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Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing
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Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 27098

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. José Manuel Dı́az-Cruz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electrochemical sensors; screen-printed devices; chemometrics; heavy metal ions; food authentication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Núria Serrano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electrochemical sensors; screen-printed devices; chemometrics; persistent and emerging pollutants; electronic tongues; liquid chromatography; food authentication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Screen-printing is a well-established and recognized approach towards the rapid, simple, and inexpensive fabrication of sensors and biosensors.

The surface of a screen-printed electrode can be easily modified by the formation of a metal film or the incorporation of nanomaterials or (bio)molecules to fit multiple purposes related to the analysis of different analytes in environmental, agricultural, biomedical, and food fields. Their design versatility, low-cost character, miniaturized size, and the option of being connected to portable instrumentation, which permits the on-site determination of analytes, are important advantages of these devices.

With the increased use of screen-printed electrodes for research purposes over recent years, ensuring the dissemination of novel approaches and applications available has become essential. In this regard, this Special Issue devoted to screen-printed electrodes for sensing will cover the advances in screen-printing technology for sensing purposes, from the development of new sensors and sensor arrays based on screen-printed electrodes to their related applications in environmental monitoring, agri-food control, and biomedical analysis. Both research papers and review articles will be considered. We look forward to and welcome your participation in this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. José Manuel Dı́az-Cruz
Prof. Dr. Núria Serrano
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Chemical sensors
  • Biosensors
  • Screen-printing
  • Nanomaterials
  • Microfluidics devices
  • Multi-sensor arrays
  • Voltammetric sensors
  • Amperometric sensors
  • Electrochemical detection
  • Data analysis or pattern recognition
  • Environmental monitoring
  • Agri-food analysis
  • Biomedical applications
  • On-site analysis

