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All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability

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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Crop Physiology and Crop Production".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 14446

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Prof. Dr. Laura de Palma

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Department of Science of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, I-7122 Foggia, Italy
Interests: agri-technical innovations; leaf gas exchange and plant water status; canopy microclimate and fruit quality; protected cultivation of table grapes; precision agriculture applications
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Prof. Dr. Vittorino Novello

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Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Siences, University of Turin, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy
Interests: viticulture; plant ecophysiology; cultural practices and sustainability; grape quality; table grape growing; growing grapes under covering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viticulture is a major agricultural sector in the economy of many countries in both hemispheres, providing numerous food products through the cultivation of both wine grape and table grape vines. Improving the quality, healthiness, and sustainability of grape production is a priority for researchers and growers. Agri-environmental conditions, i.e., edaphic and climatic factors, genotypes, and cultivation techniques, significantly influence grape yield and quality. Given the current climate crisis, viticulturists are working to develop solutions and innovations that can adapt vineyard management to the changed environment and enable vines to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses, while also safeguarding the grape yield and quality levels.

In this Special Issue of Plants, you are invited to share results from your research on wine grape and table grape production, including aspects related to the sustainability of the value chain, and to highlight original approaches to enhancing vine growing, grape quality, and their healthiness under the agri-environmental conditions of different world regions.

Prof. Laura de Palma
Prof. Vittorino Novello
Guest Editors

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Keywords

grapevine
wine grape
table grape
environmental conditions
cultural practices
vine ecophysiology
biotic and abiotic stress
adaptation to climate crisis
sustainability
grape quality
grape healthiness

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Related Special Issue

All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability (2nd Edition) in Plants

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Research

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20 pages, 9735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spraying Effects of UAV Application on Droplet Effectiveness in Two Vine Trellis Systems of High-Slope Terrace Vineyards

by Zhao Le, Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Mengde Dong, Wei Zheng and Baoshan Sun

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101452 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 308

Abstract

The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in viticulture is becoming increasingly popular. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies comparing the effects of UAV spraying to manual spraying in high-slope vineyards. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of UAV spraying on droplet average diameter, droplet area percentage, and droplet density for vines grown using vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and Y-shaped trellis systems and to compare them with the effects of manual spraying via an electric knapsack sprayer. The results showed that manual spraying led to the greatest area of droplets for the VSP trellis system, and the uniformity and penetration of droplets with the UAV spraying method were higher than those for manual spraying for this trellis system. Regarding the Y-shaped trellis system, the UAV spraying method yielded lower droplet diameters, higher droplet density, and better uniformity and penetration than manual spraying. Moreover, conducting UAV spraying twice showed no statistical differences in droplet area percentage compared to manual spraying, and the effect of UAV spraying even once was similar to that of manual spraying on the abaxial sides of the leaves in this respect. Our research indicates that UAV spraying was not very suitable for VSP trellis systems, but it could be a good alternative for Y-shaped trellis systems since it is safe and cost-effective by reducing labor, time, and the dosages of the solutions applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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25 pages, 4995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Bunch Compactness in a Diverse Collection of Vitis vinifera L. Genotypes Enriched in Table Grape Cultivars Reveals New Candidate Genes Associated with Berry Number

by Marco Meneses, Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza, Sofía Reyes-Impellizzeri, Erika Salazar, Claudio Meneses, Katja Herzog and Patricio Hinrichsen

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091308 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 554

Abstract

Bunch compactness (BC) is a complex, multi-trait characteristic that has been studied mostly in the context of wine grapes, with table grapes being scarcely considered. As these groups have marked phenotypic and genetic differences, including BC, the study of this trait is reported here using a genetically diverse collection of 116 Vitis vinifera L. cultivars and lines enriched for table grapes over two seasons. For this, 3D scanning-based morphological data were combined with ground measurements of 14 BC-related traits, observing high correlations among both approaches (R² > 0.90–0.97). The multivariate analysis suggests that the attributes ‘berries per bunch’, ‘berry weight and width’, and ‘bunch weight and length’ could be considered as the main descriptors for BC, optimizing evaluation times. Then, GWASs based on a set of 70,335 SNPs revealed that GBS analysis in this same population enabled the detection of several SNPs associated with different sub-traits, with a locus for ‘berries per bunch’ in chromosome (chr) 18 being the most prominent. Enrichment analysis of significant and frequent SNPs found simultaneously in several traits and seasons revealed the over-representation of discrete functions such as alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and glycan degradation. In summary, the utility of 3D automated phenotyping was validated for table grape backgrounds, and new SNPs and candidate genes associated with the BC trait were detected. The latter could eventually become a selection tool for grapevine breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Naphthaleneacetic Acid and 1-Methylcyclopropene in Preventing Preharvest Berry Dropping in Vitis vinifera L.

