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Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products

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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Biological Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 10558

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Dr. Tanja Brezo-Borjan

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Interests: green technologies; subcritical water extraction; biowaste valorization; bioactive compounds; plant extracts; natural products; functional foods; natural medicines

Dr. Sanja Radman

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Guest Editor

Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
Interests: algal biotechnology; bioactive compounds; phytochemicals; antioxidant activity; antimicrobial activity; secondary metabolites; structure–activity relationships (SARs); green extraction; nutraceuticals; functional foods; VOCs; HRMS
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are all witnessing a growing interest in the bioactive components of natural products, and scientific research into their bioactive potential is increasing every year. This is not surprising, considering that natural bioactive products have a wide spectrum of possible biological activities (ranging from therapeutic to toxic, allergic, or mutagenic effects) and play an important role in discovering and developing new drugs. As the term "bioactive components" is usually only associated with beneficial health effects, this suggests that therapeutic compounds of natural origin are of a particular scientific interest. Many attempts have been made to provide sensitive and selective analytical methods for the determination and characterization of bioactive compounds. However, analyzing bioactive compounds from natural resources still poses a significant challenge.

This Special Issue aims to provide the scientific community with a high-quality research platform containing the latest methods and techniques, focusing on the processes of isolation, characterization, identification, and evaluation of the biological activity of bioactive components in natural products.

Suitable topics for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

Bioactive components derived from microbes to higher plants and animals (including marine organisms);
Methods for isolation, characterization, and identification of bioactive components from natural products using hyphenated techniques;
Evaluation of extraction techniques;
In vitro and in vivo biological screening to evaluate the biological activity of extracts and isolated compounds;
Metabolomic studies of biactive compounds.

Original research and review articles are welcome.

Dr. Tanja Brezo-Borjan
Dr. Sanja Radman
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

bioactive components
natural products
extraction
isolation
characterization methods
biological activity

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 10438 KB

Open AccessArticle

Allium ampeloprasum Propagation Organ (Japanese Garlic): Polyphenol Profiling Under Different Drying and Extraction Conditions

by Ana Montserrat Corona-España, Orfil González-Reynoso, Mario Alberto Garcia-Ramirez, Jorge Iván Delgado-Saucedo and Ingrid Mayanin Rodriguez-Buenfil

Processes 2026, 14(12), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14122017 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026

Abstract

The genus Allium comprises more than 1100 species, where Allium ampeloprasum can be found. It is a species that, until now, has remained relatively unexplored, as well as its propagation organ known as Japanese garlic, even though it is increasingly cultivated in Mexico. The aim of this study was to evaluate phenolic profiles using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC), as well as to conduct an exploratory study of total polyphenol content by Folin–Ciocalteu assay and antioxidant capacity by DPPH inhibition in husks, peeled and whole propagation organs subjected to different drying methods and extraction solvents. In order to observe the influence of these factors on polyphenol extraction using green extraction technologies, such as natural eutectic solvents (NADESs), it was observed that the drying method is crucial for the extraction of flavonoid-type polyphenols, while NADESs allowed for the selective extraction of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. The highest total polyphenol content was obtained in freeze-dried husks extracted with 60% hydrated NADES (384.81 ± 15.38 mg GAE/100 g). The greatest DPPH radical inhibition was observed in freeze-dried husks with 68% hydrated NADES (93.08 ± 0.58%), where polyphenols such as catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin + luteolin, kaempferol, and hesperidin stood out. This highlights the potential of the propagation organ of A. ampeloprasum, especially its husks, as a source of phenolic compounds, supporting the valorization of agro-industrial waste from garlic, since the results obtained exceed those previously reported for the Allium sativum variety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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20 pages, 1120 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Freeze-Dried Olive Leaf Powder in Cracker Formulation: Effects on Phenolics, Antioxidant Activity, Volatile Profile, and Sensory Quality

by Mladenka Šarolić, Ema Milišić, Danica Sinovčić, Anita Crnjac, Petra Brzović, Božo Vukušić and Sanja Radman

Processes 2026, 14(12), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14121930 - 13 Jun 2026