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2998 KiB  
Article
Spectroelectrochemical Determination of Isoprenaline in a Pharmaceutical Sample
by Fabiola Olmo, Jesus Garoz-Ruiz, Julia Carazo, Alvaro Colina and Aranzazu Heras
Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5179; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185179 - 11 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2572
Abstract
UV/Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a multi-response technique that has been commonly used for the characterization of materials and the study of reaction mechanisms. However, it has been scarcely used for quantitative purposes. SEC allows us to obtain two analytical signals simultaneously, yielding [...] Read more.
UV/Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a multi-response technique that has been commonly used for the characterization of materials and the study of reaction mechanisms. However, it has been scarcely used for quantitative purposes. SEC allows us to obtain two analytical signals simultaneously, yielding a dual sensor in just one experiment. In the last years, our group has developed new devices useful for analysis. In this work, a SEC device in parallel configuration, based on optical fibers fixed on screen-printed electrodes, was used to determine isoprenaline in a commercial drug, using both, the electrochemical and the spectroscopic signals. In this commercial drug, isoprenaline is accompanied in solution by other compounds. Among them is sodium metabisulfite, an antioxidant that strongly interferes in the isoprenaline determination. A simple pretreatment of the drug sample by bubbling wet-air allows us to avoid the interference of metabisulfite. Here, we demonstrate again the capabilities of UV/Vis absorption SEC as double sensor for analysis and we propose a simple pretreatment to remove interfering compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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11 pages, 1586 KiB  
Article
Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Metal Phthalocyanines: Characterization and Electrocatalysis in Chlorinated Media
by Daniel Antuña-Jiménez, David Ibáñez, María Begoña González-García, David Hernández-Santos and Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
Sensors 2020, 20(13), 3702; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20133702 - 02 Jul 2020
Viewed by 2603
Abstract
Metal phthalocyanines are well-known sensing phases with applications in different scientific fields due to their interesting properties. Detailed characterization by Raman spectroscopy was performed in order to study the shifting of the vibrational bands related to the coordination sphere of each metal phthalocyanine. [...] Read more.
Metal phthalocyanines are well-known sensing phases with applications in different scientific fields due to their interesting properties. Detailed characterization by Raman spectroscopy was performed in order to study the shifting of the vibrational bands related to the coordination sphere of each metal phthalocyanine. In this work, a study involving the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) with various metal phthalocyanines to electrochemically detect and quantify chlorine (Cl2) gas is presented. The Cl2 gas was generated in-situ via oxidation of the chloride present in form of aqueous salt solutions. The developed method offers not only the possibility to quantify chlorine, but also to discriminate among several chlorinated species due to the changes observed in the voltammetric profiles associated with the interaction between the specie assayed and the phthalocyanine metallic center. Optimization of detecting parameters was also performed to apply this procedure for the quantification of chlorine generated from commercial chlorine tablets. The development of this proof of concept shows interesting possibilities and easy-to-use applications with novel on metal phthalocyanines based SPE sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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15 pages, 2614 KiB  
Article
Quick and Cost-Effective Estimation of Vitamin C in Multifruit Juices Using Voltammetric Methods
by Jose-Antonio López-Pastor, Ascensión Martínez-Sánchez, Juan Aznar-Poveda, Antonio-Javier García-Sánchez, Joan García-Haro and Encarnación Aguayo
Sensors 2020, 20(3), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030676 - 26 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4015
Abstract
Ascorbic Acid (AA) is a natural and powerful water-soluble antioxidant associated with long-lasting food products. As time passes, the AA content in products sharply decreases, and they become increasingly degraded. There are several techniques to precisely quantify AA concentrations. However, most of them [...] Read more.
Ascorbic Acid (AA) is a natural and powerful water-soluble antioxidant associated with long-lasting food products. As time passes, the AA content in products sharply decreases, and they become increasingly degraded. There are several techniques to precisely quantify AA concentrations. However, most of them employ costly laboratory instruments, such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or complex electrochemical methods, which make unfeasible recurrent AA measurements along the entire supply chain. To address this issue, we contribute with an in-field and real-time voltammetric method, carried out with a low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable device. An unmodified Screen-Printed Electrode (SPE) is used together with the device to achieve short reading times. Our method has been extensively tested in two multifruit juices using three different SPEs. Calibration curves and Limit of Detection were derived for each SPE. Furthermore, periodic experiments were conducted to study the shelf life of juices under consideration. During the analysis, a set of assays for each SPE were implemented to determine the remaining AA amount per juice and compare it with that obtained using HPLC under the same conditions. Results revealed that our cost-effective device is fully comparable to the HPLC equipment, as long as the juice does not include certain interferents; a scenario also contemplated in this article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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16 pages, 2286 KiB  
Article
Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for a Fast and Cost-Effective Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol, Ibuprofen and Caffeine in Water Samples
by Núria Serrano, Òscar Castilla, Cristina Ariño, M. Silvia Diaz-Cruz and José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
Sensors 2019, 19(18), 4039; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184039 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4589
Abstract
Carbon screen-printed electrode (SPCE), multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (SPCNTE), carbon nanofibers modified screen-printed electrode (SPCNFE), and graphene modified screen-printed electrode (SPGPHE) were in a pioneer way tested as sensors for the simultaneous determination of the two most consumed pain-killers, paracetamol (PA) [...] Read more.
Carbon screen-printed electrode (SPCE), multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (SPCNTE), carbon nanofibers modified screen-printed electrode (SPCNFE), and graphene modified screen-printed electrode (SPGPHE) were in a pioneer way tested as sensors for the simultaneous determination of the two most consumed pain-killers, paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IB), and the stimulant caffeine (CF) in water by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Their analytical performances were compared, and the resulting sensitivities (2.50, 0.074, and 0.24 μA V mg−1 L for PA, IB, and CF, respectively), detection limits (0.03, 0.6, and 0.05 mg L−1 for PA, IB, and CF, respectively) and quantification limits (0.09, 2.2, and 0.2 mg L−1 for PA, IB, and CF, respectively) suggested that the SPCNFE was the most suitable carbon-based electrode for the voltammetric determination of the selected analytes in water at trace levels. The methodology was validated using both spiked tap water and hospital wastewater samples. The results were compared to those achieved by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the technique of choice for the determination of the target analytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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12 pages, 3583 KiB  
Article
Impedimetric Immunosensor Utilizing Polyaniline/Gold Nanocomposite-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease
by Muhammad Omar Shaikh, Boyanagunta Srikanth, Pei-Yu Zhu and Cheng-Hsin Chuang
Sensors 2019, 19(18), 3990; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183990 - 16 Sep 2019
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5370
Abstract
The presence of small amounts of human serum albumin (HSA) in urine or microalbuminuria (30–300 µg/mL) is a valuable clinical biomarker for the early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we report on the development of an inexpensive and disposable immunosensor for [...] Read more.
The presence of small amounts of human serum albumin (HSA) in urine or microalbuminuria (30–300 µg/mL) is a valuable clinical biomarker for the early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we report on the development of an inexpensive and disposable immunosensor for the sensitive, specific, and label-free detection of HSA using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We have utilized a simple one-step screen-printing protocol to fabricate the carbon-based three-electrode system on flexible plastic substrates. To enable efficient antibody immobilization and improved sensitivity, the carbon working electrode was sequentially modified with electropolymerized polyaniline (PANI) and electrodeposited gold nanocrystals (AuNCs). The PANI matrix serves as an interconnected nanostructured scaffold for homogeneous distribution of AuNCs and the resulting PANI/AuNCs nanocomposite synergically improved the immunosensor response. The PANI/AuNCs-modified working electrode surface was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the electrochemical response at each step was analyzed using EIS in a ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe solution. The normalized impedance variation during immunosensing increased linearly with HSA concentration in the range of 3–300 µg/mL and a highly repeatable response was observed for each concentration. Furthermore, the immunosensor displayed high specificity when tested using spiked sample solutions containing different concentrations of actin protein and J82 cell lysate (a complex fluid containing a multitude of interfering proteins). Consequently, these experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed immunosensor for early diagnosis and prognosis of CKD at the point of care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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Review

