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Smart Magnetic Sensors and Application
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Smart Magnetic Sensors and Application

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2025 | Viewed by 2876

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Proloy Taran Das

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Intelligent Materials and Systems (FWID), Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
Interests: magnetic sensors; noise; magnetic materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Susana Cardoso De Freitas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
INESC-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC-MN), 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: magnetic sensors; thin films for industrial applications; microfabrication technologies; nanoelectronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Huali Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
Interests: spintronics; flexible magnetic sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Sensors (MDPI) focuses on the burgeoning field of smart magnetic sensors and their many applications. Recent advancements in materials science, microfabrication techniques, and signal processing have enabled the development of highly sensitive, miniaturized, and versatile magnetic sensors. This issue explores the latest research on various smart sensor designs, including those based on magnetoresistive, giant magnetoresistive, and spintronic principles. The contributions included cover a wide range of applications, from biomedical imaging and environmental monitoring to industrial automation and advanced robotics. The articles highlight the critical role of smart magnetic sensors in enabling sophisticated data acquisition, real-time analysis, and intelligent decision making across a multitude of disciplines. This collection constitutes a valuable resource for researchers and engineers seeking to understand and leverage the transformative potential of smart magnetic sensors.

This Special Issue, “Smart Magnetic Sensors and Application”, is particularly important for future research. It aims to discuss current issues related to emerging magnetic sensors and devices and their prospective applications in different fields, such as the following:

  • Novel magnetic sensing methods and technologies;
  • Different magnetic sensors, including Hall effect devices, magnetometers, magnetoimpedance sensors, magnetoresistance sensors, and magnetoelastic sensors;
  • Flexible and wearable magnetic sensors;
  • Autonomous and embedded printable magnetic sensors: design, fabrication, assembly, and reliability;
  • Biomagnetic sensing and applications, and their integration in MEMS, and microfluidic systems;
  • Magnetic sensor interconnections/interfaces and their testing.

Dr. Proloy Taran Das
Dr. Susana Cardoso De Freitas
Dr. Huali Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel magnetic sensing methods and technologies
  • different magnetic sensors, including hall effect devices, magnetometers, magnetoimpedance sensors, magnetoresistance sensors, and magnetoelastic sensors
  • flexible and wearable magnetic sensors
  • autonomous and embedded printable magnetic sensors: design, fabrication, assembly, and reliability
  • biomagnetic sensing and applications, and their integration in MEMS, and microfluidic systems
  • magnetic sensor interconnections/interfaces and their testing

