Journal Description
Reports
Reports
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal about the medical cases, images, and videos in human medicine, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), FSTA, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 21.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
0.6 (2024)
Latest Articles
Postpartum Endometritis and Sepsis Associated with Gardnerella vaginalis and Anaerococcus tetradius: Case Report and Literature Review
Reports 2025, 8(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030143 - 10 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Anaerococcus tetradius (A. tetradius) and Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis) are rare etiological factors for postpartum endometritis and are typically associated with bacterial vaginosis. However, in some cases, G. vaginalis and A. tetradius can cause
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Background and Clinical Significance: Anaerococcus tetradius (A. tetradius) and Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis) are rare etiological factors for postpartum endometritis and are typically associated with bacterial vaginosis. However, in some cases, G. vaginalis and A. tetradius can cause serious postpartum endometritis with complications such as sepsis. Case Presentation: 26-year-old pregnant woman expecting monochorionic diamniotic twins presented to the hospital at 35 weeks and 3 days of gestation and two male infants were delivered via the Cesarean section. On the fifth day after delivery, the patient began to complain of intense abdominal pain, a fever of 37.9 °C, and overall weakness. Blood tests revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis, increased C-reactive protein (CRP) of 225.4 mg/L. Upon examination, abdominal distension, tenderness on palpation, and positive symptoms of peritoneal irritation were present and the site of the abdominal incision was inflamed with flowing foul-smelling greenish pus. Ultrasound examination revealed free fluid collection in the peritoneal cavity, under the liver, and around the uterus. Later, the condition of the patient worsened with progressing hypotension and respiratory distress. As a result, suppurative peritonitis and sepsis was suspected and the patient underwent urgent total hysterectomy without oophorectomy. Acute endometritis, focal myometritis, and chronic cervicitis were concluded from histopathological examination of the removed uterus. Microbiological tests showed the most abundant growth of A. tetradius in the wound cultures and great abundance of G. vaginalis in the abdominal cavity cultures. After trying three different treatment schemes and difficulties with determining the antibiotic sensitivity tests for pathogens, the antibacterial therapy was escalated to Meropenem, which was found to be effective, and the patient was discharged home. Conclusions: This case report highlights the severity of complications of postpartum endometritis that can be caused by rare pathogens (such as G. vaginalis and A. tetradius), and strategies for how to manage it. The clinical presentation of a patient should be monitored closely for several days after Cesarean section and if endometritis is suspected, microbiological cultures are necessary to determine the cause of infection and implement an appropriate treatment.
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Open AccessCase Report
Radiologic and Pathologic Insights in Combined Hepatocellular–Cholangiocarcinoma: A Report of Three Cases
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Katrīna Marija Konošenoka, Nauris Zdanovskis, Aina Kratovska, Artūrs Šilovs and Veronika Zaiceva
Reports 2025, 8(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030142 - 8 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare primary liver malignancy exhibiting both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular features. Due to overlapping clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), diagnosis remains challenging. Early and accurate differentiation
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Background and Clinical Significance: Combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare primary liver malignancy exhibiting both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular features. Due to overlapping clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), diagnosis remains challenging. Early and accurate differentiation is critical for optimal treatment planning. Case Presentation: We report three histologically confirmed cases of cHCC-CC with different imaging features, biomarker profiles, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes. Patient 1, a 69-year-old female, presented with a large centrally located liver mass exhibiting iCC-like imaging features and mildly elevated AFP and CA 19-9 levels. Biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated cHCC-CC. Treatment involved palliative chemotherapy, with a survival of 16 months following diagnosis. Patient 2, an 80-year-old female with a small lesion in a cirrhotic liver, demonstrated an HCC-like enhancement pattern but normal AFP levels. Surgical resection was performed, and histology confirmed cHCC-CC with a dual phenotype. Despite initial remission, intrahepatic recurrence developed, treated with TACE and systemic therapy. The patient later transitioned to palliative care due to progression and survived 36 months. Patient 3, a 67-year-old male with chronic hepatitis C, presented with an HCC-like lesion and elevated AFP. Due to comorbidities, surgical resection was not feasible, and the patient was treated with percutaneous microwave ablation as a safer alternative. Biopsy during ablation confirmed cHCC-CC; follow-up was ongoing at submission. Conclusions: These cases highlight the diagnostic complexity and clinical variability of cHCC-CC. Imaging may be misleading, and tumor markers do not reliably predict subtype or prognosis. Histological confirmation is essential, particularly in patients with atypical imaging or discordant biomarker profiles. Individualized management, informed by tumor biology and patient condition, remains critical. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria and develop tailored therapeutic strategies for this challenging tumor entity.