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20 pages, 4679 KiB  
Review
Recent Trends in the Improvement of the Electrochemical Response of Screen-Printed Electrodes by Their Modification with Shaped Metal Nanoparticles
by Karina Torres-Rivero, Antonio Florido and Julio Bastos-Arrieta
Sensors 2021, 21(8), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082596 - 07 Apr 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3882
Abstract
Novel sensing technologies proposed must fulfill the demands of wastewater treatment plants, the food industry, and environmental control agencies: simple, fast, inexpensive, and reliable methodologies for onsite screening, monitoring, and analysis. These represent alternatives to conventional analytical methods (ICP-MS and LC-MS) that require [...] Read more.
Novel sensing technologies proposed must fulfill the demands of wastewater treatment plants, the food industry, and environmental control agencies: simple, fast, inexpensive, and reliable methodologies for onsite screening, monitoring, and analysis. These represent alternatives to conventional analytical methods (ICP-MS and LC-MS) that require expensive and non-portable instrumentation. This needs to be controlled by qualified technicians, resulting moreover in a long delay between sampling and high-cost analysis. Electrochemical analysis based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represents an excellent miniaturized and portable alternative due to their disposable character, good reproducibility, and low-cost commercial availability. SPEs application is widely extended, which makes it important to design functionalization strategies to improve their analytical response. In this sense, different types of nanoparticles (NPs) have been used to enhance the electrochemical features of SPEs. NPs size (1–100 nm) provides them with unique optical, mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties that give the modified SPEs increased electrode surface area, increased mass-transport rate, and faster electron transfer. Recent progress in nanoscale material science has led to the creation of reproducible, customizable, and simple synthetic procedures to obtain a wide variety of shaped NPs. This mini-review attempts to present an overview of the enhancement of the electrochemical response of SPEs when NPs with different morphologies are used for their surface modification Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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Other

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10 pages, 1892 KiB  
Letter
Rapid Drop-Volume Electrochemical Detection of the “Date Rape” Drug Flunitrazepam in Spirits Using a Screen-Printed Sensor in a Dry-Reagent Format
by Frixos Papadopoulos, Konstantinos Diamanteas, Anastasios Economou and Christos Kokkinos
Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5192; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185192 - 11 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3156
Abstract
Flunitrazepam is an extremely potent benzodiazepine sedative which is associated with “drug-facilitated sexual assault” when administered within an alcoholic drink. This work describes a simple electrochemical method for on-site rapid detection of flunitrazepam in untreated spirits (whiskey, vodka and gin) using a single-use [...] Read more.
Flunitrazepam is an extremely potent benzodiazepine sedative which is associated with “drug-facilitated sexual assault” when administered within an alcoholic drink. This work describes a simple electrochemical method for on-site rapid detection of flunitrazepam in untreated spirits (whiskey, vodka and gin) using a single-use screen-printed sensor (featuring graphite working and auxiliary electrodes and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode) in a dry reagent format. Analysis was performed by placing a drop of sample on the sensor, which was previously coated with dry KCl, and recording selected reduction/oxidation peaks of the target compound in a cyclic voltammetry scan. The limit of quantification of flunitrazepam was at the sub-mg L−1 range. The between-sensor % relative standard deviation of the analytically useful reduction peak in a solution containing 11.4 mg L−1 flunitrazepam was 9.8% (n = 5). Quantification was performed using calibration curves constructed from pooled samples spiked with flunitrazepam with relative errors <15%. The main advantages of the methodology are that it involves no sample pretreatment (such as deoxygenation, extraction or reagent(s) addition) and requires only drop-sized volumes of the sample, thus facilitating rapid on-site screening using portable equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing)
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