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Advances in Wearable and Implantable Biosensors: Materials, Design, and Applications
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Advances in Wearable and Implantable Biosensors: Materials, Design, and Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2026 | Viewed by 4156

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhanhong Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
Interests: wearable and implantable electrochemical sensors and biosensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cheng Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Interests: carbon-based flexible sensors; aptamer biosensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue highlights recent advances in wearable and implantable biosensors, focusing on innovative materials, device design, and biomedical applications. It showcases cutting-edge research enabling real-time, continuous, and personalized health monitoring—key pillars of next-generation digital health and precision medicine. Topics include flexible and stretchable electronics that conform to the body’s contours, advanced biocompatible and bioresorbable materials to minimize immune response, miniaturized and implantable sensing platforms for long-term in vivo operation, seamless wireless integration for data transmission, and multiplexed detection of critical biomarkers. Contributions span from fundamental material synthesis and surface functionalization to device fabrication, system integration, and clinical translation. Applications range from early disease diagnosis and intraoperative monitoring to management of chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, as well as remote and home-based healthcare enabled by mobile connectivity. We welcome original research and comprehensive reviews that address persistent challenges in sensor sensitivity, long-term stability, power efficiency, mechanical robustness, and biocompatibility. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among materials science, electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, chemistry, data science, and clinical medicine, this Special Issue aims to accelerate the innovation and translation of next-generation biosensors, ultimately advancing proactive, patient-centric, and personalized healthcare solutions.

Dr. Zhanhong Li
Dr. Cheng Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wearable biosensors
  • implantable sensors
  • flexible electronics
  • biocompatible materials
  • real-time monitoring
  • point-of-care diagnostics
  • multiplexed sensing
  • wireless biosensing
  • personalized medicine
  • smart healthcare

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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40 pages, 6632 KB  
Article
Visual–Inertial Fusion Framework for Isolating Seated Human-Body Vibration in Dynamic Vehicular Environments
by Nova Eka Budiyanta, Azizur Rahman, Chi-Tsun Cheng, George Wu and Toh Yen Pang
Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041355 - 20 Feb 2026
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Understanding how seat-induced whole-body vibration (WBV) is transmitted to and actively compensated by the human body is essential for accurately assessing discomfort, fatigue, and postural control in vehicle occupants. This study proposes a visual–inertial fusion framework utilizing IMU-RGB-D data to isolate seated human [...] Read more.
Understanding how seat-induced whole-body vibration (WBV) is transmitted to and actively compensated by the human body is essential for accurately assessing discomfort, fatigue, and postural control in vehicle occupants. This study proposes a visual–inertial fusion framework utilizing IMU-RGB-D data to isolate seated human body vibration in dynamic vehicular environments. In real-cabin monitoring systems, measured motion is a superposition of platform vibration, passive transmission through the body, active postural compensation, and camera jitter. Existing WBV and driver monitoring studies typically rely on single modality sensing, such as inertial or visual approaches, without decomposing these components or modelling camera vibration. The framework synchronized three IMUs with RGB-D landmarks. Seat, human body, and camera accelerations are separated, and body vibration velocity is derived from body–seat differential acceleration via band-pass filtering and spectral integration. The 3D landmarks enable rotational-translational Postural Compensation Index metrics, axis-wise energy distributions, and anthropometric consistency checks. The study is held in an in-service urban tram case. Torso vibration is dominated by 40% anteroposterior components, while head postural is predominantly > 50% lateral sway. Near static anthropometric evaluation was also studied, resulting in shoulder width errors that remain within ±10–20 mm. The results show that the framework can distinguish passive ride phases from strongly compensated phases, separate camera jitter from true body motion, and reveal anisotropic postural strategies, providing a structured basis for vibration and posture analysis in in-vehicle monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wearable and Implantable Biosensors: Materials, Design, and Applications)
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24 pages, 3624 KB  
Article
Peak-Independent Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring Using a Smart Sock: The Role of Temporal Lag Modeling in Foot-Based PPG
by Hamed Abdollahzadeh, Elisa Montaldi, Riccardo Olivieri, Paolo Esposito, Gianluca Barile, Giuseppe Ferri and Vincenzo Stornelli
Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041269 - 15 Feb 2026
Viewed by 747
Abstract
Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring remains a major challenge in wearable healthcare systems, as conventional cuff-based sphygmomanometers are intermittent and unsuitable for long-term use. This study presents a Smart Sock platform for cuffless BP estimation using single-site photoplethysmography (PPG). Unlike approaches based on [...] Read more.
Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring remains a major challenge in wearable healthcare systems, as conventional cuff-based sphygmomanometers are intermittent and unsuitable for long-term use. This study presents a Smart Sock platform for cuffless BP estimation using single-site photoplethysmography (PPG). Unlike approaches based on pulse transit time or fiducial point detection, the proposed framework relies on peak-independent features extracted from PPG and its first and second derivatives, capturing blood volume and hemodynamic dynamics in the lower limb. PPG signals from 60 participants were segmented into overlapping 30 s windows and processed through a unified preprocessing pipeline. A compact set of physiologically meaningful statistical and information-theoretic features was extracted from each window, and temporal lag modelling (5–15 s) was employed to encode short-term hemodynamic memory without explicit peak detection. Multiple regression models were assessed using leakage-safe cross-validation strategies. In a subject-independent diagnosis scenario, the system achieved errors of 8.60 mmHg for systolic BP and 6.42 mmHg for diastolic BP. In a monitoring scenario with single-point calibration, performance substantially improved, yielding mean absolute errors of 1.3–1.7 mmHg and R2 > 0.90. These results demonstrate that foot-based PPG, combined with peak-independent feature engineering and temporal context modeling, enables accurate and comfortable continuous personalized blood pressure monitoring after calibration, while subject-independent estimation remains more challenging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wearable and Implantable Biosensors: Materials, Design, and Applications)
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Review

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25 pages, 10168 KB  
Review
Microneedle-Based Technologies for Long-Acting Transdermal Drug Delivery in Wearable Devices
by Jiaxin Luo, Yinqi Dai, Xin Cheng, Zifeng Wang and Zhigang Zhu
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010239 - 30 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2317
Abstract
This review systematically outlines recent advances in long-acting microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the fundamental principles of microneedles (MNs) as a minimally invasive technology and categorizes them by delivery mechanism into solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, hydrogel-forming, and biodegradable types. [...] Read more.
This review systematically outlines recent advances in long-acting microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the fundamental principles of microneedles (MNs) as a minimally invasive technology and categorizes them by delivery mechanism into solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, hydrogel-forming, and biodegradable types. The review then discusses the design strategies and material platforms engineered for sustained drug release. A key focus is on biodegradable synthetic polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL), and natural polymers like silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS), which enable prolonged drug release through their tunable degradation rates. Furthermore, it describes the incorporation of advanced drug carriers, including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles/microparticles, into MNs to further extend release duration and enhance drug-loading capacity. Finally, the major challenges for clinical translation are addressed, including ensuring batch-to-batch consistency in manufacturing, maintaining sterility, and the necessity for more comprehensive validation of long-term in vivo efficacy and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wearable and Implantable Biosensors: Materials, Design, and Applications)
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