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Polymers
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Application and Development of Conductive Polymers
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Application and Development of Conductive Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2023) | Viewed by 15915

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
Interests: conductive polymers; electron transfer mediators; carbon nanotubes; BOD biosensors; electroactive biofilms; bioelectrocatalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Conductive polymers are organic compounds that have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. Such materials are interesting for use in various fields of science, such as biosensors, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering. In addition, it is possible to create materials with new properties based on conductive polymers in combination with other compounds—for example, different carbon materials.

This Special Issue focuses on the development, characterization, and properties of conductive polymers and their application in various fields of science. We invite researchers to share their latest research in the form of articles, reviews, letters, messages, and scientific articles. The submitted manuscripts should not have been published before or considered for publication elsewhere.

Dr. Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fabrication optimization
  • polymer matrix enhancement
  • surface modification
  • sensors
  • modification of materials
  • polymer materials
  • carbon materials
  • conductive polymer materials
  • multifunctional polymer materials
  • biocomposite materials

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2992 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Polymeric Matrix on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Copper Porphine-Based Semiconductor Hybrid Films
by Maria Elena Sánchez Vergara, Joaquín André Hernández Méndez, Daniela González Verdugo, Isabella María Giammattei Funes and Octavio Lozada Flores
Polymers 2023, 15(14), 3125; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143125 - 22 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2136
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the electrical and optical behavior of semiconductor hybrid films fabricated from octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine copper (CuP), embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS). The hybrid films were characterized structurally and morphologically using infrared spectroscopy (IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning [...] Read more.
In this study, we assessed the electrical and optical behavior of semiconductor hybrid films fabricated from octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine copper (CuP), embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS). The hybrid films were characterized structurally and morphologically using infrared spectroscopy (IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Subsequently, the PMMA:CuP and PS:CuP hybrid films were evaluated optically by UV–vis spectroscopy, as well as electrically, with the four-point collinear method. Hybrid films present a homogeneous and low roughness morphology. In addition, the PS matrix allows the crystallization of the porphin, while PMMA promotes the amorphous structure in CuP. The polymeric matrix also affects the optical behavior of the films, since the smallest optical gap (2.16 eV) and onset gap (1.89 eV), and the highest transparency are obtained in the film with a PMMA matrix. Finally, the electrical behavior in hybrid films is also affected by the matrix: the largest amount of current carried is approximately 0.01 A for the PS:CuP film, and 0.0015 A for the PMMA:CuP film. Thanks to the above properties, hybrid films are promising candidates for use in optoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Development of Conductive Polymers)
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13 pages, 4462 KiB  
Article
Thermal Stabilization of Nafion with Nanocarbon Materials
by Anna O. Krasnova, Nadezhda V. Glebova, Angelina G. Kastsova, Maxim K. Rabchinskii and Andrey A. Nechitailov
Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092070 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2396
Abstract
The stability of Nafion–carbon composites is important for the efficient functioning of fuel cells. The thermal decomposition of Nafion, nanostructured carbon materials, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene-like materials, and their composites, have been studied using constant heating rate thermogravimetry in air. Materials [...] Read more.
The stability of Nafion–carbon composites is important for the efficient functioning of fuel cells. The thermal decomposition of Nafion, nanostructured carbon materials, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene-like materials, and their composites, have been studied using constant heating rate thermogravimetry in air. Materials were characterized by quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, such as thermogravimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy with field emission. In Nafion–carbon composites, an increase in the thermal stability of the Nafion polymer is observed due to the formation of surface compounds at the Nafion–carbon interface. In this case, the degree of stabilization is affected by both the component composition of the composite and the structure of the nanocarbon material. The greatest effect was obtained in the case of using thermally expanded graphite (few-layer graphene). Nafion is distributed to a greater extent over the surface of the carbon material due to its high structural accessibility. The most thermally stable composite is Nafion–graphene in a mass ratio of components 1:4 with one stage Nafion degradation at 422 °C, whereas the degradation of pristine Nafion occurs in three stages at 341, 413, and 430 °C. The dependences of thermal stability and features of thermal degradation on the composition and structure of composites are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Development of Conductive Polymers)
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12 pages, 2881 KiB  
Article
Separating Curing and Temperature Effects on the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance for a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite
by Milad Jafarypouria, Biltu Mahato and Sergey G. Abaimov
Polymers 2023, 15(2), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020433 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2582
Abstract
The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) determines the electrical performance of materials in electronics. For a carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite, change of resistivity with temperature depends on changes in CNT intrinsic conductivity, tunnelling thresholds and distances, matrix’ coefficient of thermal expansion, [...] Read more.
The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) determines the electrical performance of materials in electronics. For a carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite, change of resistivity with temperature depends on changes in CNT intrinsic conductivity, tunnelling thresholds and distances, matrix’ coefficient of thermal expansion, and other factors. In our study, we add one more influencing factor–the degree of cure. Complexities of the curing process cause difficulties to predict, or even measure, the curing state of the polymer matrix while uncertainty in the degree of cure influences TCR measurements leading to biased values. Here we study the influence of the cure state on the TCR of a single-walled CNT/epoxy polymer nanocomposite. For the given degree of cure, TCR measurements are conducted in the temperature range 25–100 °C, followed by the next 24 h of post-curing and a new cycle of measurements, 8 cycles in total. We find that contrary to industry practice to expect a high degree of cure after 3 h at 130 °C, the curing process is far from reaching the steady state of the material and continues at least for the next 72 h at 120 °C, as we observe by changes in the material electrical resistivity. If TCR measurements are conducted in this period, we find them significantly influenced by the post-curing process continuing in parallel, leading in particular to non-monotonic temperature dependence and the appearance of negative values. The unbiased TCR values we observe only when the material reaches the steady state are no longer influenced by the heat input. The dependence becomes steady, monotonically increasing from near zero value at room temperature to 0.001 1/°C at 100 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Development of Conductive Polymers)
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Review