Viewed by 197

Abstract

Crackers and cookies have become the most widely consumed snacks due to their low production costs, long shelf life, and ability to deliver essential nutrients. Increasing consumer health consciousness has shifted preferences toward foods perceived as natural and beneficial. This shift elevates demand for cracker formulations with novel, health-promoting natural ingredients. This study examined the effects of incorporating freeze-dried olive leaf powder (FDOLP) into crackers on their physicochemical properties, phenolic and volatile compound profiles, antioxidant capacity, and sensory acceptability. Total polyphenol content of crackers was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant capacity was evaluated by FRAP and DPPH assays. The UHPLC-ESI-HRMS analysis evaluated olive-derived compounds, including tyrosol, oleuropein derivatives, and pinoresinol 4-O-glucoside, present in olive leaf-enriched crackers. The characterisation of volatile compounds in crackers was performed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). A darker colour was observed in the enriched crackers compared to the control samples. Results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of FDOLP led to enhanced phenolic composition and antioxidant activity, as well as changes in the volatile profile of the crackers. Sensory analyses indicated that crackers enriched with moderate levels of FDOLP maintained acceptable overall sensory scores, suggesting a potential for the development of functional snacks. These findings demonstrate that olive leaves can be effectively utilised as a natural functional ingredient in cracker formulations to enhance their nutritional value and bioactive properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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17 pages, 1096 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Accelerated Solvent Extraction for Effective Isolation of Sea Fennel Phenolic Antioxidants and Antimicrobials

by Petra Brzović, Sanja Radman, Danijela Skroza and Ivana Generalić Mekinić

Processes 2026, 14(9), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14091459 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Sea fennel is a halophyte plant recognised as a valuable source of phenolics with good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. In this study, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was optimised to improve the recovery of phenolic compounds from sea fennel, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids, which are known to be dominant. The effect of the applied extraction temperature (20–120 °C) and used solvent (20–80% hydroethanolic mixtures) on total phenolic content (TPC) was systematically evaluated. Individual phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties were measured in the top four samples. TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, while individual compounds were analysed by chromatography. Antioxidant (reducing and free-radical scavenging) activity was assessed using three assays, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined using the microdilution method against five bacterial strains. Both temperature and solvent composition significantly influenced phenolic extraction efficiency. The highest TPC and concentrations of chlorogenic acid and its derivatives were obtained at 60 °C using 60–80% ethanol (664 and 673 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry extract), while higher temperatures generally resulted in reduced phenolic yield. Extracts obtained under optimal ASE conditions exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and moderate antimicrobial effects, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, which demonstrates that accelerated solvent extraction represents an efficient approach for obtaining sea fennel extracts rich in valuable bioactives with potential use in different industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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20 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Beyond the Essential Oil: Circular Economy Strategies for Lavender Solid Residues

by Milica Aćimović, Djorđe Djatkov, Aleksandar Nesterović, Stanko Milić, Nikolina Dizdar, Nebojša Kladar, Zorica Tomičić, Slađana Rakita and Ivana Čabarkapa

Processes 2026, 14(8), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14081191 - 8 Apr 2026

Viewed by 835

Abstract

The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize lavender pellets produced from post-distillation residues and evaluate their multifunctional valorization potential. Physicochemical properties, including moisture, ash, heating value, organic matter, total and organic carbon, macro- and micronutrients, potentially toxic heavy metals, polyphenols, microbiological safety, and nutritive composition, were assessed. The pellets demonstrated an energy content comparable to other agricultural residues, with a higher heating value of 18,900 kJ/kg and a lower heating value of 16,603 kJ/kg. High organic matter (87%) and a slightly acidic pH support soil moisture retention, while favorable macronutrient levels enhance their suitability as a soil amendment. Water-based extractions (infusion and decoction) achieved higher yields (15.60–21.66%) than ethanol (13.04%) and more effectively recovered bioactive polyphenols, particularly rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. Low moisture and water activity ensured storage stability and minimal microbial growth, which was confirmed by microbiological safety tests. Nutritionally, pellets contained moderate protein (9.38%), high cellulose (33.38%), and low fat (2.18%), with total amino acids of 8.91 g/100 g and 36.7% essential amino acids, along with a favorable fatty acid profile rich in polyunsaturated fractions. Overall, these findings highlight lavender pellets as a sustainable resource for energy, soil improvement, bioactive compound recovery, and complementary animal feed within circular economy frameworks. However, future research should focus on investigating whether residual compounds remain in lavender residues that could exert antifeedant or phytotoxic effects. Additionally, the potential for the sequential valorization of lavender residues should be explored, initially through the extraction of bioactive phenols, followed by pellet production for use as fuel or soil amendments. This approach would enable multiple cascading uses and maximize their contribution to comprehensive circular economy strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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19 pages, 1588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fortification of a Greek Distilled Spirit by Citrus sinensis Antioxidants Extracted Using Green Recovery via Lecithin-Based Extraction: Optimization of Extraction and Stability

by Eleni Bozinou, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Olga Stergiou, Marina Tsakiridou, Stavros I. Lalas and Arhontoula Chatzilazarou

Processes 2026, 14(6), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14060917 - 12 Mar 2026

