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Sustainability
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Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Fire Suppression Systems
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Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Fire Suppression Systems

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Chemical Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 6414

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jerzy Gałaj

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: fire suppression systems; fire environment; spray characteristics; fire modelling; modelling of extinguishing process; fire safety
Dr. Damian Saleta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, The Main School of Fire Service, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: fire environment; toxicity of fire environment; fire modelling; fire safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the reasons for the gradual warming of the climate is the constantly increasing number of fires in the world. Since the extinguishing process is closely related to their impact on the environment, one should strive to use innovative fire suppression techniques that will cause the lowest possible losses. These techniques should take into account the extinguishing of both internal fires in buildings and external fires, e.g., forest fires. Research in the field of innovative technologies for sustainable fire suppression systems should ideally focus on identifying reliable solutions for the lasting extinguishing effect and prevention of re-ignition. It should also consider safety of fire crews, economy and efficiency in the use of extinguishing media, minimization of fire loss, contaminated run-off, and other forms of contamination of the natural environment. Important factors also include the reduction of extinguishing time as well as exclusion of human operators from the immediate vicinity to direct threats. Research should also aim to identify directions of development in the above-mentioned areas in light of threats created by technological advancements such as energy storage, photovoltaics, hydrogen use, and others.

This Special Issue should cover the following topics:

  1. Application of innovative technologies in design and implementation of sustainable fire suppression systems;
  2. Impact of extinguishing process on the fire environment;
  3. Simulation tests of fire suppression systems;
  4. Mist, gas, or hybrid extinguishing systems;
  5. Application of innovative technologies in the construction of water and foam nozzles;
  6. Firefighters’ safety during fire extinguishing;
  7. Experimental tests of sustainable fire suppression systems;
  8. Economy and efficiency in the use of extinguishing media;
  9. Minimalization of fire loss and contamination of the natural environment;
  10. Development of fire suppression systems including new threats (energy storage, photovoltaics, hydrogen, and others).

Dr. Jerzy Gałaj
Dr. Damian Saleta
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fire suppression systems
  • fire environment
  • fire safety
  • full scale tests
  • simulation
  • fire extinguishing
  • toxicity
  • sustainability

