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Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022
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Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022

A special issue of Quantum Beam Science (ISSN 2412-382X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 23626

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Liss

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
Interests: X-ray free electron; in-situ investigations; extreme conditions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Rozaliya Barabash

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Interests: neutron diffraction; microscopy; X-ray
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As Editor-in-Chief of the journal Quantum Beam Science (ISSN 2412-382X), it is my pleasure to announce the launch of a new Special Issue on “Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022”. QuBS is an international, open-access journal publishing reviews and original research focusing on the application of quantum beams for the study and characterization of materials in their widest sense, as well as developments of quantum beam sources, instrumentation and facilities. In this Special Issue, we will publish outstanding contributions in the main fields covered by the journal, which will make a great contribution to the community. The entire issue will be published in book format after it is closed.

Quantum beams include synchrotron radiation, X-rays, gamma rays, neutron beams, electrons, lasers, muons, positrons, ions, or extremely strong lasers, while materials can be crystalline, amorphous, magnetic, metallic, ceramic, biologic, hard or soft matter, warm dense matter, functional, structural and so on. Quantum beam science covers a broad range of disciplines including, but not limited to, solid-state physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biology, geology, earth and planetary materials, and engineering. Examples of investigations include phase transformations in alloy development, modulated structures in spintronic systems, crystalline order and disorder, stresses in engineering specimens, changes in amorphous structure, excitations in functional materials, the interior of stars, electrochemistry in ion battery systems, imaging in life sciences, and the propagation of dislocations in crystals.

Submissions are encouraged to present multiple quantum beams for complementary studies, such as neutron and synchrotron radiation, or muons and neutrons. Instrumental publications may cover large user facilities, novel developments, sources, spectrometers, diffractometers, functionality, physical- and optical-based background, scattering and interaction theories with respect to the application, and the fundamentals of the probe.

Submitted papers will be evaluated by the Editors first. Please note that all papers will be subjected to a thorough and rigorous peer review.

Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Liss
Prof. Dr. Rozaliya Barabash
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Quantum Beam Science is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • synchrotron radiation
  • X-rays
  • gamma rays
  • neutron scattering
  • free electron lasers
  • muons
  • positrons
  • electron scattering
  • high-strength lasers
  • protons, ions
  • extremely strong lasers

