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Metrology in Modern Measurement Systems and Sensors: Design, Application, Research and Challenges

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2026 | Viewed by 1995

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Piotr Kuwalek

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Department of Metrology, Electronics and Light Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Interests: advanced metering infrastructure; diagnostics; metrology; power quality; signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wiczyński

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Guest Editor

Department of Metrology, Electronics and Light Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Interests: advanced metering infrastructure; detection of power quality disturbances; identification of disturbing loads; metrology; power quality diagnostics; power quality evaluation; power quality monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Mariusz Rząsa

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Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Proszkowska 76 Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland
Interests: metrology; flow measurement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern technological solutions, including those based on machine learning algorithms, require reliable, optimal and solid measurement results from sensors or entire measurement systems to function correctly, describing the variables used to make decisions or for control. This situation poses significant challenges in the metrology of modern measurement systems and sensors. Obtaining reliable data that enable the precise operation of modern technological solutions requires the development of new measurement systems and specific sensors. Almost always, achieving such a goal is preceded by long-term complementary research, the results of which allow for breakthrough achievements and open up further research areas.

This Special Issue will present the most important problems in metrology in modern measurement systems and sensors, in particular in the areas of design, application and research. It is also likely that the issues presented in this way will open up challenges related to modern measurement systems and sensors. This Special Issue will focus on the following topics:

Measurements of physical and chemical quantities;
Measurements in biology and medicine;
Measurements and diagnostic systems;
Processing of measurement signals;
Analysis of measurement results and assessment of uncertainty;
Modeling of measurement systems.

Dr. Piotr Kuwalek
Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wiczyński
Prof. Dr. Mariusz Rząsa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

measurements
measurement diagnostics
measurement infrastructure
metrology
signal analysis
signal processing

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 4862 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Insights into Islanding Detection in PV Inverters: Foundations for a Parallel-Operation Test Standard

by Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Aleks Piszczek and Łukasz Topolski

Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7582; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247582 - 14 Dec 2025

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Abstract

With the rapid increase in photovoltaic (PV) micro-installations in Europe, ensuring the stability and safety of the power grid has become a critical challenge. A key aspect in this context is the reliable detection of unintentional islanding by distributed energy resources. This paper presents the results of metrological tests on seven commercially available three-phase and single-phase PV inverters, conducted in accordance with the requirements of the EN 50549-1 and EN 62116 standards. A dedicated test setup was developed to enable measurements following standardized procedures. The tests assessed both the response time and the effectiveness of islanding detection mechanisms under various fault scenarios, including simulations of autonomous operation of multiple inverters. The main findings indicate that while all inverters with active islanding protection successfully detected islanding within the mandated 2-s limit, their individual response times varied significantly. Parallel operation further influenced this behavior: when one inverter operated with its islanding protection intentionally disabled, the remaining units exhibited notably increased detection times, though still within regulatory thresholds. Moreover, the inverter with disabled protection was capable of sustaining stable islanded operation indefinitely under balanced load conditions. Repeated multi-inverter tests also revealed significant variability in detection time within the same scenario, demonstrating that detection dynamics are sensitive to subtle changes in operating conditions. These findings highlight important limitations of existing certification procedures, which focus primarily on single-inverter testing. Real-world interactions between simultaneously operating inverters can substantially affect detection performance. The results therefore support the need to revise and extend test standards to include controlled multi-inverter parallel-operation conditions, ensuring the safe integration of prosumer PV systems into distribution networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology in Modern Measurement Systems and Sensors: Design, Application, Research and Challenges)

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17 pages, 8988 KB

Open AccessArticle

Misalignment Effects on Power Gathered by Optical Fiber Pyrometer

by Salvador Vargas, Alberto Tapetado and Carmen Vázquez

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7011; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227011 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 285

Abstract

This article presents a model for analyzing the effect of misalignments in the optical power gathered by a single-color fiber-optic off-axis pyrometer when there is a tilting angle between the longitudinal fiber axis and the plane of the emitted surface. The model takes into account the fiber parameters, such as the diameter and the numerical aperture, as well as the target object size and measuring distance. Simulations show the simultaneous influence of tilting angle and lateral displacement. This provides key behavioral insights to guide alignment and calibration, helping to avoid temperature measurement errors in advanced manufacturing. The model allows integration of the emissivity angle dependence. Results show that the influence of lateral misalignment is negligible for values below 15 µm (which is 1/10 of the 150 µm minimum distance) when considering a 160 µm object size and a 60° tilting angle. The displacement influence, for a fixed tilting angle, is higher in specific directions of displacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology in Modern Measurement Systems and Sensors: Design, Application, Research and Challenges)

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17 pages, 2428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Optical Measurements to Assess Form Deviations of Cylindrical Parts Made Using FDM Additive Technology

by Anna Bujarska, Paweł Zmarzły and Paweł Szczygieł

Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5855; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185855 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 595

Abstract

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is a widely used additive manufacturing (AM) method for thermoplastic materials due to its low cost, accessibility, and ability to produce fully functional machine parts. Cylindrical components, common in mechanical devices, require precise dimensional and form accuracy to ensure long service life. To assess their quality, cylindricity deviation measurements are essential, as they reveal defects generated during the printing process. This study investigates the potential of optical scanning for measuring form deviations specifically cylindricity and roundness of ABS components manufactured via FDM. The influence of printing orientation (0°, 45°, 90°) on dimensional accuracy was examined using experimental models comprising three series of ten samples each, with identical process parameters except orientation. Measurements were performed using a Zeiss Prismo Navigator (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) coordinate measuring machine and an ATOS II Triple Scan (GOM, Brunswick, Germany) optical scanner. Results indicate that print orientation significantly affects cylindricity deviation. The lowest deviations were achieved for specific orientations, offering guidelines for producing cylindrical surfaces of acceptable quality. The findings also show that optical scanners are not suitable for precise form deviation analysis in FDM-printed parts, confirming the higher accuracy of tactile coordinate measurement methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology in Modern Measurement Systems and Sensors: Design, Application, Research and Challenges)

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Metrology in Modern Measurement Systems and Sensors: Design, Application, Research and Challenges

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