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(Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2025) | Viewed by 9243

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pablo Giménez-Gómez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: lab-on-a-chip system; optical and electrochemical sensors; microfluidics; detection of food/beverage industry; environmental control; clinical diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The selective monitoring of analytes in a precise and affordable way plays a key role in different fields, such as the environmental control, the food industry’s quality control, or clinical diagnostics. Standard methods of detection are highly sensitive, but they also have some drawbacks when used in the field. They require sample preservation and transportation to laboratories, and specialized equipment used by trained personnel require long analysis times and extensive sample preparation, making them ineffective for on-site and on-time analysis. Therefore, the development of cost-effective portable systems for (bio)chemical analysis can greatly improve the effectiveness of current quality monitoring programs. These systems will allow on-site analysis in remote locations or, if rapid analysis is required, without the need for extensive sample preparation or transportation, reducing the risk of sample degradation and providing real-time results.

To tackle the challenge of this precise monitoring, this Special Issue seeks papers on the development of novel, low-cost, sustainable, and easy-to-use ground-breaking technologies for decentralized monitoring of (bio)chemical parameters of interest in clinical diagnostics, environmental control, food quality control, or others. Unprecedented strategies for the easy and decentralized control of analytes, including sensing and/or microfluidics, enabling the detection and monitoring of key analytes, regardless of the accessibility of the area, will be considered for this Special Issue.

Dr. Pablo Giménez-Gómez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • decentralized monitoring
  • affordable sensing systems
  • low-cost and easy to use portable devices

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3317 KiB  
Article
Polymer-Based Contactless Conductivity Detector for Europan Salts (PolyCoDES)
by Chinmayee Govinda Raj, Peyton Salyards, Catherine McCoy and Amanda Stockton
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030775 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
This study presents the development of an innovative drop-stain-coat fabrication technique for creating high-quality PEDOT:PSS films, optimized for use in polymer-based electrodes within contactless conductivity detection (C4D) sensors. We detail the fabrication and thorough characterization of PEDOT films produced via the [...] Read more.
This study presents the development of an innovative drop-stain-coat fabrication technique for creating high-quality PEDOT:PSS films, optimized for use in polymer-based electrodes within contactless conductivity detection (C4D) sensors. We detail the fabrication and thorough characterization of PEDOT films produced via the drop-stain-coat method, emphasizing its efficiency and reliability in electrode manufacturing. The resulting polymer electrodes were integrated into C4D sensors, which were rigorously characterized to assess their performance in detecting multiple salt types within real-world samples. This approach highlights the potential of drop-stain-coat fabrication to advance sensor applications in diverse analytical environments, offering a practical solution for accurate and adaptable conductivity detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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18 pages, 4660 KiB  
Article
Early Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Development of the Microfluidic Inorganic Conductivity Detector for Europa and the Solenoid-Based Actuator Assembly for Impact Penetrators
by Chinmayee Govinda Raj, Mohamed Odeh, Cambrie Salyards and Amanda Stockton
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7704; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237704 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative in situ lander/impact-penetrator design tailored for Discovery-class missions to Europa, specifically focused on conducting astrobiological analyses. The platform integrates a microfluidic capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D), optimized for the detection of low-concentration salts potentially indicative of biological [...] Read more.
This study introduces an innovative in situ lander/impact-penetrator design tailored for Discovery-class missions to Europa, specifically focused on conducting astrobiological analyses. The platform integrates a microfluidic capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D), optimized for the detection of low-concentration salts potentially indicative of biological activity. Our microfluidic system allows for automated sample routing and precise conductivity-based detection, making it suitable for the harsh environmental and logistical demands of Europa’s icy surface. This technology provides a robust toolset for exploring extraterrestrial habitability by enabling in situ chemical analyses with minimal operational intervention, paving the way for advanced astrobiological investigations on Europa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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13 pages, 7956 KiB  
Article
Construction of Electrospun ZnO-NiO Nanofibers for Enhanced Ethanol Gas Sensing
by Maryam Bonyani, Seyed Mojtaba Zebarjad, Tae-Un Kim, Hyoun Woo Kim and Sang Sub Kim
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7450; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237450 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 876
Abstract
Semiconducting metal oxides with nanofiber (NF) morphologies are among the most promising materials for the realization of gas sensors. In this study, we have prepared electrospun ZnO-NiO composite NFs with different amounts of NiO (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% wt%) for the [...] Read more.