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Open AccessCase Report
An Unusual Case of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis: Is the Role of Vaccination in Immune Reactivation a Casual or Causal Effect?
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Celia Rodríguez Tudero, Alberto Martín Arribas, Marco Dominguez Davalos, Elena Jiménez Mayor and José Carlos De La Flor
Reports 2025, 8(3), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030141 - 8 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a rare and heterogeneous pattern of immune-mediated glomerular injury, often associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, or monoclonal gammopathies. Idiopathic cases remain a diagnostic challenge and frequently require empirical immunosuppressive treatment. There is increasing interest in
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Background and Clinical Significance: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a rare and heterogeneous pattern of immune-mediated glomerular injury, often associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, or monoclonal gammopathies. Idiopathic cases remain a diagnostic challenge and frequently require empirical immunosuppressive treatment. There is increasing interest in environmental triggers that may activate the immune system in genetically or immunologically predisposed individuals. We report an unusual case of idiopathic immune complex-mediated MPGN with a relapsing course potentially associated with vaccine-induced immune reactivation. Case Presentation: A 35-year-old male with no significant medical history aside from untreated dyslipidemia and active smoking presented with a hypertensive emergency and acute kidney injury (AKI). Laboratory investigations revealed nephrotic-range proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Kidney biopsy demonstrated type I immune complex-mediated MPGN with a diffuse endocapillary proliferative pattern and granular subendothelial deposits (IgG+++, C3+++, C1q++). An extensive work-up ruled out secondary causes, supporting a diagnosis of idiopathic MPGN. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil led to a partial clinical response. However, after receiving multiple vaccinations, the patient experienced clinical deterioration. A second biopsy revealed persistent proliferative changes and new deposits of IgM++, C4d++, and both kappa and lambda light chains. This prompted a reintroduction of immunosuppressive therapy, which resulted in subsequent clinical improvement. Conclusions: This case supports the hypothesis that vaccine-induced immune reactivation may serve as a potential trigger for disease relapse in idiopathic MPGN. Clinicians should remain alert to environmental stimuli that may influence disease activity in immune-mediated glomerulopathies. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying immunopathogenic mechanisms.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nephrology/Urology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for Central Sleep Apnea in an Anemic Patient with Cardiac Disease: A Case Report
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Bianca Domokos-Gergely, Gabriel-Flaviu Brișan and Doina Todea
Reports 2025, 8(3), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030140 - 7 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common comorbidity in patients with cardiac and metabolic disorders. The coexistence of central sleep apnea with Cheyne–Stokes breathing (CSA-CSB) in heart failure patients, especially those with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), represents a
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Background and Clinical Significance: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common comorbidity in patients with cardiac and metabolic disorders. The coexistence of central sleep apnea with Cheyne–Stokes breathing (CSA-CSB) in heart failure patients, especially those with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Data on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) failure and successful adaptation to servo-ventilation (ASV) in the context of complex comorbidities remain limited. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 74-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, HFpEF, essential hypertension, and bladder carcinoma. He was referred for pre-operative OSA screening, reporting excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and witnessed apneas. Initial respiratory polygraphy revealed severe sleep-disordered breathing with dominant CSA-CSB and moderate OSA. Laboratory investigations also revealed severe iron-deficiency anemia, which was managed with parenteral iron supplementation. The patient underwent CPAP titration, which led to modest improvement and residual high apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). After persistent symptoms and an inadequate CPAP response, an ASV device was initiated with significant clinical and respiratory improvement, demonstrating normalization of hypoxic burden and optimal adherence. Conclusions: CSA-CSB in HFpEF patients with anemia poses unique therapeutic difficulties. This case highlights the importance of individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including transitioning to ASV in CPAP-refractory cases, which can lead to improved adherence, reduced hypoxia, and better overall outcomes in high-risk patients.