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3236 KiB  
Article
Irradiation Temperature Dependence of Shape Elongation of Metal Nanoparticles in Silica: Counterevidence to Ion Hammering Related Scenario
by Hiroshi Amekura, Saif Ahmad Khan, Pawan Kumar Kulriya and Debdulal Kabiraj
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7020012 - 7 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
Irradiation temperature (IT) dependence of the elongation efficiency of vanadium nanoparticles (NPs) in SiO2 was evaluated: The samples were irradiated with 120 MeV Ag9+ ions to a fluence of 1.0 × 1014 ions/cm2 each at ITs of 300, 433, [...] Read more.
Irradiation temperature (IT) dependence of the elongation efficiency of vanadium nanoparticles (NPs) in SiO2 was evaluated: The samples were irradiated with 120 MeV Ag9+ ions to a fluence of 1.0 × 1014 ions/cm2 each at ITs of 300, 433, 515, and 591 K, while the measurements were performed at room temperature. The vanadium was selected for the NP species because of the highest bulk m.p. of 1910 °C (2183 K) among all the species of the elemental metal NPs in which the shape elongation was observed. The highest m.p. could contribute negligible size changes of NPs against inevitable exposure to high temperatures for the IT dependence measurements. The elongation of V NPs was evaluated qualitatively by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitatively by optical linear dichroism (OLD) spectroscopy. The electron microscopy studies showed a pronounced elongation of NPs with ion irradiation at the elevated temperatures. The OLD signal was almost constant, or even slightly increased with increasing the IT from 300 to 591 K. This IT dependence provides a striking contrast to that of the ion hammering (IH) effect, which predicts a steep decrease with increasing IT. Combined with the other two counterevidence previously reported, the IH-related effect is excluded from the origin of the shape elongation of metal NPs in SiO2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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16 pages, 4674 KiB  
Article
Coulomb Spike Modelling of Ion Sputtering of Amorphous Water Ice
by Jean-Marc Costantini and Tatsuhiko Ogawa
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7010007 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1795
Abstract
The effects of electronic excitations on the ion sputtering of water ice are not well understood even though there is a clear dependence of the sputtering yield on the electronic stopping power of high-energy ions. Ion sputtering of amorphous water ice induced by [...] Read more.
The effects of electronic excitations on the ion sputtering of water ice are not well understood even though there is a clear dependence of the sputtering yield on the electronic stopping power of high-energy ions. Ion sputtering of amorphous water ice induced by electronic excitations is modelled by using the Coulomb explosion approach. The momentum transfer to ionized target atoms in the Coulomb field that is generated by swift ion irradiation is computed. Positively charged ions produced inside tracks are emitted from the surface whenever the kinetic energy gained in the repulsive electrical field is higher than the surface binding energy. For that, the energy loss of deep-lying ions to reach the surface is taken into account in the sputtering yield and emitted ion velocity distribution. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out by taking into account the interactions of primary ions and secondary electrons (δ-rays) with the amorphous water ice medium. A jet-like anisotropic ion emission is found in the perpendicular direction in the angular distribution of the sputtering yield for normal incidence of 1-MeV protons. This directional emission decreases with an increasing incidence angle and vanishes for grazing incidence, in agreement with experimental data on several oxides upon swift ion irradiation. The role of the target material’s properties in this process is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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22 pages, 915 KiB  
Article
Clonogenic Survival RBE Calculations in Carbon Ion Therapy: The Importance of the Absolute Values of α and β in the Photon Dose-Response Curve and a Strategy to Mitigate Their Anticorrelation
by Alessio Parisi, Chris J. Beltran and Keith M. Furutani
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7010003 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2944
Abstract
The computation of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is a fundamental step in the planning of cancer radiotherapy treatments with accelerated ions. Numerical parameters derived analyzing the dose response of the chosen cell line after irradiation to photons (i.e., α and β, [...] Read more.
The computation of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is a fundamental step in the planning of cancer radiotherapy treatments with accelerated ions. Numerical parameters derived analyzing the dose response of the chosen cell line after irradiation to photons (i.e., α and β, namely the linear and quadratic terms of the linear-quadratic model of cell survival) are generally used as input to biophysical models to predict the ion RBE. The α/β ratio for the photon exposure is generally regarded as an indicator of cell radiosensitivity. However, previous studies suggest that α/β might not be a sufficient parameter to model the RBE of relatively high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation such as carbon ions. For a fixed α/β, the effect of the absolute values of α and β on the computed RBE is underexplored. Furthermore, since α and β are anticorrelated during the fit of the photon-exposed in vitro survival data, different linear-quadratic fits could produce different sets of α and β, thus affecting the RBE calculations. This article reports the combined effect of the α/β ratio and the absolute values α and β on the RBE computed with the Mayo Clinic Florida microdosimetric kinetic model (MCF MKM) for 12C ions of different LET. Furthermore, we introduce a theory-based strategy to potentially mitigate the anticorrelation between α and β during the fit of the photon dose-response biological data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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10 pages, 3658 KiB  
Article
Automated Pulsed Magnet System for Neutron Diffraction Experiments at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility in J-PARC
by Masao Watanabe, Takumi Kihara and Hiroyuki Nojiri
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7010001 - 27 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
A pulsed magnet system has been developed as a new user-friendly sample environment equipment at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility in Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. It comprises a vacuum chamber, a 4 K closed-cycle refrigerator for samples, and a nitrogen [...] Read more.
A pulsed magnet system has been developed as a new user-friendly sample environment equipment at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility in Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. It comprises a vacuum chamber, a 4 K closed-cycle refrigerator for samples, and a nitrogen bath made of a stainless-steel tube with a miniature solenoidal coil. The coil is cooled by liquid nitrogen supplied by an automatic liquid nitrogen supply system, and the sample is cooled by a refrigerator. This combination facilitates the automatic high magnetic field diffraction measurement for the user’s operation. A relatively large scattering angle 2θ is up to 42°, which is significantly wider than the previous setup. Neutron diffraction experiments were performed on a multiferroic TbMnO3 and the field dependence of the diffraction peaks was clearly observed. The new pulsed magnet system was established for a practical high magnetic field diffraction for the user program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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9 pages, 836 KiB  
Communication
A Machine for Ionizing Radiation Treatment of Bio-Deteriogens Infesting Artistic Objects
by Monia Vadrucci
Quantum Beam Sci. 2022, 6(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs6040033 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
Precious cultural heritage has been inherited through past activities and maintained by the generations, and it includes artifacts and objects preserved in institutes or museum areas. As part of the study, the conservation of art objects and other cultural assets was carried out [...] Read more.
Precious cultural heritage has been inherited through past activities and maintained by the generations, and it includes artifacts and objects preserved in institutes or museum areas. As part of the study, the conservation of art objects and other cultural assets was carried out at the ENEA Frascati Research Center and attention was paid to the biodegradation aspect caused by microorganisms that cause the loss of information and artistic characteristics contained in the artifacts, for example, through covering them, the loss of color and the smearing of decorative or writing strokes. A non-chemical and non-toxic, completely ecological approach is used as an alternative bio-removal treatment to control the pathogens: these are the disinfection procedures that were applied using the REX machine. The beams of photons and electrons produced by this facility carried out anti-biodegradation activities for the control of deteriogens isolated from multi-material works. This communication concerns the REX machine, which is framed in the context of ENEA and in the panorama of activities carried out for the conservation of cultural heritage, presenting its application to case studies in which the developed technique was demonstrated as a non-invasive treatment for bio-degradation removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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12 pages, 318 KiB  
Article
Polarimetric Quantum-Strong Correlations with Independent Photons on the Poincaré Sphere
by Andre Vatarescu
Quantum Beam Sci. 2022, 6(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs6040032 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
Controllable, quantum-strong correlations of polarization states can be implemented with multi-photon independent states. Polarization-based photonic quantum correlations can be traced back to the overlap of the polarization Stokes vectors on the Poincaré sphere between two polarization filters. The quantum Rayleigh scattering prevents a [...] Read more.
Controllable, quantum-strong correlations of polarization states can be implemented with multi-photon independent states. Polarization-based photonic quantum correlations can be traced back to the overlap of the polarization Stokes vectors on the Poincaré sphere between two polarization filters. The quantum Rayleigh scattering prevents a single photon from propagating in a straight line inside a dielectric medium, and it also provides a mechanism for the projective measurement of polarization. Complexities associated with single-photon sources and detectors can be eliminated because the quantum Rayleigh scattering in a dielectric medium destroys entangled photons. Entanglement-free, identical sources and processing devices give rise to correlations rather than these being caused by “quantum nonlocality”. These analytic developments were prompted by the vanishing expectation values of the Pauli spin vector for a single photon of maximally entangled photonic Bell states. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
13 pages, 937 KiB  
Article
Instantaneous Quantum Description of Photonic Wavefronts and Applications
by Andre Vatarescu
Quantum Beam Sci. 2022, 6(4), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs6040029 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
Three physical elements are missing from the conventional formalism of quantum photonics: (1) the quantum Rayleigh spontaneous and stimulated emissions; (2) the unavoidable parametric amplification; and (3) the mixed time-frequency spectral structure of a photonic field which specifies its duration or spatial extent. [...] Read more.
Three physical elements are missing from the conventional formalism of quantum photonics: (1) the quantum Rayleigh spontaneous and stimulated emissions; (2) the unavoidable parametric amplification; and (3) the mixed time-frequency spectral structure of a photonic field which specifies its duration or spatial extent. As a single photon enters a dielectric medium, the quantum Rayleigh scattering prevents it from propagating in a straight-line, thereby destroying any possible entanglement. A pure dynamic and coherent state composed of two consecutive number states, delivers the correct expectation values for the number of photons carried by a photonic wave front, its complex optical field, and phase quadratures. The intrinsic longitudinal and lateral field profiles associated with a group of photons for any instantaneous number of photons are independent of the source. These photonic properties enable a step-by-step analysis of the correlation functions characterizing counting of coincident numbers of photons or intensities with unity visibility interference, spanning the classical and quantum optic regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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16 pages, 6887 KiB  
Article
A Solar-Rechargeable Radiation Dosimeter Design for Radiation Hazard Zone Located with LoRa Network
by Cheng-Yan Guo, Tzu-Lu Lin and Tung-Li Hsieh
Quantum Beam Sci. 2022, 6(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs6030027 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3246
Abstract
Since the nuclear energy leakage that occurred at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan, people have paid more attention to the danger of environmental radiation. Environmental radiation is monitored using Geiger counters, which are not easy to obtain in some areas. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Since the nuclear energy leakage that occurred at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan, people have paid more attention to the danger of environmental radiation. Environmental radiation is monitored using Geiger counters, which are not easy to obtain in some areas. Therefore, this research proposes an open-source and low-cost handheld Geiger counter that uses solar energy to charge lithium-ion batteries. Our design can provide a low-cost environmental radiation monitoring platform and effectively enhance the public’s scientific education awareness of radiation hazards. The measured dose rate can be output through the serial port, allowing a LoRa wireless network to transmit data to a database. When the sensing network deployed by the radiometer detects that the radiation value of the area is abnormally increased, it can issue an alarm to the government for the first time. Moreover, the low-power radiometer design can reduce energy consumption, reduce the burden on the ecological environment caused by the deployment of the sensing network, and provide sustainability for the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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Review