Semiconducting metal oxides with nanofiber (NF) morphologies are among the most promising materials for the realization of gas sensors. In this study, we have prepared electrospun ZnO-NiO composite NFs with different amounts of NiO (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% wt%) for the systematic study of ethanol gas sensing. The fabricated composite NFs were annealed at 600 °C for crystallization. Based on characterization studies, NFs were produced with desired morphologies, phases, and chemical compositions. Ethanol gas sensing studies revealed that the sensor with 40 wt% NiO had the highest response (3.6 to 10 ppm ethanol) at 300 °C among all gas sensors. The enhanced gas response was ascribed to the formation of sufficient amounts of p-n NiO-ZnO heterojunctions, NFs’ high surface areas due to their one-dimensional morphologies, and acid–base interactions between ZnO and ethanol. This research highlights the need for the optimization of ZnO-NiO composite NFs so that they achieve the highest sensing response, which can be extended to other similar metal oxides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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18 pages, 3070 KiB  
Article
An Optical Device Based on a Chemical Chip and Surface Plasmon Platform for 2-Furaldehyde Detection in Insulating Oil
by Letizia De Maria, Francesco Arcadio, Giuseppe Gabetta, Daniele Merli, Giancarla Alberti, Luigi Zeni, Nunzio Cennamo and Maria Pesavento
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5261; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165261 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1141
Abstract
2-Furaldehyde (2-FAL) is one of the main by-products of the degradation of hemicellulose, which is the solid material of the oil–paper insulating system of oil-filled transformers. For this reason, it has been suggested as a marker of the degradation of the insulating system; [...] Read more.
2-Furaldehyde (2-FAL) is one of the main by-products of the degradation of hemicellulose, which is the solid material of the oil–paper insulating system of oil-filled transformers. For this reason, it has been suggested as a marker of the degradation of the insulating system; sensing devices for 2-FAL analysis in a wide concentration range are of high interest in these systems. An optical sensor system is proposed; this consists of a chemical chip, able to capture 2-FAL from the insulating oil, coupled with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) probe, both realized on multimode plastic optical fibers (POFs). The SPR platform exploits gold nanofilm or, alternatively, a double layer of gold and silicon oxide to modulate the sensor sensitivity. The capturing chip is always based on the same molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a receptor specific for 2-FAL. The system with the SPR probe based on a gold nanolayer had a higher sensitivity and a lower detection limit of fractions of μg L−1. Instead, the SPR probe, based on a double layer (gold and silicon oxide), has a lower sensitivity with a worse detection limit, and it is suitable for the detection of 2-FAL at concentrations of 0.01–1 mg L−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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15 pages, 5227 KiB  
Article
One-Pot Preparation of Ratiometric Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanosensor for Sensitive and Selective Detection of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
by Yuhong Cui, Xintai Li, Xianhong Wang, Yingchun Liu, Xiuli Hu, Shengli Chen and Xiongwei Qu
Sensors 2024, 24(15), 5039; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155039 - 3 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1592
Abstract
The development of fluorescent molecular imprinting sensors for direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of small organic molecules in aqueous systems has always presented a significant challenge in the field of detection. In this study, we successfully prepared a hydrophilic colloidal molecular imprinted polymer [...] Read more.