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Open AccessCase Report
Osteonevus of Nanta—A Rare Case Report of a Cellular Blue Nevus with Ossification
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Camilla Soendergaard Kristiansen, Anna Louise Norling, Birgitte Bols and Christian Lyngsaa Lang
Reports 2025, 8(3), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030139 - 6 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Osteonevus of Nanta is a rare histological phenomenon characterized by bone formation within a benign melanocytic nevus, most commonly in intradermal nevi of the head and neck. Although osteonevus of Nanta is rare, ossification in a cellular blue
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Background and Clinical Significance: Osteonevus of Nanta is a rare histological phenomenon characterized by bone formation within a benign melanocytic nevus, most commonly in intradermal nevi of the head and neck. Although osteonevus of Nanta is rare, ossification in a cellular blue nevus is even more uncommon. To date, only one case of a cellular blue nevus with ossification has been documented. This case report adds to the limited literature and emphasizes the clinical importance of recognizing this rare phenomenon, as osteonevus of Nanta has been potentially associated with malignant melanoma. Case Presentation: A 72-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic, pigmented scalp lesion that had recently increased in size. On clinical examination, the tumor appeared as a well-demarcated, firm, and nodular mass with dark blueish to violet pigmentation that measured 15 × 12 × 7 mm. To ensure a definitive diagnosis and rule out malignancy, the lesion was excised with narrow margins. Histological examination revealed a cellular blue nevus with prominent osseous metaplasia. Due to the absence of clear margins, a wider re-excision was performed. No residual tumor was found, and the patient remained asymptomatic with no recurrence. Conclusions: This case represents only the second published example of a cellular blue nevus with ossification. While osteonevus of Nanta is benign, its potential association with malignant melanoma, as well as its clinical resemblance to malignant entities such as nodular melanoma, malignant blue nevus, and pigmented basal cell carcinoma, underscores the need for thorough clinical and histopathologic evaluation.
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(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Multidisciplinary Care Approach to Asymptomatic Brugada Syndrome in Pregnancy: A Case Report
by
Isabella Marechal-Ross and Kathryn Austin
Reports 2025, 8(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030138 - 5 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited cardiac channelopathy, often associated with SCN5A loss-of-function mutations. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Physiological and pharmacological stressors affecting sodium channel function—such as pyrexia, certain medications,
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Background and Clinical Significance: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited cardiac channelopathy, often associated with SCN5A loss-of-function mutations. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Physiological and pharmacological stressors affecting sodium channel function—such as pyrexia, certain medications, and possibly pregnancy—may unmask or exacerbate arrhythmic risk. However, there is limited information regarding pregnancy and obstetric outcomes. Obstetric management remains largely informed by isolated case reports and small case series. A literature review was conducted using OVID Medline and Embase, identifying case reports, case series, and one retrospective cohort study reporting clinical presentation, obstetric management, and outcomes in maternal BrS. A case is presented detailing coordinated multidisciplinary input, antenatal surveillance, and intrapartum and postpartum care to contribute to the growing evidence base guiding obstetric care in this complex setting. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old G2P0 woman with asymptomatic BrS (SCN5A-positive) was referred at 31 + 5 weeks’ gestation for multidisciplinary antenatal care. Regular review and collaborative planning involving cardiology, anaesthetics, maternal–fetal medicine, and obstetrics guided a plan for vaginal delivery with continuous cardiac and fetal monitoring. At 38 + 0 weeks, the woman presented with spontaneous rupture of membranes and underwent induction of labour. A normal vaginal delivery was achieved without arrhythmic events. Epidural block with ropivacaine and local anaesthesia with lignocaine were well tolerated, and 24 h postpartum monitoring revealed no abnormalities. Conclusions: This case adds to the limited but growing literature suggesting that with individualised planning and multidisciplinary care, pregnancies in women with BrS can proceed safely and without complication. Ongoing case reporting is essential to inform future guidelines and optimise maternal and fetal outcomes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics/Gynaecology)
Open AccessCase Report
Fatal Cytokine Collision: HLH–AIHA in Advanced AIDS—Case Report and Literature Review
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Xiaoyi Zhang, Maria Felix Torres Nolasco, Wing Fai Li, Toru Yoshino and Manasa Anipindi
Reports 2025, 8(3), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030137 - 4 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are both life-threatening hematologic syndromes that rarely present together outside of malignancy. Advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) creates a milieu of profound immune dysregulation and hyperinflammation, predisposing patients to atypical
