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Processes
Special Issues
Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts
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Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalysis Enhanced Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2025) | Viewed by 4378

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Wladimir Reschetilowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 14, 01069 Dresden, Germany
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; zeolites; micro/mesoporous aluminosilicates; microreactor systems; flow chemistry; green chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The journal Processes plants to publish a Special Issue entitled "Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts". 

Heterogeneously catalysed reactions are playing an increasingly important role in modern chemistry. In many areas of environmental and climate protection as well as sustainable energy supply, heterogeneous catalysts are used to make chemical processes faster, safer, more environmentally friendly and/or cheaper. As a result, the scientific search for more effective heterogeneous catalysts remains a constant task for application-oriented research. This includes further research into traditional and special methods for the preparation of metallic, oxide and multifunctional catalyst systems, the possibilities of their textural, structural and surface chemical characterization, the investigation of their activity, selectivity and long-term stability as well as the discovery of the physical–chemical aspects their mode of action. This Special Issue offers a suitable platform for catalysis researchers to report on the latest scientific findings and experiences in the development and practical use of heterogeneous catalysts.

With great pleasure, I invite you to submit your manuscript to this Special Issue, to share recent progress regarding the preparation, characterization and application of heterogeneous catalysts.

Prof. Dr. Wladimir Reschetilowski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metallic catalysts
  • intermetallics in catalysis
  • supported metallic catalysts
  • oxide and mixed oxide catalysts
  • zeolite catalysts
  • acid–base catalysis
  • bifunctional catalysis
  • environmental catalysis
  • biocatalysis
  • electrocatalysis
  • photocatalysis
  • catalysts for hydrogen production
  • catalysts for C1 chemistry
  • kinetic modelling of heterogeneously catalysed reactions

