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Blockchain in Future Wireless Sensor Networks: Integration and Use Case Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2025 | Viewed by 8797

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Oluwakayode Onireti

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Guest Editor
James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Interests: wireless communications; blockchain; energy-efficiency; network slicing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xintong Ling

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Guest Editor
National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Interests: blockchain technologies; distributed systems; optical wireless communications; network modeling; machine learning; and signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Lei Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QF, UK
Interests: distributed consensus; distributed systems; blockchain/distributed ledger technology (DLT); connected autonomous systems; Internet of Things (IoT)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali Imran

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Interests: 5G and Beyond networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the future of wireless networks shifting towards decentralized solutions, with thousands of cells deployed by operators and billions of devices communicating with each other, fixed spectrum allocation and operator-controlled resource sharing algorithms will not be scalable nor effective in future networks. By designing a communications network coupled with the blockchain as its underlying infrastructure from the beginning, future wireless networks can be more scalable and provide better and more efficient solutions in spectrum sharing and resource management. Moreover, with privacy in mobile networks becoming more and more critical, due to the emergence of novel applications, such as automated vehicles, industry 4.0, and medical applications, where even a minor failure can lead to disastrous consequences, the blockchain can be of a great advantage in securing and storing sensitive information.

The proposed Special Issue will comprise a collection of the latest high-quality technical research and industrial papers with novel results covering the application and integration of the blockchain in future wireless networks. The main aim of this Special Issue is to provide a platform for the dissemination of major research challenges and achievements on this topic. Theoretical investigations as well as experiments/demonstrations are welcome.

Dr. Oluwakayode Onireti
Dr. Xintong Ling
Prof. Dr. Lei Zhang
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali Imran
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • blockchain
  • 5G and beyond
  • 6G
  • future wireless networks
  • Internet of Things
  • wireless sensor networks
  • distributed networks