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Background and Clinical Significance: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are both life-threatening hematologic syndromes that rarely present together outside of malignancy. Advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) creates a milieu of profound immune dysregulation and hyperinflammation, predisposing patients to atypical overlaps of these disorders. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old woman with poorly controlled AIDS presented with three weeks of jaundice, fever, and fatigue. Initial labs revealed pancytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated ferritin level. Direct anti-globulin testing confirmed warm AIHA (IgG+/C3d+) with transient cold agglutinins. Despite intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), rituximab, and transfusions, she developed hepatosplenomegaly, extreme hyperferritinemia, and sIL-2R > 10,000 pg/mL, meeting HLH-2004 criteria. Bone marrow biopsy excluded malignancy; further work-up revealed Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) viremia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. Dexamethasone plus reduced-dose etoposide transiently reduced soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) but precipitated profound pancytopenia, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from CMV/parainfluenza pneumonia, bilateral deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). She ultimately died of hemorrhagic shock after anticoagulation despite maximal supportive measures. Conclusions: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of HLH-AIHA overlap in AIDS, where cytopenias and hyperferritinemia mask the underlying cytokine storm. Pathogenesis likely involved IL-6/IFN-γ overproduction, impaired cytotoxic T-cell function, and molecular mimicry. While etoposide remains a cornerstone of HLH therapy, its myelotoxicity proved catastrophic in this immunocompromised host, highlighting the urgent need for cytokine-targeted agents to mitigate treatment-related mortality.
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(This article belongs to the Section Allergy/Immunology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Boomerang Sign in the Splenium of the Corpus Callosum After Vestibullar Schwannoma Treatment: Case Report and Review of the Literature
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Maciej Laskowski, Bartłomiej Błaszczyk, Marcin Setlak, Adam Rudnik, Ewa Warmuz-Uhma and Jan Herzyk
Reports 2025, 8(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030136 - 4 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: The term “boomerang sign” refers to a boomerang-shaped area of cytotoxic edema in the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is seen as hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted images, FLAIR and DWI in MRI. No specific pathomechanism leading to
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Background and Clinical Significance: The term “boomerang sign” refers to a boomerang-shaped area of cytotoxic edema in the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is seen as hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted images, FLAIR and DWI in MRI. No specific pathomechanism leading to these changes in the splenium have been yet found; however, authors have listed a variety of potential causes. Case Presentation: The case presents a 38-year-old male patient after left cerebellopontine angle tumor resection with an abnormal, increased signal intensity within the corpus callosum (boomerang sign) in FLAIR MRI sequence. In the case of our patient, unlike the patients described in the literature, the changes in the commissure persist. Conclusions: These lesions could be caused by several factors such as the development of cerebellar edema and subarachnoid bleeding or hypertonic salt usage while in the intensive care unit.
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Open AccessCase Report
Spinal Gout: A Rare but Serious Mimicker of Spinal Pathology—Report of Two Cases
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Muhammad Ishfaq, Rajeesh George and Rohan De Silva
Reports 2025, 8(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030135 - 3 Aug 2025
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In this report of two cases, we describe two patients with spinal involvement of gout. The first case involved a 67-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with a one-week history of weakness in both the upper and lower limbs, despite no
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In this report of two cases, we describe two patients with spinal involvement of gout. The first case involved a 67-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with a one-week history of weakness in both the upper and lower limbs, despite no prior history of gout. Cervical spine MRI revealed spinal cord compression at the C4 level from a posterior lesion. During surgery, chalky white deposits consistent with gouty tophi were observed in the ligamentum flavum within the epidural space at C4. These intraoperative findings correlated with elevated serum uric acid levels. The second case concerned a 68-year-old male who presented with a five-day history of right lower limb pain along with bilateral knee discomfort. Radiologic and laboratory evaluations revealed elevated inflammatory markers, negatively birefringent crystals in knee joint aspirate, spondylodiscitis at the L5-S1 level, and a right-sided synovial cyst at the T10–T11 level causing spinal cord compression. Following the initiation of anti-gout therapy, the patient experienced significant clinical improvement, normalization of inflammatory markers, and radiologic resolution of the thoracic synovial cyst.