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28 pages, 1625 KiB  
Review
Overall Review on Recent Applications of Raman Spectroscopy Technique in Dentistry
by Iulian Otel
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7010005 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3990
Abstract
The present paper reviews the applications of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry in the past two decades. This technique is considered a highly promising optical modality, widely used for the chemical identification and characterization of molecular structures, providing detailed information on the structural arrangement, [...] Read more.
The present paper reviews the applications of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry in the past two decades. This technique is considered a highly promising optical modality, widely used for the chemical identification and characterization of molecular structures, providing detailed information on the structural arrangement, crystal orientations, phase, and polymorphism, molecular interactions and effects of bonding, chemical surrounding environment, and stress on samples. Raman spectroscopy has been appropriate to investigate both organic and inorganic components of dental tissues since it provides accurate and precise spectral information on present minerals through the observation of the characteristic energies of their vibrational modes. This method is becoming progressively important in biomedical research, especially for non-invasiveness, non-destructiveness, high biochemical specificity, low water sensitivity, simplicity in analyzing spectral parameters, near-infrared region capability, and in vivo remote potential by means of fiber-optics. This paper will address the application of Raman spectroscopy in different fields of dentistry, found to be the most relevant and prevalent: early recognition of carious lesions; bleaching products performance; demineralizing effect from low-pH foods and acidic beverages; and efficiency of remineralization agents. Additionally, this review includes information on fiber-optic remote probe measurements. All described studies concern caries detection, enamel characterization, and assessment indicating how and to what extent Raman spectroscopy can be applied as a complementary diagnostic method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2022)
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