the average identification accuracy reaches 97.0%. In the early stage of a substation cable trench fire, the two-point temperature measurement and ignition point identification method of high voltage cable trenches based on ceiling temperature distribution proposed in this paper can effectively identify the location of the ignition point along the longitudinal direction of cable trench. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3rd Edition)
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