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Open AccessCase Report
Catatonia in a Possible Case of Moderate Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Case Report
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Daniel Ungureanu, Patricia-Ștefania Mitrea, Silvina Iluț, Aurora Taloș and Cătălina-Angela Crișan
Reports 2025, 8(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030134 - 2 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening condition usually caused by the exposure to antipsychotics. This case report presents a catatonia syndrome that may have developed in the context of a moderate NMS. Case Presentation: An 18-year-old
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Background and Clinical Significance: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening condition usually caused by the exposure to antipsychotics. This case report presents a catatonia syndrome that may have developed in the context of a moderate NMS. Case Presentation: An 18-year-old male patient presented with a treatment-resistant catatonia syndrome that debuted 2 weeks prior to the presentation (creatin kinase levels = 4908 U/L, maximum temperature = 38.9°C, white blood count = 13.20 × 109/L, Bush–Francis Catatonia Rating Scale = 30 points). Possible organic causes of catatonia were ruled out, according to the negative results obtained. The patient’s condition improved under benzodiazepine treatment and he was later discharged. After discharge, the catatonia was attributed to a possible NMS with moderate severity. The diagnosis was supported by NMS Diagnosis Criteria Score = 85 points and the presence of Levenson’s triad. Conclusions: This case highlights the concomitant manifestation of both catatonia and NMS in the same patient and the difficulty of establishing a correct diagnosis involving both entities.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)
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Open AccessCase Report
Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy: A Case Report
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Sara Mogedano-Cruz, Carlos Romero-Morales, Mónica de la Cueva-Reguera, Kristin L. Campbell and Pablo Herrero
Reports 2025, 8(3), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030133 - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a frequent and limiting complication of oncological treatment, particularly in patients receiving oxaliplatin. Its onset can significantly affect the quality of life and compromise the continuity of the antineoplastic therapy. Due to the
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Background and Clinical Significance: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a frequent and limiting complication of oncological treatment, particularly in patients receiving oxaliplatin. Its onset can significantly affect the quality of life and compromise the continuity of the antineoplastic therapy. Due to the limited efficacy of available pharmacological therapies, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) has been proposed as a non-invasive alternative for symptom management. Case presentation: We report the case of a 75-year-old woman with colorectal adenocarcinoma who developed CIPN following oxaliplatin administration. She underwent a 12-week course of PENS targeting the median nerve, with weekly sessions conducted without interruption of chemotherapy and without adverse effects. The patient showed progressive improvement in neurosensory symptoms, as measured by the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 questionnaire. Quantitative sensory testing revealed normalization of thermal and vibratory sensitivity and improved mechanical detection thresholds. The cumulative oxaliplatin dose was maintained throughout treatment. Conclusions: PENS may offer an effective and safe therapeutic option for managing CIPN, enabling symptom control without compromising oncological treatment. This case supports the need for controlled clinical trials to confirm efficacy and establish standardized protocols.
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(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Management of a Complicated Crown Fracture in a 16-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report
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Ralitsa Bogovska-Gigova
Reports 2025, 8(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030132 - 1 Aug 2025
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Background and Clinical Significance: Traumatic dental injuries, particularly complicated crown fractures of permanent incisors, are common in adolescents, with maxillary central incisors most frequently affected due to their prominent position. These injuries, often resulting from sports or accidents, require prompt management to
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Background and Clinical Significance: Traumatic dental injuries, particularly complicated crown fractures of permanent incisors, are common in adolescents, with maxillary central incisors most frequently affected due to their prominent position. These injuries, often resulting from sports or accidents, require prompt management to prevent complications such as pulp necrosis or infection, which can compromise long-term prognosis. Fragment reattachment offers a conservative, esthetically favorable approach when the fractured segment is intact, with outcomes comparable to composite restorations. This case report underscores the importance of timely intervention and advanced restorative techniques in pediatric dentistry. Case Presentation: A 16-year-old male presented with a complicated crown fracture of the upper left central incisor sustained during a soccer game. The fracture extended subgingivally with pulp exposure. The patient preserved the fragment in saline. Treatment involved fragment reattachment using a dentin bonding agent and flowable composite resin, followed by single-visit root canal therapy due to delayed presentation (48 h). A glass fiber post was placed to reinforce the restoration due to significant coronal loss. Three years of follow-up visits (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months) revealed no clinical or radiographic complications, with the tooth remaining asymptomatic and functional. Conclusions: This case underscores the effectiveness of fragment reattachment when combined with meticulous technique and long-term monitoring.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Disorders in the Pediatric Population)