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 9995 KiB  
Article
Skin-Inspired Magnetoresistive Tactile Sensor for Force Characterization in Distributed Areas
by Francisco Mêda, Fabian Näf, Tiago P. Fernandes, Alexandre Bernardino, Lorenzo Jamone, Gonçalo Tavares and Susana Cardoso
Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3724; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123724 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 420
Abstract
Touch is a crucial sense for advanced organisms, particularly humans, as it provides essential information about the shape, size, and texture of contacting objects. In robotics and automation, the integration of tactile sensors has become increasingly relevant, enabling devices to properly interact with [...] Read more.
Touch is a crucial sense for advanced organisms, particularly humans, as it provides essential information about the shape, size, and texture of contacting objects. In robotics and automation, the integration of tactile sensors has become increasingly relevant, enabling devices to properly interact with their environment. This study aimed to develop a biomimetic, skin-inspired tactile sensor device capable of sensing applied force, characterizing it in three dimensions, and determining the point of application. The device was designed as a 4 × 4 matrix of tunneling magnetoresistive sensors, which provide a higher sensitivity in comparison to the ones based on the Hall effect, the current standard in tactile sensors. These detect magnetic field changes along a single axis, wire-bonded to a PCB and encapsulated in epoxy. This sensing array detects the magnetic field from an overlayed magnetorheological elastomer composed of Ecoflex and 5 µm neodymium–iron–boron ferromagnetic particles. Structural integrity tests showed that the device could withstand forces above 100 N, with an epoxy coverage of 0.12 mL per sensor chip. A 3D movement stage equipped with an indenting tip and force sensor was used to collect device data, which was then used to train neural network models to predict the contact location and 3D magnitude of the applied force. The magnitude-sensing model was trained on 31,260 data points, being able to accurately characterize force with a mean absolute error ranging between 0.07 and 0.17 N. The spatial sensitivity model was trained on 171,008 points and achieved a mean absolute error of 0.26 mm when predicting the location of applied force within a sensitive area of 25.5 mm × 25.5 mm using sensors spaced 4.5 mm apart. For points outside the testing range, the mean absolute error was 0.63 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Magnetic Sensors and Application)
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13 pages, 2620 KiB  
Article
Systematic Analysis of Driving Modes and NiFe Layer Thickness in Planar Hall Magnetoresistance Sensors
by Changyeop Jeon, Mijin Kim, Jinwoo Kim, Sunghee Yang, Eunseo Choi and Byeonghwa Lim
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041235 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 565
Abstract
Planar Hall magnetoresistance (PHMR) sensors are widely utilized due to their high sensitivity, simple structure, and cost-effectiveness. However, their performance is influenced by both the driving mode and the thickness of the ferromagnetic layer, yet the combined effects of these factors remain insufficiently [...] Read more.
Planar Hall magnetoresistance (PHMR) sensors are widely utilized due to their high sensitivity, simple structure, and cost-effectiveness. However, their performance is influenced by both the driving mode and the thickness of the ferromagnetic layer, yet the combined effects of these factors remain insufficiently explored. This study systematically investigates the impact of Ni80Fe20 thickness (5–35 nm) on PHMR sensor performance under constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes, with a focus on optimizing the peak-to-peak voltage (Vp-p). In CC mode, electron surface scattering at 5–10 nm increases resistance, leading to a sharp rise in Vp-p, followed by a decline as the thickness increases. In contrast, CV mode minimizes resistance-related effects, with sensor signals predominantly governed by magnetization-dependent resistivity. Experimentally, the optimal Vp-p was observed at 25 nm in CV mode. However, for thicknesses beyond this point, the reduction in sensor resistance suggests that voltage distribution across both the sensor and external load resistance significantly influences performance. These findings provide practical insights into optimizing PHMR sensors by elucidating the interplay between driving modes and material properties. The results contribute to the advancement of high-performance PHMR sensors with enhanced signal stability and sensitivity for industrial and scientific applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Magnetic Sensors and Application)
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17 pages, 3811 KiB  
Article
A Magnetoelectric Distance Estimation System for Relative Human Motion Tracking
by Johannes Hoffmann, Henrik Wolframm, Erik Engelhardt, Moritz Boueke, Tobias Schmidt, Julius Welzel, Michael Höft, Walter Maetzler and Gerhard Schmidt
Sensors 2025, 25(2), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020495 - 16 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 962
Abstract
Clinical motion analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of mobility-limiting diseases. Within this assessment, relative (point-to-point) tracking of extremities could benefit from increased accuracy. Given the limitations of current wearable sensor technology, supplementary spatial data such as distance estimates [...] Read more.
Clinical motion analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of mobility-limiting diseases. Within this assessment, relative (point-to-point) tracking of extremities could benefit from increased accuracy. Given the limitations of current wearable sensor technology, supplementary spatial data such as distance estimates could provide added value. Therefore, we propose a distributed magnetic tracking system based on early-stage demonstrators of novel magnetoelectric (ME) sensors. The system consists of two body-worn magnetic actuators and four ME sensor arrays (body-worn and fixed). It is enabled by a comprehensive signal processing framework with sensor-specific signal enhancement and a gradient descent-based system calibration. As a pilot study, we evaluated the technical feasibility of the described system for motion tracking in general (Scenario A) and for operation during treadmill walking (Scenario B). At distances of up to 60 cm, we achieved a mean absolute distance error of 0.4 cm during gait experiments. Our results show that the modular system is capable of centimeter-level motion tracking of the lower extremities during treadmill walking and should therefore be investigated for clinical gait parameter assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Magnetic Sensors and Application)
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