The Influence of Water Quality Change on the Corrosion Process in Galvanized Pipes of Fire Protection Installations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research
2.1. Assumptions/Scheme of the Experiment
2.2. Wall Thickness Measurements
2.3. Water Chemistry Test
- -
- a group of indicators characterizing salinity-conductivity, chlorides, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, total hardness
- -
- a group of indicators characterizing acidification (acidification)-pH, alkalinity
- -
- a group of indicators characterizing the corrosiveness of water-the content of free carbon dioxide (total acidity of water), reaction, carbonate hardness of water, total alkalinity of water, content of bicarbonates, dissolved substances.
- -
- a group of indicators characterizing the biogenic conditions (nutrients)-ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen (V), phosphate nitrogen.
- -
- metals: concentrations of iron, zinc, and copper.
3. Research Results
- -
- Pipe 4: visible white coating of the pipe surface with local small corrosion pits.
- -
- Pipe 5: the entire surface is evenly covered with a rusty tarnish.
- -
- Pipe 8: the entire surface is evenly covered with a white tarnish.
- -
- Pipe 12: the surface is covered with a white tarnish with point pitting.
- -
- Pipe 15: surface covered with a rusty tarnish, locally visible white corrosion centers in the form of spots and streaks.
It indicates the required amount of CO2 providing the balance between dissolved bicarbonate and undissolved calcium carbonate. The content of aggressive and bound carbon dioxide expressed in the equation is taken into account:
AI = [CO2]2 [CO2zw] + [CO2agr]
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen No | Initial Values 9 January 2020 | 10 January 2022 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empty Tube Mass S | Cups | Tube with Water Mass | L | D | V | G | Empty Tube Mass S | G | |||||||
g | g | g | mm | mm | mm3 | mm | g | mm | |||||||
1 | 2171.5 | 2171.4 | 31.6 | 31.7 | 3173.4 | 3173 | 447 | 447.0 | 53.2 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.5 | 2171.6 | 2171.4 | 3.5 |
2171.3 | 31.7 | 3173.1 | 447 | 53 | 3.6 | 2171.3 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2171.3 | 31.7 | 3173.1 | 446.9 | 52.5 | 3.5 | 2171.3 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2 | 2219.2 | 2219.1 | 32 | 32.0 | 3219.2 | 3219 | 445.5 | 445.7 | 53.2 | 53.1 | 4 × 106 | 3.5 | 2219.2 | 2219.0 | 3.5 |
2219.1 | 32 | 3218.9 | 445 | 52.9 | 3.6 | 2219.0 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2218.9 | 32 | 3218.9 | 446.5 | 53.3 | 3.6 | 2219.1 | 3.6 | ||||||||
3 | 2175.5 | 2175.4 | 31.2 | 31.3 | 3174.9 | 3174.9 | 446.5 | 445.8 | 52.9 | 52.6 | 4 × 106 | 3.6 | 2175.7 | 2175.5 | 3.5 |
2175.3 | 31.3 | 3175.1 | 445.5 | 52.8 | 3.6 | 2175.5 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2175.3 | 31.3 | 3174.6 | 445.5 | 52 | 3.6 | 2175.5 | 3.5 | ||||||||
4 | 2184.8 | 2184.7 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 3175.9 | 3175.8 | 445.5 | 445.5 | 52.7 | 52.6 | 4 × 106 | 3.5 | 2185.4 | 2185.1 | 3.6 |