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Open AccessCase Report
Blue Nevi and Melanoma Arising in Blue Nevus: A Comparative Histopathological Case Series
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Hristo Popov, Pavel Pavlov and George S. Stoyanov
Reports 2025, 8(3), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030131 - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Blue nevi are a dubious pigmented lesion. While somewhat common throughout the population, they are significantly less common than other melanocytic neoplasms, and both their morphology and development bring them closer to true hamartomas than neoplasms. An exceedingly rare
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Background and Clinical Significance: Blue nevi are a dubious pigmented lesion. While somewhat common throughout the population, they are significantly less common than other melanocytic neoplasms, and both their morphology and development bring them closer to true hamartomas than neoplasms. An exceedingly rare occurrence is the development of melanoma from a preexisting blue nevus. This nosological unit, defined as melanoma arising in a blue nevus, also known as malignant blue nevus, blue naevus–like melanoma, melanoma ex-blue naevus, and melanoma mimicking cellular blue naevus, is required to either originate from an area of previously excised blue nevus or have a blue nevus remnant adjacent to it. Due to the spindle cell morphology of melanoma arising in blue nevus, the terminology is often misused by some authors to include spindle cell melanomas, which exhibit a distinct pathogenesis and, although morphologically similar, have differing molecular profiles as well. Case presentations: The following manuscript discusses comparative morphological features in a case series of blue nevi and melanoma arising in blue nevi. Discussion: Blue nevi present with unique morphological features, with melanomas originating from them having a unique molecular pathology profile, which significantly differs from other cutaneous melanomas and is closer to that of uveal melanomas.
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(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Melanotrichoblastoma: A Histopathological Case Report of a Rare Pigmented Variant of Trichoblastoma
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George S. Stoyanov, Ivaylo Balabanov, Svetoslava Zhivkova and Hristo Popov
Reports 2025, 8(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030130 - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and clinical significance: Trichoblastomas are rare, mixed epithelial tumors with a mesenchymal component and hair follicle differentiation. Case presentation: Herein, we present a case report of a 51-year-old female patient presenting to the obstetrics and gynecology department with complaints of edema and
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Background and clinical significance: Trichoblastomas are rare, mixed epithelial tumors with a mesenchymal component and hair follicle differentiation. Case presentation: Herein, we present a case report of a 51-year-old female patient presenting to the obstetrics and gynecology department with complaints of edema and erythema of the right Bartholin gland, and a lesion measuring 2 cm on the right lateral edge of the mons pubis, towards the inguinal fold. Marsupialization of the Bartholin gland was performed, as well as an incision into the pubo-inguinal lesion, which the patient depicted as grossly resembling an ingrown hair. Upon incision into the pubic–inguinal lesion, it was dark brown in color and spontaneously popped out of the subcutis, without an attempt at enucleation. Histology and subsequent immunohistochemistry of the lesion showed a blue basaloid tumor with an extensive pigment component located deep in the dermis that was sharply demarcated from the surrounding tissues. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry was diffusely and strongly positive for epithelial markers; melanocytic markers were positive only in dendritic melanocytes dispersed within the tumors, and the proliferative index was low. As such, the tumor was identified as melanotrichoblastoma.
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(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Is Spinal Analgesia or Anesthesia Safe After Labor Epidural Analgesia? Reporting Two Cases of High Neuraxial Block and Mini-Review of the Literature
by
Arsen Uvelin, Marijana Cavrić-Dragičević, Borislava Pujić, Lidija Jovanović, Teodora Tubić and Radmila Popović
Reports 2025, 8(3), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030129 - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical significance: Single-shot spinal anesthesia for intrapartum Cesarean section has recently been incriminated in carrying a high risk of high neuraxial block (HNB) occurrence in parturients receiving labor epidural analgesia. The so-called volume effect of the epidurally injected solution causes a
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Background and Clinical significance: Single-shot spinal anesthesia for intrapartum Cesarean section has recently been incriminated in carrying a high risk of high neuraxial block (HNB) occurrence in parturients receiving labor epidural analgesia. The so-called volume effect of the epidurally injected solution causes a contraction of the dural sack and unexpected HNB. Case presentation: We present two cases of HNB in parturients receiving epidural analgesia. The first case describes the 36-year-old patient G3P2, who was administered a repeated rescue analgesia single-shot spinal injection with low-dose local anesthetic (levobupivacaine, 3 mg) following non-functional combined spinal–epidural analgesia. The second case describes the 28-year-old parturient G1P0, who experienced HNB after single-shot spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine (7.5 mg) following labor epidural analgesia. Conclusions: Intrathecal administration of local anesthetic for the purpose of spinal analgesia or anesthesia in a parturient with epidural analgesia can cause unexpected HNB and could occur even at low doses of intrathecally administered medications. The interplay of numerous variables and circumstances in the specific case can result in the occurrence of HNB. We assume that in our first case, the volume effect and repeated dural puncture, and in the second case, the low height of the parturient coupled with the volume effect, played significant role in the occurrence of HNB.
