Symmetries in Galaxies: Structure, Motion, and Evolution of Galaxies

A Special Issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994) belonging to the section "C: Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 967

Editors


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Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Interests: astronomy; astrophysics; stellar populations; star formation; galaxy; galaxy formation; galaxy evolution; galactic nuclei; star clusters; stars; stellar photometry; spectroscopy; observations; space telescope; time domain

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Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Observatory, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: astronomy; communicating astronomy with the public; astronomy outreach; galaxy
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Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Interests: stars and gas in galaxies; nuclear astrophysics; theoretical cosmology; theoretical astrophysics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies remains a fundamental pursuit in modern astrophysics. Galaxies are shaped by a complex interplay of processes—including star formation, stellar and AGN feedback, chemical enrichment, gas accretion, mergers, and interactions with their environments—while also affecting those surroundings through energy and momentum input. These processes must be reconciled with cosmological models and interpreted within the framework of multi-wavelength observations across cosmic time. 

This Special Issue is devoted to both new observational constraints and emerging theoretical interpretations that advance our understanding of how galaxies form and evolve. In the context of Symmetry, this Special Issue highlights how symmetry and its breaking play a central role in shaping galaxies. From the large-scale structure of the Universe to the internal morphologies of galaxies, symmetry governs the initial conditions of formation, while departures from symmetry (e.g., through interactions, mergers, or instabilities) drive evolutionary change. Exploring when and how these symmetries emerge, persist, or are broken provides critical insight into the underlying physics that governs galactic systems. We invite contributions that explore galaxy evolution from multiple angles, including, but not limited to, resolved stellar populations, star formation histories, gas dynamics, chemical enrichment, galaxy morphology and kinematics, numerical simulations, environmental effects, and insights from large-scale and multi-wavelength surveys.

Dr. Zhuo Chen
Dr. Sandor Frey
Prof. Dr. Grant Mathews
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • galaxy formation
  • galaxy evolution
  • star formation
  • chemical enrichment
  • feedback
  • cosmological simulations
  • galaxy morphology and kinematics
  • large-scale surveys

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

47 pages, 1157 KB  
Article
A Transport–Information Geometric Formulation of Cosmic Structure Formation: A Unified Dual-Affine Perspective
by Tsutomu T. Takeuchi
Symmetry 2026, 18(6), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18060992 - 9 Jun 2026
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Cosmic large-scale structure formation is commonly described in terms of the evolution of density fluctuations and correlation statistics. However, such approaches primarily characterize amplitude variations and do not directly capture the spatial rearrangement of mass distributions. Recent developments based on optimal transport theory [...] Read more.
Cosmic large-scale structure formation is commonly described in terms of the evolution of density fluctuations and correlation statistics. However, such approaches primarily characterize amplitude variations and do not directly capture the spatial rearrangement of mass distributions. Recent developments based on optimal transport theory have introduced a complementary perspective, in which structure formation is understood as a transport process in the space of probability measures equipped with Wasserstein geometry. In this work, we extend this framework by introducing transport–information geometry, which unifies transport geometry with information geometry. Within this formulation, cosmological states are represented as elements of the product space of probability measures and statistical manifolds, allowing gravitational mass transport and generative deformations associated with galaxy formation to be treated in a unified manner. Using entropic optimal transport, we demonstrate that Wasserstein geometry and Kullback–Leibler-based information geometry are connected within a single mathematical structure, leading to a geometric interpretation of cosmological evolution as a coupled transport–information process endowed with a dual-affine structure. In this picture, gravitational evolution corresponds to generative deformation associated with e-geometry, while observational processes, including finite sampling and survey selection, are described as mixing and projection in m-geometry. This dual-affine cosmology provides a unified framework in which gravitational transport, galaxy bias, observational effects, and nonlinear multi-stream structures are consistently incorporated. The resulting formulation offers a systematic basis for cosmological inference, data analysis, and stochastic descriptions of structure formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries in Galaxies: Structure, Motion, and Evolution of Galaxies)
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