2184.6 | 31.8 | 3175.8 | 445.5 | 52.7 | 3.5 | 2185.2 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2184.7 | 31.7 | 3175.7 | 445.5 | 52.5 | 3.6 | 2185.2 | 3.5 | ||||||||
5 | 2108.4 | 2108.4 | 31.5 | 31.6 | 3117.7 | 3117.7 | 445 | 444.8 | 52.9 | 52.8 | 4 × 106 | 3.3 | 2108.7 | 2108.6 | 3.5 |
2108.4 | 31.7 | 3117.7 | 445 | 53.4 | 3.3 | 2108.6 | 3.5 | ||||||||
2108.4 | 31.6 | 3117.6 | 444.5 | 52.2 | 3.2 | 2108.5 | 3.4 | ||||||||
6 | 2167.6 | 2167.4 | 31.9 | 32.0 | 3155.9 | 3155.7 | 445.5 | 445.5 | 52.7 | 52.4 | 4 × 106 | 3.5 | 2167.9 | 2167.6 | 3.6 |
2167.4 | 32 | 3155.7 | 445.5 | 52.4 | 3.5 | 2167.7 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2167.3 | 32.1 | 3155.6 | 445.5 | 52 | 3.5 | 2167.7 | 3.5 | ||||||||
7 | 2214.5 | 2214.3 | 31.9 | 31.9 | 3213.8 | 3213.6 | 445.5 | 445.2 | 52.8 | 53.1 | 4 × 106 | 3.5 | 2214.6 | 2214.4 | 3.5 |
2214.2 | 31.9 | 3213.5 | 445 | 53 | 3.5 | 2214.3 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2214.2 | 31.9 | 3213.5 | 445 | 53.4 | 3.6 | 2214.3 | 3.5 | ||||||||
8 | 2173.9 | 2173.8 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 3170.5 | 3170.4 | 445.5 | 445.5 | 52.5 | 52.8 | 4 × 106 | 3.6 | 2174.0 | 2173.9 | 3.7 |
2173.7 | 31.8 | 3170.4 | 445.5 | 52.9 | 3.6 | 2173.8 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2173.8 | 31.9 | 3170.2 | 445.5 | 53 | 3.4 | 2173.8 | 3.5 | ||||||||
9 | 2124.5 | 2124.4 | 31.3 | 31.4 | 3137 | 3137.0 | 446.5 | 446.5 | 53.3 | 53.4 | 4 × 106 | 3.4 | 2124.7 | 2124.6 | 3.4 |
2124.3 | 31.4 | 3137 | 446.5 | 53.5 | 3.4 | 2124.6 | 3.4 | ||||||||
2124.4 | 31.4 | 3137.1 | 446.5 | 53.3 | 3.5 | 2124.6 | 3.4 | ||||||||
10 | 2139.9 | 2139.8 | 31.7 | 31.7 | 3161.8 | 3161.8 | 450 | 450.0 | 53 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.4 | 2140.1 | 2139.9 | 3.4 |
2139.8 | 31.6 | 3161.9 | 450 | 52.8 | 3.5 | 2139.9 | 3.5 | ||||||||
2139.7 | 31.7 | 3161.8 | 450 | 52.8 | 3.4 | 2139.8 | 3.4 | ||||||||
11 | 2146.9 | 2146.8 | 31.5 | 31.6 | 3162 | 3162.0 | 450 | 450.0 | 53 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.4 | 2147.2 | 2147.0 | 3.4 |
2146.8 | 31.6 | 3162 | 450 | 53.2 | 3.4 | 2147.0 | 3.4 | ||||||||
2146.8 | 31.6 | 3162 | 450 | 52.6 | 3.4 | 2146.9 | 3.4 | ||||||||
12 | 2200.9 | 2200.9 | 31.4 | 31.5 | 3213.4 | 3213.4 | 445.5 | 445.5 | 52.7 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.6 | 2201.3 | 2201.1 | 3.4 |
2200.9 | 31.6 | 3213.4 | 445.5 | 53.4 | 3.5 | 2201.1 | 3.4 | ||||||||
2200.9 | 31.6 | 3213.4 | 445.5 | 52.7 | 3.5 | 2201.1 | 3.4 | ||||||||
13 | 2174.3 | 2174.2 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 3183.5 | 3183.5 | 445 | 445.5 | 52.9 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.5 | 2174.6 | 2174.4 | 3.4 |
2174.2 | 31.5 | 3183.5 | 446 | 52.9 | 3.6 | 2174.4 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2174.2 | 31.5 | 3183.5 | 445.5 | 53 | 3.6 | 2174.3 | 3.6 | ||||||||
14 | 2238.3 | 2238.2 | 31.3 | 31.3 | 3248.4 | 3248.4 | 450 | 448.5 | 53 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.6 | 2238.4 | 2238.2 | 3.6 |
2238.2 | 31.3 | 3248.4 | 445.5 | 53 | 3.6 | 2238.1 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2238.2 | 31.3 | 3248.4 | 450 | 52.8 | 3.6 | 2238.2 | 3.6 | ||||||||