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(This article belongs to the Section Anaesthesia)
Open AccessCase Report
Gastric Sarcina ventriculi: A Report on Two Cases
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Yaomin Chen, Yu Liu and Zhiyan Fu
Reports 2025, 8(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030128 - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Sarcina ventriculi is a rare Gram-positive coccus that thrives in acidic environments such as the human stomach. It has been increasingly identified in individuals with delayed gastric emptying and has been reported in association with various gastric disorders.
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Background and Clinical Significance: Sarcina ventriculi is a rare Gram-positive coccus that thrives in acidic environments such as the human stomach. It has been increasingly identified in individuals with delayed gastric emptying and has been reported in association with various gastric disorders. However, its exact pathogenic role is not fully understood and remains controversial. Case Presentation: We present two cases of patients, one with a small bowel obstruction and the other with epigastric pain, both diagnosed with Sarcina ventriculi infection by histological examination of gastric biopsies. The patients were managed with a combination of antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor, resulting in symptom resolution and clearance of Sarcina ventriculi upon follow-up examinations. Conclusions: This report explores the pathogenicity of Sarcina ventriculi by documenting its presence in symptomatic patients without other identifiable pathogens and demonstrating complete symptom resolution following targeted therapy. These findings raise the possibility of Sarcina ventriculi’s pathogenic potential under specific clinical conditions, suggesting it may act as more than a benign colonizer.
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(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology)
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Open AccessCase Report
Infective Endocarditis with Gerbode Defect and DRESS Syndrome: A Rare Case Report
by
Corina Ureche, Diana Lavinia Moldovan, Ionel Vița, Valeria Guila and Teodora Nicola-Varo
Reports 2025, 8(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030127 - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious condition with rising incidence, frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus. However, cases involving rare congenital anomalies such as Gerbode’s defect are uncommon. Case Presentation: This report presents the first documented case of IE
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Background and Clinical Significance: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious condition with rising incidence, frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus. However, cases involving rare congenital anomalies such as Gerbode’s defect are uncommon. Case Presentation: This report presents the first documented case of IE in a patient with a congenital Gerbode defect complicated by DRESS syndrome—a severe, drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction typically triggered by antibiotics like oxacillin. A 65-year-old woman developed infective endocarditis involving vegetations on the cardiac device lead, the tricuspid valve, and adjacent to a Gerbode defect. The diagnosis was confirmed by positive blood cultures and echocardiographic findings. She received treatment with oxacillin. Subsequently, she exhibited clinical features consistent with DRESS syndrome, including rash, eosinophilia, and multi-organ involvement. Rapid recognition and management, including corticosteroid therapy and antibiotic modification, led to clinical improvement. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of vigilance for DRESS syndrome in prolonged antibiotic therapy for IE, especially in the context of rare congenital cardiac anomalies. In addition, guidelines are needed to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of this potentially lethal complication.
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(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology/Cardiovascular Medicine)
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Open AccessCase Report
Sustained Complete Response to Trastuzumab Deruxtecan Beyond Treatment Discontinuation in a Heavily Pretreated HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patient with Skin Metastases: A Case Report
by
Maria Puleo, Sarah Pafumi, Martina Di Pietro, Giuseppina Rosaria Rita Ricciardi and Maria Vita Sanò
Reports 2025, 8(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030126 - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different spread of metastases. In particular, skin metastases are common in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC). However, anti-HER2 therapies have shown limited activity in this context. Recently, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd), a
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Background and Clinical Significance: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different spread of metastases. In particular, skin metastases are common in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC). However, anti-HER2 therapies have shown limited activity in this context. Recently, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd), a novel potent anti-HER2 antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), has revolutionized the therapeutic armamentarium of HER2 mBC with unprecedented evidence of efficacy in pretreated patients. However, the activity of this drug in patients with skin involvement is largely unknown. Case Presentation: Here, we report a case of extensive cutaneous involvement in a heavily pretreated patient who achieved a long-lasting complete response to T-DXd, which, unexpectedly, remained sustained for more than three years following treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: Skin toxicity is not a common adverse event with this agent, and, as demonstrated in the present case, it might not be drug-related, and additional causes might be ruled out before treatment discontinuation. However, the possibility of discontinuing anti-Her2 treatment in a patient who has achieved a complete response could represent a field of research, potentially using liquid biopsy or other new technologies.
