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Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology
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Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 February 2024) | Viewed by 11793

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Daniel Ramos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnologia (IMN-CSIC). 8, Isaac Newton (PTM), Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
Interests: physical sensors; optomechanics; nanophotonics; nanomechanics; nanofabrication; theoretical modelling; coupled systems; electromagnetic forces
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of sensors with high sensitivity and high selectivity remains of paramount importance in many diverse fields ranging from molecular biology to fundamental physics or engineering. From this perspective, the last few years have witnessed an extraordinary advancement in nanofabrication techniques, allowing the emergence of a series of sensor devices with a higher degree of miniaturization, which usually results in higher sensitivity and specificity and lower power consumption. Additionally, the advent of nanotechnology tools has enabled important milestones never reached before, such as the exploration of in situ biologically relevant systems for shedding light on the nature of intermolecular interactions or mass measurements in the range of zeptograms.

This Special Issue aims to gather the community and highlight the relevance of micro- and nanodevices in the sensing field. We invite manuscripts for this forthcoming Special Issue on all aspects pertinent to nanosensors for general sensing applications, such as the development, testing, and modeling of any kind of micro- and nanosensors, advances in fabrication, etc. In this regard, studies in the fields of CMOS integration, microfluidic devices or novel transduction schemes are welcome.

We look forward to and welcome your participation in this Special Issue. Both experimental and theoretical contributions are welcome. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following research areas:

  • Biosensing and environmental analysis;
  • Force sensing;
  • Nanomechanical sensing;
  • Optomechanical sensing;
  • Surface plasmon resonance sensors;
  • The fabrication of novel nanosensor platforms;
  • New micro- and nanosensing schemes;
  • Microfluidics;
  • Microsensors and microactuators;
  • Processes and fabrication technologies for miniaturized resonators;
  • MEMS/NEMS transduction methods;
  • Material research oriented to microsystem resonators.

Dr. Daniel Ramos
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2759 KiB  
Article
MEMS Resonant Beam with Outstanding Uniformity of Sensitivity and Temperature Distribution for Accurate Gas Sensing and On-Chip TGA
by Zheng Lu, Hao Jia, Ding Wang and Haitao Yu
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082495 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Micromechanical resonators have aroused growing interest as biological and chemical sensors, and microcantilever beams are the main research focus. Recently, a resonant microcantilever with an integrated heater has been applied in on-chip thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). However, there is a strong relationship between the [...] Read more.
Micromechanical resonators have aroused growing interest as biological and chemical sensors, and microcantilever beams are the main research focus. Recently, a resonant microcantilever with an integrated heater has been applied in on-chip thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). However, there is a strong relationship between the mass sensitivity of a resonant microcantilever and the location of adsorbed masses. Different sampling positions will cause sensitivity differences, which will result in an inaccurate calculation of mass change. Herein, an integrated H-shaped resonant beam with uniform mass sensitivity and temperature distribution is proposed and developed to improve the accuracy of bio/chemical sensing and TGA applications. Experiments verified that the presented resonant beam possesses much better uniformity of sensitivity and temperature distribution compared with resonant microcantilevers. Gas-sensing and TGA experiments utilizing the integrated resonant beam were also carried out and exhibited good measurement accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology)
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8 pages, 2157 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Measurement of Refractive Index Using 3D-Printed Optofluidic Fiber Sensor
by João M. Leça, Yannis Magalhães, Paulo Antunes, Vanda Pereira and Marta S. Ferreira
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9377; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239377 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1610
Abstract
This work describes a 3D-printed optofluidic fiber sensor to measure refractive index in real time, combining a microfluidic system with an optical fiber extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer. The microfluidic chip platform was developed for this purpose through 3D printing. The Fabry–Perot cavity was incorporated [...] Read more.
This work describes a 3D-printed optofluidic fiber sensor to measure refractive index in real time, combining a microfluidic system with an optical fiber extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer. The microfluidic chip platform was developed for this purpose through 3D printing. The Fabry–Perot cavity was incorporated in the microfluidic chip perpendicularly to the sample flow, which was of approximately 3.7 µL/s. The optofluidic fiber sensor platform coupled with a low-cost optical power meter detector was characterized using different concentrations of glucose solutions. In the linear regression analysis, the optical power shift was correlated with the refractive index and a sensitivity of −86.6 dB/RIU (r2 = 0.996) was obtained. Good results were obtained in terms of stability with a maximum standard deviation of 0.03 dB and a sensor resolution of 5.2 × 10−4 RIU. The feasibility of the optofluidic fiber sensor for dynamic analyses of refractive index with low sample usage was confirmed through real-time measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology)
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15 pages, 2157 KiB  
Article
Multi-Tone Harmonic Balance Optimization for High-Power Amplifiers through Coarse and Fine Models Based on X-Parameters
by Lida Kouhalvandi, Osman Ceylan, Serdar Ozoguz and Ladislau Matekovits
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4305; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114305 - 06 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1816
Abstract
In this study, we focus on automated optimization design methodologies to concurrently trade off between power gain, output power, efficiency, and linearity specifications in radio frequency (RF) high-power amplifiers (HPAs) through deep neural networks (DNNs). The RF HPAs are highly nonlinear circuits where [...] Read more.
In this study, we focus on automated optimization design methodologies to concurrently trade off between power gain, output power, efficiency, and linearity specifications in radio frequency (RF) high-power amplifiers (HPAs) through deep neural networks (DNNs). The RF HPAs are highly nonlinear circuits where characterizing an accurate and desired amplitude and phase responses to improve the overall performance is not a straightforward process. For this case, we propose a coarse and fine modeling approach based on firstly modeling the involved transistor and then selecting the best configuration of HAP along with optimizing the involved input and output termination networks through DNNs. In the fine phase, we firstly construct the equivalent modeling of the GaN HEMT transistor by using X-parameters. Then in the coarse phase, we utilize hidden layers of the modeled transistor and replace the HPA’s DNN to model the behavior of the selected HPA by using S-parameters. If the suitable accuracy of HPA modeling is not achieved, the hyperparameters of the fine model are improved and re-evaluated in the HPA model. We call the optimization process coarse and fine modeling since the evaluation process is performed from S-parameters to X-parameters. This stage of optimization can ensure modeling the nonlinear HPA design that includes a high number of parameters in an effective way. Furthermore, for accelerating the optimization process, we use the classification DNN for selecting the best topology of HPA for modeling the most suitable configuration at the coarse phase. The proposed modeling strategy results in relatively highly accurate HPA designs that generate post-layouts automatically, where multi-tone harmonic balance specifications are optimized once together without any human interruptions. To validate the modeling approach and optimization process, a 10 W HPA is simulated and measured in the operational frequency band of 1.8 GHz to 2.2 GHz, i.e., the L-band. The measurement results demonstrate a drain efficiency higher than 54% and linear gain performance more than 12.5 dB, with better than 50 dBc adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) after DPD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology)
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Review