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1460 KiB  
Article
Diagnosing the Institutional Forces Impacting Australia’s Aerial Firefighting Capability
by Maddison Seeley, Hamish Hede, Mitchell Bylart and John Rodwell
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021636 - 14 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1200
Abstract
Climate change is resulting in more wildfires, and increasingly, there are overlapping wildfire seasons between the northern and southern hemispheres. The changing climate is especially impacting the nature of aerial firefighting. This study uses an institutional lens to analyse the resources and structures [...] Read more.
Climate change is resulting in more wildfires, and increasingly, there are overlapping wildfire seasons between the northern and southern hemispheres. The changing climate is especially impacting the nature of aerial firefighting. This study uses an institutional lens to analyse the resources and structures associated with aerial firefighting in Australia. A set of convergent interviews of subject matter experts surfaced the key issues that have led to the current aerial firefighting situation in Australia and showed the relationships between issues. The convergent interviewing method is used to identify the core, common issues that influence the aerial firefighting system in Australia. The results highlight how aerial firefighting suffers due to the complexities that exist between the states and from a lack of a national strategy. A lack of process standardisation, an overreliance on, often international, LATs and the lack of a coordinated mitigation approach are particularly notable specific issues. Institutional theory suggests that Australia’s aerial firefighting capability has succumbed to isomorphic pressures, with the desire for legitimacy driving ever-increasing institutionalization. To respond to the changing environment, institutional entrepreneurs will be needed to create new norms and significantly change the embedded structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Fire Suppression Systems)
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18 pages, 4486 KiB  
Article
Explosion Risks during Firefighting Operations in Storage Rooms and the Transport of Ammonium Nitrate-Based Fertilizers
by Paweł Wolny, Norbert Tuśnio and Filip Mikołajczyk
Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8565; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148565 - 13 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a strong oxidizer that undergoes phase transitions and thermal decomposition at relatively low temperatures. This—as verified by historical facts—constitutes a challenge for the fire department during rescue operations. AN is also a highly reactive material widely used for the [...] Read more.
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a strong oxidizer that undergoes phase transitions and thermal decomposition at relatively low temperatures. This—as verified by historical facts—constitutes a challenge for the fire department during rescue operations. AN is also a highly reactive material widely used for the production of, i.a., fertilizers and explosives. The latter are popular not only in military applications but also in industrial ones, such as mining. They include ammonites and amatols utilized in coal mining, as well as Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) utilized in, i.a., rock mining. As a simple and cheap material, ANFO also tends to be used by terrorists. The spontaneous formation of an AN and polymers mixture—similar to ANFO in terms of composition and explosion force—was observed in fire conditions during previous research. At individual stages (from creation to exploitation), AN often comes into direct contact with various polymers. Polyolefins, in particular polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), are among the most popular groups of such materials. They are used for the production of, i.a., foil packaging and flexible intermediate bulk containers for the storage and transport of fertilizers. Despite the frequent mutual contact of these materials, there is little information in the literature on the interaction of AN and its polymer-made packaging in fire conditions. For this reason, it was decided to conduct a series of thermal analyses using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to study the material behavior under the influence of high temperature. As it turns out in practice, the spontaneous formation of a mixture similar to ANFO—in terms of composition and explosion force—can be observed in fire conditions. Due to the results indicating a potentially explosive course of the reaction, laboratory tests on the macro scale were also carried out. The performed observations show that it may be necessary to create a procedure containing several different test methods in order to predict a mixture’s behavior during a fire and to define the appropriate guidelines for firefighting teams. Such guidelines would enable firefighters to prepare the right equipment during a firefighting operation and to develop a strategy based on the observed course of events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Fire Suppression Systems)
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18 pages, 4282 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Water Quality Change on the Corrosion Process in Galvanized Pipes of Fire Protection Installations
by Małgorzata Wojtkowska, Agnieszka Malesińska, Agnieszka Machowska, Pierfabrizio Puntorieri, Giuseppe Barbaro, Vincenzo Fiamma and Stanisław Biedugnis
Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 7708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137708 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1483
Abstract
The article presents the results of an investigation of water composition and quality in sprinkler installations, as well as the influence of temperature changes on the corrosion process. The physical and chemical components of the water were measured to ascertain the influence of [...] Read more.
The article presents the results of an investigation of water composition and quality in sprinkler installations, as well as the influence of temperature changes on the corrosion process. The physical and chemical components of the water were measured to ascertain the influence of its properties on the corrosion process in a wet pipe sprinkler system operating in significantly changing ambient temperature conditions. The article presents the results of measurements of the wall thickness of galvanized pipes and changes in the chemical composition of water occurring under the influence of variable ambient temperature. The range and variability of temperatures corresponded to the seasons of the year: spring and summer in a temperate climate. Changes in the corrosive aggressiveness of water were assessed using the Langelier saturation index (LSI), the Ryznar stability index (RSI), and the general acidity intensity index (I). The tests revealed that the tap water used demonstrated strong corrosive properties for galvanized pipes. The calculated indices showed the tendency of water to cause corrosion (−1.1 > LSI < 1.0; RSI = 7.1–12.8). The chemical parameters that significantly influenced the corrosion of galvanized pipes are chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions. An important factor contributing to the intensification of corrosion is the roughness and heterogeneity of the pipe surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Fire Suppression Systems)
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16 pages, 4253 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Impact of Extinguishing with a Low-Pressure Fog Lance on a Fire Environment
by Jerzy Gałaj and Bartłomiej Wójcik
Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6731; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116731 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
A main purpose of the study was to assess the impact of extinguishing with a low-pressure fog lance on a fire environment, especially of temperature. A low-pressure fog lance has recently been recommended for fighting fires in either limited spaces or difficult to [...] Read more.
A main purpose of the study was to assess the impact of extinguishing with a low-pressure fog lance on a fire environment, especially of temperature. A low-pressure fog lance has recently been recommended for fighting fires in either limited spaces or difficult to access places. Four tests were conducted in real internal fire conditions. The following lances were used in sequential tests: fognail attack, MK with attack head, fognail defense and MK with defense head. They were fed from a fire vehicle GBA 2.5/24 equipped with a pump with automatic pressure regulation and hose lines W75 and W52. The temperature was measured with thermocouples at various points of the room, including the ceiling. Photographic documentation of the tests was prepared using thermal and video cameras. The best way of using a fog lance was established from literature sources and the manufacturer’s requirements. Two main factors of effective firefighting were observed during the tests: smoke cooling and isolation of the fire by formed water vapor. The use of a fog lance significantly improves of fire-fighting operations. A proper application of water mist eliminates the risk of fire gases’ ignition. The assumed times of ensuring safe conditions in the room were confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Fire Suppression Systems)
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