by Antonio Carlomagno, Claudio Bonghi, Giuseppe Montanaro, Alessandra Ferrandino, Angela Rasori, Vitale Nuzzo and Vittorino Novello

Plants 2025, 14(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020280 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1229

Abstract

Fruit dropping represents a concern in many fruit species, including Vitis vinifera L. This research investigated the role of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), in mitigating preharvest berry dropping (PHBD) through affecting ethylene (ET) and auxin (AUX) metabolism and interactions, key hormones involved in abscission. The experiment was carried out on cv. Dolcetto, with PGR treatments applied at 43, 53, and 90 days after anthesis (DAA) for NAA and at 56 DAA for 1-MCP. Berry dropping incidence, yield parameters, and transcript levels of genes related to ET and AUX pathways were analyzed, including VIT_212s0059g01380, VIT_211s0016g02380, VIT_207s0005g00820, VIT_216s0013g00980, VIT_203s0091g00310, and VIT_207s0104g00800. Both NAA and 1-MCP significantly reduced PHBD, with NAA achieving a 92% reduction and 1-MCP an 82% reduction compared to control vines. Transcript analysis revealed differential gene expression patterns, indicating that NAA affects the ET biosynthesis pathway, while 1-MCP interferes with ET receptor signaling. The results suggest that both PGRs effectively reduced berry dropping, providing a basis for integrated crop management strategies to mitigate PHBD in grapevine cultivars susceptible to this physiological disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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15 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Aquaporin Expression in Grafted Plants and the Influence of Genotypes and Scion/Rootstock Combinations on Stomatal Behavior in Grapevines Under Water Deficit

by Andrea Galaz, Alonso G. Pérez-Donoso and Marina Gambardella

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3427; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233427 - 6 Dec 2024

Viewed by 781

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of water stress on grapevines, specifically examining the role of rootstocks and aquaporins. Two experiments on potted plants were conducted in central Chile during the summer, under conditions of high water demand, involving various rootstock genotypes and combinations of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grafted onto rootstocks. Significant differences were observed among plants in terms of stem water potential, stomatal conductance, and growth rate. Notably, the CS/CS combination consistently displayed the slowest growth rate, regardless of the irrigation treatment. The study also analyzed the expression levels of plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) and tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) aquaporins in the leaves of grafted plants. Specifically, VvPIP2;2 aquaporins showed reduced expression after 14 days without irrigation, whereas VvTIP1;1 and VvTIP2;1 expression levels correlated positively with g_s responses in grafted plants, suggesting their role in modulating water content in leaves under water stress. TIP aquaporins likely play a significant role in the differential responses of CS plants towards near-isohydric or anisohydric behavior. The CS/CS combination exhibited near-isohydric behavior, correlating with lower TIP aquaporin expression, while the combination of CS onto 1103P and 101-14 showed higher expression, indicating anisohydric behavior. The findings suggest that grafted plants are more resilient to water stress, supporting the idea that rootstocks can mitigate the effects of water stress on the scion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Temperature Rise on Phenology, Physiology, and Yield in Three Red Grape Cultivars: Malbec, Bonarda, and Syrah

by Deolindo L. E. Dominguez, Miguel A. Cirrincione, Leonor Deis and Liliana E. Martínez

Plants 2024, 13(22), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223219 - 15 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1217

Abstract

Climate change has significant implications for agriculture, especially in viticulture, where temperature plays a crucial role in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) growth. Mendoza’s climate is ideal for producing high-quality wines, but 21st-century climate change is expected to have negative impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increased temperature on the phenology, physiology, and yield of Malbec, Bonarda, and Syrah. A field trial was conducted over two seasons (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) in an experimental vineyard with an active canopy heating system (+2–4 °C). Phenological stages (budburst, flowering, fruit set, veraison, harvest), shoot growth (SG), number of shoots (NS), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content (CC), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and water potential (ψa) were measured. Additionally, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and canopy temperature were recorded. Heat treatment advanced all phenological stages by approximately two weeks, increased SG and NS, and reduced gs and ψa during the hottest months. CC and CF remained unaffected. The treatment also resulted in lower yields, reduced acidity, and increased °Brix in both seasons. Overall, rising temperatures due to climate change advance the phenological phases of Malbec, Syrah, and Bonarda, leading to lower yields, higher °Brix, and lower acidity, although physiological variables remained largely unchanged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 7334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Temperature and UV Manipulation on Anthocyanins, Flavonols, and Hydroxycinnamoyl-Tartrates in cv Nebbiolo Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

by Alena Wilson, Alessandra Ferrandino, Simone Giacosa, Vittorino Novello and Silvia Guidoni