The development of fluorescent molecular imprinting sensors for direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of small organic molecules in aqueous systems has always presented a significant challenge in the field of detection. In this study, we successfully prepared a hydrophilic colloidal molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) using a one-pot approach that incorporated polyglycerol methacrylate (PGMMA-TTC), a hydrophilic macromolecular chain transfer agent, to mediate reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer precipitation polymerization (RAFTPP). To simplify the polymerization process while achieving ratiometric fluorescence detection, red fluorescent CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and green fluorescent nitrobenzodiazole (NBD) were introduced as fluorophores (with NBD serving as an enhancer to the template and QDs being inert). This strategy effectively eliminated background noise and significantly improved detection accuracy. Uniform-sized MIP microspheres with high surface hydrophilicity and incorporated ratiometric fluorescent labels were successfully synthesized. In aqueous systems, the hydrophilic ratio fluorescent MIP exhibited a linear response range from 0 to 25 μM for the template molecule 2,4-D with a detection limit of 0.13 μM. These results demonstrate that the ratiometric fluorescent MIP possesses excellent recognition characteristics and selectivity towards 2,4-D, thus, making it suitable for selective detection of trace amounts of pesticide 2,4-D in aqueous systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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13 pages, 1674 KiB  
Article
A Novel Polymeric Membrane Sensor for Chlorhexidine Determination
by Joanna Lenik and Karolina Sokal
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9508; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239508 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1253
Abstract
In the present work, potentiometric sensors with polymer membranes used for chlorhexidine (CHXD) determination were developed. The polymer membranes were plasticized with bis(2-ethylheksyl)sebacate (DOS) or 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE). The active compounds used in the membrane were cyclodextrins, crown ethers, and ion [...] Read more.
In the present work, potentiometric sensors with polymer membranes used for chlorhexidine (CHXD) determination were developed. The polymer membranes were plasticized with bis(2-ethylheksyl)sebacate (DOS) or 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE). The active compounds used in the membrane were cyclodextrins, crown ethers, and ion exchangers. The best-constructed electrode was based on neutral heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin with lipophilic salt (KTpClBP)—potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate—dissolved in plasticizer, DOS. The presented electrode is characterized by an average cationic slope of 30.9 ± 2.9 mV decade−1 within a linear range of 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−3 mol × L−1, while the value of the correlation coefficient is 0.9970 ± 0.0026. The response time was about 5 s when increasing the sample concentration and about 10 s when diluting the sample. The electrode potential is independent of the pH within a range of 4.0–9.5. The polymeric membrane sensor was successfully applied for assays of chlorhexidine digluconate in pure samples and pharmaceutical samples. The relative error from three replicate measurements was determined to be 1.1%. and the accuracy was RSD = 0.3–1.1%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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12 pages, 2472 KiB  
Article
A Time-Division Multiplexing Multi-Channel Micro-Electrochemical Workstation with Carbon-Based Material Electrodes for Online L-Trosine Detection
by Qiwen Bao, Gang Li, Zhengchun Yang, Jun Wei, Wenbo Cheng, Zilian Qu and Ling Lin
Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6252; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146252 - 9 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2149
Abstract
In the background of the rapid development of artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, 5G/6G, and other technologies, electrochemical sensors pose higher requirements for high-throughput detection. In this study, we developed a workstation with up to 10 channels, which supports both parallel signal stimulation [...] Read more.
In the background of the rapid development of artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, 5G/6G, and other technologies, electrochemical sensors pose higher requirements for high-throughput detection. In this study, we developed a workstation with up to 10 channels, which supports both parallel signal stimulation and online electrochemical analysis functions. The platform was wired to a highly integrated Bluetooth chip used for wireless data transmission and can be visualized on a smartphone. We used this electrochemical test platform with carbon–graphene oxide/screen-printed carbon electrodes (CB-GO/SPCE) for the online analysis of L-tyrosine (Tyr), and the electrochemical performance and stability of the electrodes were examined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The CB-GO-based screen-printed array electrodes with a multichannel electrochemical platform for Tyr detection showed a low detection limit (20 μM), good interference immunity, and 10-day stability in the range of 20–200 μM. This convenient electrochemical analytical device enables high-throughput detection and has good economic benefits that can contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of electrochemical analysis and the popularization of electrochemical detection methods in a wide range of fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
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