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(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)
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A Personalized 3D-Printed CAD/CAM Functional Space Maintainer Following the Premature Loss of a Primary First Molar in a Five-Year-Old Child
by
Rasa Mladenovic, Andrija Nedeljkovic, Ljiljana Vujacic, Marko Stevanovic, Vladan Djordjevic, Srbislav Pajic and Kristina Mladenovic
Reports 2025, 8(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030125 - 29 Jul 2025
Abstract
Primary teeth play a crucial role in a child’s development, particularly in maintaining space for permanent teeth. The premature loss of a primary tooth can lead to orthodontic issues, making the use of space maintainers essential to ensure proper growth and development of
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Primary teeth play a crucial role in a child’s development, particularly in maintaining space for permanent teeth. The premature loss of a primary tooth can lead to orthodontic issues, making the use of space maintainers essential to ensure proper growth and development of permanent teeth. To preserve space, the fabrication of a space maintainer is necessary. Since conventional space maintainers do not restore masticatory function, this study presents an innovative solution for space preservation following the extraction of the first primary molar through the design of the functional space maintainer KOS&MET (Key Orthodontic System and Materials Enhanced Therapy). The space maintainer was designed using the 3Shape Dental Designer 2023 version software tool and manufactured via additive 3D printing, utilizing a metal alloy with high resistance to masticatory forces. The crown is supported by the primary canine, while an intraoral window is created to monitor the eruption of the successor tooth. This design does not interfere with occlusion and enables bilateral chewing. Masticatory performance was assessed using two-color chewing gum, and the results showed improvement after cementing the space maintainer. This innovative approach not only preserves space for permanent teeth but also enhances masticatory function, contributing to the proper growth and development of the jaws and teeth.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Disorders in the Pediatric Population)
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Open AccessCase Report
Silently Wrapped: Embolization and Surgical Strategy for Giant Sciatic-Sparing Myxoid Liposarcoma—Case Report
by
Radu Aurelian Vișan and Victor Baluța
Reports 2025, 8(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030124 - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
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Background and Clinical Significance: Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is a malignant soft tissue tumor that often presents as a painless, slow-growing mass and is known for its atypical extrapulmonary metastatic pattern. Although sciatic nerve involvement is rare, when present, it usually causes neurologic symptoms.
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Background and Clinical Significance: Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is a malignant soft tissue tumor that often presents as a painless, slow-growing mass and is known for its atypical extrapulmonary metastatic pattern. Although sciatic nerve involvement is rare, when present, it usually causes neurologic symptoms. In this case, a large MLS silently expanded and completely encased the sciatic nerve without causing deficits, highlighting the importance of early imaging, multidisciplinary planning, and individualized surgical strategy in managing complex soft tissue sarcomas. Case Presentation: This case report describes a 67-year-old male with a 30 cm encapsulated myxoid liposarcoma of the posterior left thigh. The tumor had grown insidiously over one year and completely encased the sciatic nerve without causing pain, paresthesia, or motor impairment. Selective embolization was performed preoperatively to minimize blood loss. A posteromedial surgical approach allowed for en bloc resection with negative margins and preservation of sciatic nerve integrity. Histopathology confirmed a myxoid liposarcoma composed primarily of spindle-shaped tumor cells. The patient experienced no postoperative complications or neurologic deficits. At the two-year follow-up, he remains disease-free with full functional recovery. Conclusions: This case illustrates the potential for large, asymptomatic myxoid liposarcomas to encase critical neurovascular structures without infiltration. Preoperative embolization as part of a multidisciplinary plan was key to achieving safe resection and excellent functional outcomes.
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