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20 pages, 2415 KiB  
Review
Review on Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Nano-Mass and Nano-Force Sensors by Theoretical Analysis of Vibration Behavior
by Jin-Xing Shi, Xiao-Wen Lei and Toshiaki Natsuki
Sensors 2021, 21(5), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051907 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4035
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene sheets (GSs), and carbyne, are an important new class of technological materials, and have been proposed as nano-mechanical sensors because of their extremely superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance. The present work reviews the recent [...] Read more.
Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene sheets (GSs), and carbyne, are an important new class of technological materials, and have been proposed as nano-mechanical sensors because of their extremely superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance. The present work reviews the recent studies of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-force and nano-mass sensors using mechanical analysis of vibration behavior. The mechanism of the two kinds of frequency-based nano sensors is firstly introduced with mathematical models and expressions. Afterward, the modeling perspective of carbon nanomaterials using continuum mechanical approaches as well as the determination of their material properties matching with their continuum models are concluded. Moreover, we summarize the representative works of CNTs/GSs/carbyne-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors and overview the technology for future challenges. It is hoped that the present review can provide an insight into the application of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mechanical sensors. Showing remarkable results, carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors perform with a much higher sensitivity than using other traditional materials as resonators, such as silicon and ZnO. Thus, more intensive investigations of carbon nanomaterials-based nano sensors are preferred and expected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology)
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Other

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11 pages, 3285 KiB  
Letter
Microfluidic Production of Autofluorescent BSA Hydrogel Microspheres and Their Sequential Trapping for Fluorescence-Based On-Chip Permanganate Sensing
by Linbo Liu, Guangming Li, Nan Xiang, Xing Huang and Kota Shiba
Sensors 2020, 20(20), 5886; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205886 - 17 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2958
Abstract
Microfabrication technologies have extensively advanced over the past decades, realizing a variety of well-designed compact devices for material synthesis, separation, analysis, monitoring, sensing, and so on. The performance of such devices has been undoubtedly improved, while it is still challenging to build up [...] Read more.
Microfabrication technologies have extensively advanced over the past decades, realizing a variety of well-designed compact devices for material synthesis, separation, analysis, monitoring, sensing, and so on. The performance of such devices has been undoubtedly improved, while it is still challenging to build up a platform by rationally combining multiple processes toward practical demands which become more diverse and complicated. Here, we present a simple and effective microfluidic system to produce and immobilize a well-defined functional material for on-chip permanganate (MnO4−) sensing. A droplet-based microfluidic approach that can continuously produce monodispersed droplets in a water-in-oil system is employed to prepare highly uniform microspheres (average size: 102 μm, coefficient of variation: 3.7%) composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) hydrogel with autofluorescence properties in the presence of glutaraldehyde (GA). Each BSA hydrogel microsphere is subsequently immobilized in a microchannel with a hydrodynamic trapping structure to serve as an independent fluorescence unit. Various anions such as Cl−, NO3−, PO43−, Br−, BrO3−, ClO4−, SCN−, HCO3−, and MnO4− are individually flowed into the microchannel, resulting in significant fluorescence quenching only in the case of MnO4−. Linear correlation is confirmed at an MnO4− concentration from 20 to 80 μM, and a limit of detection is estimated to be 1.7 μM. Furthermore, we demonstrate the simultaneous immobilization of two kinds of different microspheres in parallel microchannels, pure BSA hydrogel microspheres and BSA hydrogel microspheres containing rhodamine B molecules, making it possible to acquire two fluorescence signals (green and yellow). The present microfluidics-based combined approach will be useful to record a fingerprint of complicated samples for sensing/identification purposes by flexibly designing the size and composition of the BSA hydrogel microspheres, immobilizing them in a desired manner and obtaining a specific pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nanodevices for Sensing Technology)
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