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1455 KiB  
Article
Achieving High Efficiency and High Throughput in Erasure Code-Based Distributed Storage for Blockchain
by So-Hyun Park, So-Yeon Kim, So-Hui Kim and Il-Gu Lee
Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072161 - 28 Mar 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
A blockchain is a decentralized peer-to-peer network in which all nodes store data in copies, ensuring data integrity, as transactions cannot be changed or deleted. This can lead to duplicate data storage, resulting in high storage overhead, especially in storage-constrained environments, such as [...] Read more.
A blockchain is a decentralized peer-to-peer network in which all nodes store data in copies, ensuring data integrity, as transactions cannot be changed or deleted. This can lead to duplicate data storage, resulting in high storage overhead, especially in storage-constrained environments, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) or sensor systems. Distributed storage techniques utilizing erasure code (EC) have been investigated to address this issue. Although EC-based blockchain storage increases storage efficiency, encoded chunks distributed across multiple nodes must be received to restore and access the original blocks. However, studies on increasing the data transmission efficiency of EC-based blockchain storage are limited. In this study, we propose a data transmission technique called trigger-based automatic repeat request (ARQ), enabling stable data recovery while ensuring low latency and high-throughput performance, even with frequent node failure. This technique increased the throughput efficiency by 8% while maintaining the decentralization of the blockchain. Furthermore, it maximized the storage efficiency of EC-based distributed blockchain storage by >99.8%, while solving the recovery overhead problem due to data transmission. Using the trigger-based ARQ scheme with an EC-based distribution technique, blockchains can reduce storage overhead while effectively accessing the original blocks, overcoming the limitations of conventional EC-based distributed storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain in Future Wireless Sensor Networks: Integration and Use Case Applications)
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20 pages, 889 KiB  
Article
Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
by Ziyi Zhou, Oluwakayode Onireti, Lei Zhang and Muhammad Ali Imran
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7688; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237688 - 30 Nov 2024
Viewed by 878
Abstract
Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is one of the most popular consensus mechanisms for the consortium and private blockchain technology. It has been recognized as a candidate consensus mechanism for the Internet of Things networks as it offers lower resource requirements and high [...] Read more.
Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is one of the most popular consensus mechanisms for the consortium and private blockchain technology. It has been recognized as a candidate consensus mechanism for the Internet of Things networks as it offers lower resource requirements and high performance when compared with other consensus mechanisms such as proof of work. In this paper, by considering the blockchain nodes are wirelessly connected, we model the network nodes distribution and transaction arrival rate as Poisson point process and we develop a framework for evaluating the performance of the wireless PBFT network. The framework utilizes slotted ALOHA as its multiple access technique. We derive the end-to-end success probability of the wireless PBFT network which serves as the basis for obtaining other key performance indicators namely, the optimal transmission interval, the transaction throughput and delay, and the viable area. The viable area represents the minimum PBFT coverage area that guarantees the liveness, safety, and resilience of the PBFT protocol while satisfying a predefined end-to-end success probability. Results show that the transmission interval required to make the wireless PBFT network viable can be reduced if either the end-to-end success probability requirement or the number of faulty nodes is lowered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain in Future Wireless Sensor Networks: Integration and Use Case Applications)
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19 pages, 2751 KiB  
Article
Blockchain 6G-Based Wireless Network Security Management with Optimization Using Machine Learning Techniques
by Ponnusamy Chinnasamy, G. Charles Babu, Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy, S. Amutha, Keshav Sinha and Allam Balaram
Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6143; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186143 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2244
Abstract
6G mobile network technology will set new standards to meet performance goals that are too ambitious for 5G networks to satisfy. The limitations of 5G networks have been apparent with the deployment of more and more 5G networks, which certainly encourages the investigation [...] Read more.
6G mobile network technology will set new standards to meet performance goals that are too ambitious for 5G networks to satisfy. The limitations of 5G networks have been apparent with the deployment of more and more 5G networks, which certainly encourages the investigation of 6G networks as the answer for the future. This research includes fundamental privacy and security issues related to 6G technology. Keeping an eye on real-time systems requires secure wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Denial of service (DoS) attacks mark a significant security vulnerability that WSNs face, and they can compromise the system as a whole. This research proposes a novel method in blockchain 6G-based wireless network security management and optimization using a machine learning model. In this research, the deployed 6G wireless sensor network security management is carried out using a blockchain user datagram transport protocol with reinforcement projection regression. Then, the network optimization is completed using artificial democratic cuckoo glowworm remora optimization. The simulation results have been based on various network parameters regarding throughput, energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, end–end delay, and accuracy. In order to minimise network traffic, it also offers the capacity to determine the optimal node and path selection for data transmission. The proposed technique obtained 97% throughput, 95% energy efficiency, 96% accuracy, 50% end–end delay, and 94% packet delivery ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain in Future Wireless Sensor Networks: Integration and Use Case Applications)
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30 pages, 503 KiB  
Article
A Blockchain-Based Authentication Mechanism for Enhanced Security
by Charlotte McCabe, Althaff Irfan Cader Mohideen and Raman Singh
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5830; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175830 - 8 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2798
Abstract
Passwords are the first line of defence against preventing unauthorised access to systems and potential leakage of sensitive data. However, the traditional reliance on username and password combinations is not enough protection and has prompted the implementation of technologies such as two-factor authentication [...] Read more.
Passwords are the first line of defence against preventing unauthorised access to systems and potential leakage of sensitive data. However, the traditional reliance on username and password combinations is not enough protection and has prompted the implementation of technologies such as two-factor authentication (2FA). While 2FA enhances security by adding a layer of verification, these techniques are not impervious to threats. Even with the implementation of 2FA, the relentless efforts of cybercriminals present formidable obstacles in securing digital spaces. The objective of this work is to implement blockchain technology as a form of 2FA. The findings of this work suggest that blockchain-based 2FA methods could strengthen digital security compared to conventional 2FA methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain in Future Wireless Sensor Networks: Integration and Use Case Applications)
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19 pages, 9521 KiB  
Article
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Evolution of State-of-the-Art Blockchain Technology (BCT) in the Agrifood Sector from 2014 to 2022
by Urvashi Sugandh, Swati Nigam, Sanjay Misra and Manju Khari
Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6278; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146278 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1918
Abstract
In recent years, BCT has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. The technology in question is a distributed database system characterised by its decentralised nature and lack of reliability. BCT has been widely adopted by numerous governments and scholars across various sectors for [...] Read more.
In recent years, BCT has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. The technology in question is a distributed database system characterised by its decentralised nature and lack of reliability. BCT has been widely adopted by numerous governments and scholars across various sectors for a number of years. Blockchain technology also involves highly innovative and advanced concepts. Given the increasing interest among scholars in the academic community regarding the agrifood supply chain, the objective of this study was to investigate BCT and its potential for application in the fields of food and agriculture. This research paper presents a bibliometric analysis of articles on the utilisation of BCT in the fields of food and agriculture. This study discusses scholarly articles that have been published in esteemed academic journals and conferences. Through our bibliometric analysis, we aimed to discern the recurring trends and themes within the research on BCT in relation to agrifood systems. Furthermore, this study examines a diverse array of research domains, prominent scholarly publications, leading publishing platforms, prominent funding institutions, and the prospective trajectory of future research. This study also presents the prominent patterns and themes within this field through an analysis of the most influential scholarly articles, authors, countries, and keywords found in the existing literature. Hence, this research employed various analytical techniques, including analyzing the co-occurrence of author keywords, bibliographic coupling analysis, network view map analysis, and co-citation analysis. This study holds promise as a valuable learning resource for aspiring researchers seeking to acquire compelling and pertinent information about research outcomes from studies on the utilisation of BCT in the field of smart agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain in Future Wireless Sensor Networks: Integration and Use Case Applications)
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