Viewed by 609

Abstract

The sustainable valorization of citrus processing by-products represents a key challenge for the food industry, aiming to reduce waste while recovering valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, a cloud point extraction strategy was developed using soy lecithin as a natural, food-grade surfactant to isolate phenolic antioxidants from orange juice industry residues. Response Surface Methodology was applied to two streams of orange juice by-products, to evaluate the combined effects of pH, NaCl concentration, and lecithin content on extraction efficiency, with total polyphenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power serving as response variables. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis was additionally employed to integrate all antioxidant responses and identify a multivariate optimum. The optimized conditions (pH 3.4, 12% NaCl, 11% lecithin) enabled maximal recovery of antioxidant constituents, highlighting the effectiveness of lecithin-based micellar systems. To assess practical applicability, the optimized extract from the oil emulsion residue (Stream A) was incorporated into tsipouro, a traditional Greek distillate, and its stability was monitored under controlled light and temperature conditions for 30 days at three concentration levels. Results demonstrated that both environmental factors significantly influenced antioxidant retention and physical stability, underscoring the importance of formulation design. Specifically, high gel concentration at 2% w/v, low temperature at 20 °C and light exposure provided the highest overall desirability for TPC, FRAP, and DPPH responses. Overall, this work introduces a green, scalable, and food-compatible extraction approach that not only supports circular economy principles but also opens new opportunities for the development of functional alcoholic beverages enriched with natural antioxidants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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19 pages, 2023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Analgesic, and Wound-Healing Effects of Pinus pinaster Aiton and Pinus halepensis Mill Needles: A Natural Approach to Pain and Oxidative Stress Management

by Widad Tbatou, Hassan Laaroussi, Beybeti Ishagh, Karima El Yagoubi, Akissi Zachée Louis Evariste, Bruno Eto, Badiaa Lyoussi and Zineb Benziane Ouaritini

Processes 2026, 14(2), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020369 - 21 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

Pine needles are traditional herbal remedies used for centuries to treat various ailments, including rheumatism, bronchitis, burns, inflammation, and infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, analgesic (peripheral and central), and wound-healing activities of Pinus pinaster (PPN) and Pinus halepensis (PAN) needles while identifying the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects. Phytochemical analysis revealed several phenolic compounds, including p-coumaroylquinic acid, quercetin, narcissin, and myricetin-3-O-glucoside. Both extracts showed strong antioxidant activity, with high total phenolic content (TPC: 384.84 ± 0.84 and 524.46 mg GAE/g DM for PPN and PAN, respectively) and flavonoid content (TFC: 109.44 ± 0.62 and 111.64 ± 0.62 mg QE/g DM, respectively). Peripheral analgesic activity, assessed using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, revealed that PAN (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced pain by 72.3%, while central analgesic effects, evaluated by the tail immersion test, were comparable to the reference drug for both extracts. In vivo wound-healing tests showed accelerated wound contraction and complete closure by day 21, indicating strong regenerative potential. Overall, this study demonstrates that PPN and PAN needle extracts possess significant antioxidant, analgesic, and wound-healing activities, supporting their traditional use and highlighting their potential as natural therapeutic agents for managing oxidative stress, pain, and skin injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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17 pages, 2272 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Valorization of Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peels by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds

by Lorena Maria Freire Sampaio, Cinthia Regina da Silva Rebouças, Lara Mota Soares, Antonia Carlota de Souza Lima, Amélia Ruth Nascimento Lima, Nayanne Lima dos Santos Ferreira, Juliane Doering Gasparin Carvalho, Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini, Roberta Targino Hoskin and Luciana de Siqueira Oliveira

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113628 - 9 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

Pitaya peels are an underutilized by-product rich in antioxidant phenolics and betalains but highly unstable under environmental and gastrointestinal conditions. This study aimed to produce bioactive-rich particles with improved bioaccessibility by applying ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by freeze-drying encapsulation with maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) at different ratios (MD:GA 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100, w/w). A rotatable central composite design (pH 4–8, time 10–50 min) was applied to optimize UAE conditions. Optimum conditions (pH 6.2, 35 min) yielded a pitaya peel extract with TPC 166.85 mg GAE·100 g⁻¹ DW. Although the betalain model was not significant, contents ranged from 30.20 to 51.99 mg·100 g⁻¹ DW across treatments. Particles produced with GA only (G100) had the highest phenolic (316.33 mg GAE∙100 g⁻¹ DW) and betalain (17.58 mg·100 g⁻¹ DW) contents, high solubility (~80%), low hygroscopicity (~11 g H₂O·100 g⁻¹ DW), and amorphous morphology. G100 showed enhanced in vitro bioaccessibility of betalains and phenolics compared to the non-encapsulated extract (p < 0.05). Betalain bioaccessibility decreased in the intestinal phase (~55%), consistent with pH-driven degradation, while phenolic bioaccessibility was higher (~140%). Overall, gum Arabic proved to be an effective carrier for stabilizing pitaya peel bioactives, supporting their valorization into functional food and nutraceutical ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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21 pages, 1288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vinification Technique Matters: Kinetic Insight into Color, Phenolics, Volatiles, and Aging Potential of Babica Wines

