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Multi-Modal Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation for Crop Type Mapping, Growth, Phenology and Yield Estimation

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Vegetation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 1725

Editors


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Guest Editor
School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Interests: remote sensing; agriculture; vegetation monitoring; modelling; statistical analysis

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Guest Editor
Applied Agricultural Remote Sensing Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Interests: remote sensing; agriculture; land cover monitoring

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Guest Editor
Phenomics Platform, Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Cali, Colombia
Interests: remote sensing; agriculture; phenomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent advances in remote sensing data collection, analysis, and communication, have significantly broadened its application in agricultural research. These advances have also facilitated the transition from research to operational use, as evidenced by the expanding range of agricultural analytics and products. However, data source selection, often based on revisit frequency, spatial, or spectral characteristics, can limit the outcomes of agricultural studies.

Multi-modal remote sensing and data assimilation offer tailored approaches by integrating diverse data sources (e.g., optical, radar, LiDAR, thermal, field data, and weather) and platforms (satellite, airborne, UAVs, and ground-based) into a single analytical process. While these methods can produce accurate results efficiently, they involve handling complex, large-scale datasets, especially for high-spatial resolution within-field applications.

Despite growing interest, relatively few studies utilising multi-modal approaches for agriculture are being presented. This Special Issue focuses on crop type mapping, growth, phenology, and yield estimation to support informed decision-making and sustainable agricultural practices. It encourages large-scale, multi-season studies with robust statistical validation, showcasing innovative research and methodologies to enhance agricultural outcomes and their operational applications.

Dr. Angélica Suárez
Dr. Andrew Clark
Dr. Michael Gomez Selvaraj
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • agricultural remote sensing
  • precision agriculture
  • crop mapping
  • crop stress
  • crop phenology
  • yield prediction
  • soil monitoring
  • data fusion
  • time-series analysis
  • irrigation management
  • drought monitoring
  • unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
  • satellite imagery
  • hyperspectral and multispectral imaging
  • LiDAR
  • machine learning
  • statistical analysis

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 3303 KB  
Article
Separating Water-Level Variations and Phenological Changes in Rice Paddies: Integrating SAR with Ground-Based GNSS-IR Observations
by Daiki Kobayashi, Ryusuke Suzuki and Kosuke Noborio
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(7), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18071055 - 1 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 857
Abstract
Paddy field water management and rice phenology strongly affect crop productivity and environmental processes, requiring continuous and quantitative monitoring. This study combined satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations and ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) over a paddy field to [...] Read more.
Paddy field water management and rice phenology strongly affect crop productivity and environmental processes, requiring continuous and quantitative monitoring. This study combined satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations and ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) over a paddy field to analyze their sensitivities to water-level variations and phenological dynamics. Sentinel-1 (C-band) and ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 (L-band) SAR time series were compared with continuous GNSS-IR observations acquired using geodetic-grade instrumentation. For GNSS-IR, Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP) analysis of SNR data was applied to derive two indicators: (i) the dominant spectral peak (fwater) frequency associated with the effective reflecting surface, and (ii) a normalized spectral integral (GNSS Phenology Indicator, GPI) representing vegetation-induced scattering and attenuation effects. The temporal evolution of LSP spectra exhibited systematic changes with rice phenological progression, including peak broadening and the emergence of multiple peaks as vegetation developed. For water level variations, L-band SAR co-polarized backscatter (VV and HH) and the GNSS-IR spectral peak exhibited comparable relationships with in situ water level, whereas C-band SAR showed weaker sensitivity. For phenological dynamics, GPI showed temporal behavior similar to that of the SAR polarization ratio (VH/VV), with clear responses around key growth stages, such as heading and harvest. These results suggest that SAR polarization-based indicators and GNSS-IR spectral characteristics can be interpreted within a consistent electromagnetic framework: co-polarized L-band SAR responses correspond to the water-surface-related GNSS-IR peak, whereas cross-polarized indicators correspond to GPI. This study demonstrated the potential of GNSS-IR as complementary information for physically interpreting SAR scattering mechanisms, highlighting a pathway toward more integrated microwave-based monitoring of land surface processes. Full article
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36 pages, 3155 KB  
Systematic Review
Advances in Multi-Scale Remote Sensing and Machine Learning for Canopy-to-Root Phenotyping of Drought Adaptation in Sorghum: A Systematic Review
by Spoorthi Nagaraju, Dongxue Zhao, Barbara George-Jaeggli, David Jordan and Andries Potgieter
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(16), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18162676 - 9 Aug 2026
Viewed by 423
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a major cereal in water-limited environments. Its C4 carbon-concentrating pathway suppresses photorespiration and supports comparatively high photosynthetic and water-use efficiency at high temperature, although yield remains sensitive to the timing and intensity of drought. This [...] Read more.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a major cereal in water-limited environments. Its C4 carbon-concentrating pathway suppresses photorespiration and supports comparatively high photosynthetic and water-use efficiency at high temperature, although yield remains sensitive to the timing and intensity of drought. This systematic review critically evaluates how coordinated variation in phenology, canopy development, transpiration regulation, photosynthetic resilience and root-mediated water capture can be phenotyped for sorghum improvement. The review was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Eligible primary studies examined sorghum drought physiology, sensing-based phenotyping, trait retrieval, root-associated water capture, or breeding applications. Following duplicate removal and title, abstract and full-text screening, 45 sorghum-specific studies were included. Owing to substantial heterogeneity in experimental design, drought treatment, sensing platform, target trait, and validation metric, evidence was synthesised narratively rather than by meta-analysis. We compare sorghum studies across Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), multi-spectral, hyperspectral, thermal, structural, and fluorescence sensing, with emphasis on reported accuracy, transferability and physiological interpretation. We then examine how PROSAIL (PROSPECT coupled with Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves) and SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy Fluxes) can be constrained for sorghum canopies and combined with machine learning. The central contribution is a sorghum-specific framework that distinguishes directly observed or model-retrieved canopy traits from indirect root-function predictions requiring ground validation. The synthesis identifies practical routes for measuring functional stay-green, high-vapour-pressure-deficit responses and post-anthesis water capture, while defining priorities for cross-environment validation and breeding deployment. Full article
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