15 | 2110.7 | 2110.7 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 3119.5 | 3119.5 | 445 | 445.0 | 53 | 53.0 | 4 × 106 | 3.6 | 2111.4 | 2111.1 | 3.5 |
2110.7 | 31.4 | 3119.5 | 445 | 53.2 | 3.6 | 2111.2 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2110.7 | 31.5 | 3119.5 | 445 | 52.9 | 3.6 | 2111.1 | 3.6 | ||||||||
16 | 2233.8 | 2233.8 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 3232.7 | 3232.7 | 446 | 445.7 | 53.3 | 52.9 | 4 × 106 | 3.7 | 2234.0 | 2233.9 | 3.6 |
2233.8 | 31.4 | 3232.7 | 445.5 | 52.7 | 3.6 | 2233.9 | 3.6 | ||||||||
2233.8 | 31.4 | 3232.7 | 445.5 | 52.8 | 3.7 | 2233.8 | 3.7 | ||||||||
17 | 2122.2 | 2122.2 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 3136.8 | 3136.8 | 445 | 445.0 | 53.3 | 53.4 | 4 × 106 | 3.4 | 2122.1 | 2122.1 | 3.4 |
2122.2 | 31.7 | 3136.8 | 445 | 53.6 | 3.5 | 2121.9 | 3.5 | ||||||||
2122.2 | 31.8 | 3136.8 | 445 | 53.4 | 3.4 | 2121.8 | 3.4 |
Parameter | Units | Examined Water |
---|---|---|
pH | - | 7.35 |
General alkalinity | mval/L | 3.2 |
Overall hardness | mval/L | 5.0 |
Calcium hardness | mval/L | 3.7 |
Carbon dioxide free | mg/L | 8.8 |
Aggressive carbon dioxide | mg/L | 2.2 |
Nitrates l | mg/L | 1.9 |
Sulfur | mg/L | 75 |
Chlorides | mg/L | 127.8 |
Phosphates | mg/L | 0.19 |
Dry residue l | mg/L | 534 |
Conductivity | μS/cm | 475 |
Oxidability | mg O2/L | 1.1 |
Specimen No | Observed Change | Before | After | Increment |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 | Change in wall thickness | 3.3 mm | 3.5 mm | +0.2 mm |
3.3 mm | 3.5 mm | +0.2 mm | ||
3.2 mm | 3.4 mm | +0.2 mm | ||
8 | 3.6 mm | 3.7 mm | +0.1 mm | |
3.6 mm | 3.6 mm | +0.0 mm | ||
3.4 mm | 3.5 mm | +0.1 mm | ||
12 | 3.6 mm | 3.4 mm | −0.2 mm | |
3.5 mm | 3.4 mm | −0.1 mm | ||
3.5 mm | 3.4 mm | −0.1 mm | ||
4 | Change in mass | 2184.7 g | 2185.1 g | +0.4 g |
15 | 2110.7 g | 2111.1 g | +0.4 g |
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Wojtkowska, M.; Malesińska, A.; Machowska, A.; Puntorieri, P.; Barbaro, G.; Fiamma, V.; Biedugnis, S. The Influence of Water Quality Change on the Corrosion Process in Galvanized Pipes of Fire Protection Installations. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7708. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137708
Wojtkowska M, Malesińska A, Machowska A, Puntorieri P, Barbaro G, Fiamma V, Biedugnis S. The Influence of Water Quality Change on the Corrosion Process in Galvanized Pipes of Fire Protection Installations. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7708. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137708
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojtkowska, Małgorzata, Agnieszka Malesińska, Agnieszka Machowska, Pierfabrizio Puntorieri, Giuseppe Barbaro, Vincenzo Fiamma, and Stanisław Biedugnis. 2022. "The Influence of Water Quality Change on the Corrosion Process in Galvanized Pipes of Fire Protection Installations" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7708. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137708