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 699 KiB  
Communication
A Reconsideration of the Conventional Rule in Catalysis and the Consequences
by Hans Kral and Wladimir Reschetilowski
Processes 2025, 13(3), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030917 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
The conventional rule that a catalyst increases a reaction rate by lowering the activation energy according to Arrhenius’ law is the starting point of this article. However, this rule is incomplete, because the corresponding assignment of the true and the apparent activation energies [...] Read more.
The conventional rule that a catalyst increases a reaction rate by lowering the activation energy according to Arrhenius’ law is the starting point of this article. However, this rule is incomplete, because the corresponding assignment of the true and the apparent activation energies is missing. The general validity of the rule can be determined by considering the entire reaction route depending on the temperature level. It forms an S-shaped curve, starting from the lowest and going to the highest conversion. In the middle of the curve, there is a turning point, which in catalysis is called the “isokinetic point”. This turning point divides the curve into two parts: Below this point, the curve is exponential, and therefore, the Arrhenius equation and even the conventional rule can be applied. This means that the conventional rule does not have a general validity that can be applied to the whole curve. For this reason, an additional rule is introduced for the upper operating state: high activation energy is the condition for very high activity. The further point is the activation energy, which is regarded as an important term in catalysis. According to its definition, the “activation energy” is the “energy barrier” that a reaction must overcome. But this definition does not agree with the roots of this term. In reality, the Arrhenius energy is the temperature coefficient connected with the energy term. The catalyst reduces the temperature of the homogeneous reaction (that means the reaction without the catalyst) to the reaction temperature, and this results in a gain in energy, which will be called “reaction energy” to have a clear distinction with the Arrhenius energy. It is shown that the two energies significantly differ in their magnitudes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts)
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22 pages, 4995 KiB  
Article
3D Printed Ni–Cu Sodalite Catalysts for Sustainable γ-Valerolactone Production from Levulinic Acid—Effect of the Copper Content and the Method of Preparation
by Margarita Popova, Boian Mladenov, Ivan Dimitrov, Momtchil Dimitrov, Violeta Mitova, Yavor Mitrev, Daniela Kovacheva, Nikolay Velinov, Daniela Karashanova and Silviya Boycheva
Processes 2025, 13(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010072 - 1 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Coal fly ash zeolites with Sodalite structure were synthesized by ultrasound-assisted double stage fusion-hydrothermal synthesis. Monometallic Ni and bimetallic Ni–Cu supported catalysts with 5 wt.% Ni and different copper contents of 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 wt.% Cu were prepared by post-synthesis incipient wetness [...] Read more.
Coal fly ash zeolites with Sodalite structure were synthesized by ultrasound-assisted double stage fusion-hydrothermal synthesis. Monometallic Ni and bimetallic Ni–Cu supported catalysts with 5 wt.% Ni and different copper contents of 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 wt.% Cu were prepared by post-synthesis incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, N2 physisorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy and H2 temperature programmed reduction analysis. It was found that crystalline Cu0 and NixCuy intermetallic nanoparticles were formed in the reduced powder and 3D printed catalysts and that they affected the reducibility of the catalytically active nickel phase. Three-dimensionally printed 5Ni2.5Cu/Sodalite catalysts were prepared via modification with metals before and after 3D printing for comparative studies. The powder and 3D printed catalysts were studied in the lignocellulosic biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL). The formation of NiCu alloy, which is found on the powder and 3D printed catalysts, favors their catalytic performance in the studied reaction. In contrast with powder catalysts, the preservation of the Sodalite structure was detected for all 3D printed samples and was found to have a positive influence on the metal dispersion registered in the 3D spent catalysts. The powder 5Ni2.5Cu/Sodalite catalyst showed the highest LA conversion and high GVL yield at 150 °C reaction temperature. Three-dimensionally printed catalysts show more stable catalytic activity than powder catalysts due to the preservation of the zeolite structure and metal dispersion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts)
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15 pages, 2498 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Metal-Functionalized ZSM-5 for Methanol and Low-Carbon Hydrocarbon Coupling Aromatization
by Ruiyuan Tang, Yani Li, Yue Yuan, Yuanjun Che, Yuru Gao, Zhibing Shen and Juntao Zhang
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2724; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122724 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 914
Abstract
Aromatics assume a paramount role as indispensable organic chemical feedstock within diverse industrial domains. Simultaneously, the global aromatics market is scarce, particularly with the exorbitant demand for high-value aromatics. Generating aromatics via coal-based methanol and low-carbon hydrocarbon coupling reactions has become a novel [...] Read more.
Aromatics assume a paramount role as indispensable organic chemical feedstock within diverse industrial domains. Simultaneously, the global aromatics market is scarce, particularly with the exorbitant demand for high-value aromatics. Generating aromatics via coal-based methanol and low-carbon hydrocarbon coupling reactions has become a novel green and sustainable development trajectory. In this study, HZSM-5 catalysts featuring different Si/Al ratios and active metal-functionalized modifications were utilized to explore the aromatization effect in light of the Si/Al ratio, types of active components, and metal-loading content in a fixed-bed reactor. The outcomes were that the conversion ratios for methanol and n-pentane attained 99.9% and 83.1%, respectively. Remarkably, an oil phase yield of 32.1% was accomplished, along with an aromatic content of approximately 74.2%, while xylene selectivity reached approximately 37.6% for the 1.0%-ZnO/ZSM-5 (50) catalyst. Ultimately, a reaction mechanism for the coupling of methanol and n-pentane to yield aromatics using a 1.0%-ZnO/ZSM-5(50) catalyst is postulated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts)
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16 pages, 3535 KiB  
Article
Direct Epoxidation of Hexafluoropropene Using Molecular Oxygen over Cu-Impregnated HZSM-5 Zeolites
by Jie-Ming Huang, Jingning Guo, Chengmiao Xu, An Su, Ke-Jun Wu and Chao-Hong He
Processes 2024, 12(7), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071520 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 951
Abstract
This study explores a novel method of directly epoxidizing hexafluoropropene with molecular oxygen under gaseous conditions using a Cu/HZSM-5 catalytic system (Cu/HZ). An in-depth investigation was conducted on the catalytic performance of Cu-based catalysts on various supports and Cu/HZ catalysts prepared under different [...] Read more.
This study explores a novel method of directly epoxidizing hexafluoropropene with molecular oxygen under gaseous conditions using a Cu/HZSM-5 catalytic system (Cu/HZ). An in-depth investigation was conducted on the catalytic performance of Cu-based catalysts on various supports and Cu/HZ catalysts prepared under different conditions. Cu/HZ catalysts exhibited better catalytic performance than other porous medium-supported Cu catalysts for the epoxidation of hexafluoropropene by molecular oxygen. The highest propylene oxide yield of 35.6% was achieved over the Cu/HZ catalyst prepared under conditions of 350 °C with a Cu loading of 1 wt%. By applying characterization techniques including XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, and XPS to different catalyst samples, the relationship between the interaction of Cu2+ and HZSM-5 and the reactivity of the catalyst was studied, thereby elucidating the influence of calcination temperature and loading on the reactivity. Finally, we further proposed the possible mechanism of how isolated Cu2+ and acid sites improve catalytic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts)
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