by Živko Skračić, Josipa Marić, Ivica Ljubenkov, Maja Veršić Bratinčević, Petra Brzović, Martina Kukoleča, Lorena Pranjković, Luka Marinov, Ana Mucalo, Goran Zdunić and Ivana Generalić Mekinić

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2734; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092734 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

Unveiling how vinification technique shapes wine identity, this study provides a comparative insight into the chemical and sensory profiles of Babica wines produced using traditional, enzyme-assisted, and thermovinification approaches. The kinetics of color parameters changes and the phenolic extraction were monitored during the first five days of maceration. Individual phenolics and volatiles were determined using high-performance liquid and gas chromatography, respectively, while the overall sensory quality of the wines was evaluated by panelists. Significant differences in the extraction kinetics of compounds of interest were observed among treatments, particularly during the first days of maceration. By the end of the study, the thermovinified wine exhibited the highest color intensity (3.80), redness (52.5%), and approximately two-fold higher concentrations of total phenolics (2205 mg gallic acid equivalents/L) compared to the other two treatments. It contained the lowest concentration of tannins (100 mg catechin equivalents/L), anthocyanins (117 mg of malvidin-3-glucoside equivalents/L), and esters and showed the highest levels of volatile alcohols. It was also characterized by the most intense blueberry aroma and astringency in sensory analysis. The applied maceration technique affects the chemical and sensory profiles of Babica wines, with thermovinification favoring young and highly colored wines, whereas conventional vinification enhances the wine’s aging potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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Review

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25 pages, 1403 KB

Open AccessReview

Green Innovation for Solid Post-Distillation Residues Valorization: Narrative Review of Circular Bio-Economy Solutions

by Milica Aćimović, Anita Leovac Maćerak, Branimir Pavlić, Vladimir Sikora, Tijana Zeremski, Tamara Erceg and Djordje Djatkov

Processes 2026, 14(2), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020244 - 9 Jan 2026

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1560

Abstract

The production of essential oils generates substantial quantities of solid post-distillation residues, a largely unutilized waste stream rich in bioactive compounds (e.g., phenolics, flavonoids) as well as polysaccharides. Managing this organic waste presents both environmental and economic challenges. This review critically examines environmentally friendly green innovations and resource-efficient technologies within circular bio-economy strategies for valorizing these residues, focusing on four primary conversion pathways: physico-mechanical, thermochemical, biological, and chemical methods. We highlight their potential for practical applications, including the extraction of active compounds for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, utilization in agriculture, incorporation into construction materials and wastewater treatment. Despite these opportunities, wider industrial adoption remains limited by high processing costs and the lack of scalable, cost-effective technologies. Key research gaps included the need for methods applicable at the farm level, optimization of the residue-specific conversion process, and life-cycle assessments to evaluate environmental and economic impacts. Addressing these gaps is crucial to fully exploit the economic and ecological potential of post-distillation solid residues and integrate them into sustainable circular bio-economy practices through various processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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28 pages, 4137 KB

Open AccessReview

The Genus Anisosciadium: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomic Aspects, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities

by Malek Besbes, Assia Hamdi, Hassiba Chahdoura, Abeer Ayed Alshammari, Wasimah B. Al-Shammari, Dalal AlArdan and Hichem Ben Jannet

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2475; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082475 - 5 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1879

Abstract

The genus Anisosciadium, belonging to the Apiaceae family, has been traditionally recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, scientific research on this genus is still limited, highlighting the need for a comprehensive review of its chemical composition and pharmacological characteristics. A comprehensive compilation of data was conducted using major databases such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. In this review, we collected and organized the available information of identified compounds from different species of the genus Anisosciadium, covering the literature from 2003 to 2024. In total, 64 phytoconstituents were detected. The findings suggest that the traditional therapeutic properties of Anisosciadium are well supported by the reported pharmacological activities from previous studies. Notably, these studies highlight its antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects, emphasizing the potential of this genus in the development of new therapeutic agents. Nonetheless, the lack of comparative studies among Anisosciadium species and the scarcity of in vivo studies and clinical trials limit the full realization of its therapeutic potential. Specifically, comparative studies could be crucial in identifying species with unique chemical profiles and understanding how variations in secondary metabolite compositions may influence their pharmacological activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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