Recent Advances in Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental and Green Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 June 2025 | Viewed by 3011

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
Interests: water/wastewater treatment; process synthesis; process engineering; catalytic membrane reactor; chemical reaction engineering; advanced technologies
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Guest Editor
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
Interests: material characterization; clay and clay composites; uses of clay materials; removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions; friction stir welding; laser metal deposition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
Interests: nanotechnology; homogeneous and heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes; adsorption; water and wastewater treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232101, Osun State, Nigeria
Interests: adsorption; nanocatalysis; water treatment

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Guest Editor
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
Interests: material synthesis and characterization; membrane science; water treatment; catalysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water is the most indispensable commodity in the world. However, the available amount and quality of freshwater is continuously deteriorating due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors resulting in the release of contaminated water. Worldwide, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are only permitted to release adequately treated effluents to the environment. However, most plants fail in their mission and release poorly treated effluents. As a result, people living in emerging economies and in the vicinities of sources of pollution are more exposed to these contaminated effluents and bear all the negative consequences.

It is also known that conventional water and wastewater treatment systems were not designed to remove emerging contaminants. The inefficiencies of these systems have resulted in catastrophic environmental and health issues, including organic and inorganic pollution, water-borne diseases, and antimicrobial resistance. Ultimately, this puts a massive strain on drinking water treatment plants, which require additional and advanced treatment technologies to ensure the production of water that meets national and global standards. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of treatment tools to address a wide range of conventional and emerging pollutants in both water and wastewater treatment streams. Additionally, a great deal of attention must be focused on the development of complementary and alternative disinfection methods to the traditional disinfectants, such as chlorine gas, to ensure adequate disinfection and minimization or elimination of harmful disinfection byproducts.

Globally, catalytic membrane reactors (CMRs) are promising technologies for achieving green and sustainable chemical engineering practices in water and wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, photocatalytic degradation and membrane separation have emerged as the most promising technologies for removing recalcitrant pollutants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and pharmaceuticals.

This Special Issue on “Recent Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies” seeks high-quality works (research articles, reviews, and short communications) focusing on advanced water treatment technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), advanced reduction processes (ARPs), chemical oxidation (ozonation, chlorine dioxide oxidation, chloramination), adsorption, nanotechnology (nanoparticles and nanocomposites), and membrane and hybrid systems that combine two or more techniques. Topics include but are not limited to the treatment of organic contaminants such as PFASs, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and dyes; inorganic contaminants, including heavy metals and nutrients; and disinfection approaches to ensure that treated water meets the requirements for discharge purposes in the environment and/or drinking.

Authors are invited to submit multidisciplinary manuscripts that describe studies of water and wastewater treatment technologies based on chemical processes, environmental processes, catalysis processes, separation processes, and materials processes for consideration in this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Adolph Anga Muleja
Dr. Mukuna Patrick Mubiayi
Dr. Gcina Mamba
Prof. Dr. Adewale Adewuyi
Dr. Charmaine Sesethu Tshangana
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adsorbents
  • nanotechnology
  • pollutants
  • water and wastewater treatment
  • emerging pollutants
  • PFAS

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3953 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Effectiveness of a Simple Water-Purifying Gadget Using Moringa oleifera Seeds as the Active Beads
by Dineo G. Raphasha, Ashwell R. Ndhlala and Zivanai Tsvuura
Processes 2025, 13(4), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041172 - 12 Apr 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Clean water scarcity in developing countries like South Africa poses significant health risks. This study investigated the effectiveness of a simple water purification device using Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds as active beads, offering a novel, low-cost, and sustainable solution for water treatment in [...] Read more.
Clean water scarcity in developing countries like South Africa poses significant health risks. This study investigated the effectiveness of a simple water purification device using Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds as active beads, offering a novel, low-cost, and sustainable solution for water treatment in resource-limited settings. The device combined M. oleifera seed powder with activated charcoal and cotton wool, providing a locally adaptable and environmentally friendly solution. Water samples were collected from three sites along the Pienaars River during winter and summer, and M. oleifera seeds were ground into three particle sizes (710 µm, 1000 µm, and 2000 µm) for testing. Results showed that the device significantly reduced microbial loads, with the total coliforms decreasing by 60–85%, E. coli by 50–75%, Salmonella spp. by 40–70%, and Shigella spp. by 30–65% across sampling points. However, filtered samples still exceeded the WHO and SANS guidelines, with microbial counts remaining above 0 CFU/100 mL. Physicochemical properties, including pH (6.02–7.73), electrical conductivity (17.8–109.5 mS/m), and ion concentrations (e.g., nitrate: 0.21–39.55 mg/L; chloride: 8.57–73.55 mg/L), complied with the SANS 241:2015 and WHO drinking water standards. The finest particle size (710 µm) demonstrated the highest microbial reduction and increased magnesium concentrations by up to 30%. Seasonal variations influenced the performance, with summer samples showing a better microbial removal efficiency (70–85%) compared to winter (50–70%). This study highlights the potential of M. oleifera-based filtration as a low-cost, sustainable solution for reducing microbial contamination, though further refinement is needed to meet drinking water standards. This research introduces a novel approach to water purification by combining M. oleifera seed powder with activated charcoal and cotton wool, providing a locally adaptable and environmentally friendly solution. The findings contribute to the development of scalable, natural water treatment systems for resource-limited communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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Review

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33 pages, 8540 KiB  
Review
Hierarchical Approach to the Management of Drinking Water Sludge Generated from Alum-Based Treatment Processes
by Q. I. Zwane, C. S. Tshangana, O. T. Mahlangu, L. W. Snyman, T. A. M. Msagati and A. A. Muleja
Processes 2024, 12(9), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091863 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
The management of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) sludge is challenging for water treatment facilities. Previous studies reported mainly on handling sludge through landfilling, release into water bodies, discharge into wastewater treatment plants, onsite disposal, and incineration methods for the treatment of sludge. [...] Read more.
The management of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) sludge is challenging for water treatment facilities. Previous studies reported mainly on handling sludge through landfilling, release into water bodies, discharge into wastewater treatment plants, onsite disposal, and incineration methods for the treatment of sludge. The limitations of these sludge-handling methods are well documented. This article focuses on the hierarchical approach as an alternative and comprehensive method for handling DWTP sludge. The core of hierarchical management streamlines the minimization of the generated DWTP sludge; treatment of DWTP sludge to reduce toxicity; changing of the physicochemical form of DWTP sludge; and finally, the reuse, recycling, and recovery of DWTP sludge. The premise is to achieve zero landfilling of DWTP sludge, establish a circular economy, generate job opportunities, and preserve the environment. Thus, this study also proposes two main technologies, which are gravity-based sludge separators for fractionating the sludge and photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) as a technology for the treating and/or recovery of nutrients and minerals from DWTP sludge. Until the chemical deductive or minus approach becomes a reality in water treatment, the use of PMRs and gravity-based sludge separators will enhance the management of DWTP sludge when incorporated into the hierarchical approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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