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51 pages, 11973 KiB  
Review
Conductive Polymers and Their Nanocomposites: Application Features in Biosensors and Biofuel Cells
by Lyubov S. Kuznetsova, Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov, Yulia V. Plekhanova, Sergei E. Tarasov, Anna S. Kharkova, Evgeniya A. Saverina and Anatoly N. Reshetilov
Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183783 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5348
Abstract
Conductive polymers and their composites are excellent materials for coupling biological materials and electrodes in bioelectrochemical systems. It is assumed that their relevance and introduction to the field of bioelectrochemical devices will only grow due to their tunable conductivity, easy modification, and biocompatibility. [...] Read more.
Conductive polymers and their composites are excellent materials for coupling biological materials and electrodes in bioelectrochemical systems. It is assumed that their relevance and introduction to the field of bioelectrochemical devices will only grow due to their tunable conductivity, easy modification, and biocompatibility. This review analyzes the main trends and trends in the development of the methodology for the application of conductive polymers and their use in biosensors and biofuel elements, as well as describes their future prospects. Approaches to the synthesis of such materials and the peculiarities of obtaining their nanocomposites are presented. Special emphasis is placed on the features of the interfaces of such materials with biological objects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Development of Conductive Polymers)
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51 pages, 10859 KiB  
Review
The Polymers of Diethynylarenes—Is Selective Polymerization at One Acetylene Bond Possible? A Review
by Vyacheslav M. Misin, Irina E. Maltseva, Mark E. Kazakov and Vladimir A. Volkov
Polymers 2023, 15(5), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051105 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
In this review, all available publications on the polymerization of all isomers of bifunctional diethynylarenes due to the opening of C≡C bonds were considered and analyzed. It has been shown that with the use of polymers of diethynylbenzene, heat-resistant and ablative materials, catalysts, [...] Read more.
In this review, all available publications on the polymerization of all isomers of bifunctional diethynylarenes due to the opening of C≡C bonds were considered and analyzed. It has been shown that with the use of polymers of diethynylbenzene, heat-resistant and ablative materials, catalysts, sorbents, humidity sensors, and other materials can be obtained. Various catalytic systems and conditions of polymer synthesis are considered. For the convenience of comparison, the publications considered are grouped according to common features, including the types of initiating systems. Critical consideration is given to the features of the intramolecular structure of the synthesized polymers since it determines the entire complex of properties of this material and subsequent materials. Branched and/or insoluble polymers are formed as a result of solid-phase and liquid-phase homopolymerization. It is shown that the synthesis of a completely linear polymer was carried out for the first time by anionic polymerization. The review considers in sufficient detail publications from hard-to-reach sources, as well as publications that required a more thorough critical examination. The review does not consider the polymerization of diethynylarenes with substituted aromatic rings because of their steric restrictions; the diethynylarenes copolymers with complex intramolecular structure; and diethynylarenes polymers obtained by oxidative polycondensation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Development of Conductive Polymers)
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