Plants 2024, 13(22), 3158; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223158 - 10 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1232

Abstract

This research aimed to identify the effects of increased temperature and decreased ultraviolet (UV) exposure on berry characteristics and quality parameters of cv Nebbiolo, identifying the potential risks associated with climate change for the quality of grapes and the identity of Barolo wine. This two-year research (2022 and 2023) was performed in three vineyards, located at different elevations in La Morra (Piedmont, northwestern Italy), monitored from the beginning of veraison to harvest. A split-plot design was set up, applying a passive greenhouse amplifying temperature in the bunch zone (‘T’ = increased temperature; ‘C’ = control temperature) and UV-blocking plastics over individual bunches (‘1’ = full UV exposure; ‘0’ = UV-blocked). Berry weight, skin weight, and juice total soluble solids were measured. Grape skin anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid tartaric esters were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Both treatments negatively influenced the berry weight but not the skin weight; the increased T had a negative impact on the sugar per berry content. Limited UV and increased temperature negatively impacted total anthocyanins at harvest and on di-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Limited UV-depressed flavonol concentration and high temperature decreased their synthesis. Increased UV promoted cis-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid and decreased trans-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid. The results of this research are valuable for improving the quality production of Nebbiolo through understanding the impacts of increased temperature and alterations to UV exposure expected by climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 2048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of SO₂-Generating Pads before Packaging and during Cold Storage to Extend the Conservation of ‘Italia’ Table Grapes

by Maíra T. Higuchi, Aline C. de Aguiar, Nathalia R. Leles, Viviani V. Marques, Leandro S. A. Gonçalves, Fábio Yamashita, Khamis Youssef and Sergio R. Roberto

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2827; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192827 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1156

Abstract

The SO₂-generating pads contain different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite, which absorbs water from the grapes’ transpiration, releasing SO₂ gas, and there are slow-(SlowSO₂) and dual (DualSO₂)-releasing pads (fast release in the first 48 h and slow for up to 60 days). The ultra-fast SO₂-generating pad (FieldSO₂) releases the SO₂ quickly for up to 6 h, and it was designed to be used soon after the harvest and until the grapes’ packaging. The goal was to study the effect of FieldSO₂ associated with SlowSO₂ and DualSO₂ pads on gray mold incidence and physicochemical and appearance characteristics of ‘Italia’ table grapes. Grapes were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Parana, Brazil, in 2020 and 2021, and packaged in cardboard boxes, and the treatments were as follows: control (without SO₂-generating pads); FieldSO₂ + SlowSO₂; and FieldSO₂ + DualSO₂. After 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days of cold storage (1 ± 1 °C), the grapes were assessed for gray mold incidence, mass loss, shattered berries, stem browning, and filamentous fungi on the surface. The use of FieldSO₂ associated with SO₂-generating pads is effective in controlling gray mold on ‘Italia’ table grapes, especially the treatment FieldSO₂ + DualSO₂, which provides the lowest incidence of the disease up to 90 days of cold storage, while the combination with SlowSO₂ results in intermediate efficacy. Treatments combining these SO₂-generating pads extend the postharvest shelf life of ‘Italia’ grapes, with few shattered berries, low mass loss and freshness of the rachis without impairing the bunch’s appearance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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11 pages, 2892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Red Table Grape Coloration Using Tsikoudia: A Novel and Sustainable Approach

by Emmanouil Kontaxakis, Dimitrios Lydakis and Ioannis Fisarakis

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2689; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192689 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1052

Abstract

Achieving optimal coloration in red table grapes, especially in warm-climate regions, presents significant challenges due to high temperatures that inhibit anthocyanin biosynthesis. Conventional methods to enhance grape coloration, including the use of abscisic acid (ABA), ethephon, foliar nutrient supplementation, and viticultural practices like cluster trimming and girdling, have limitations related to cost, regulatory restrictions, and potential adverse effects on grapes quality. This study proposes the application of tsikoudia, a traditional Greek alcoholic beverage, as a novel, sustainable, and cost-effective alternative to conventional practices. Tsikoudia, applied during the veraison stage, significantly improved the coloration of ‘Crimson Seedless’ and ‘Red Globe’ grapes by enhancing anthocyanin accumulation and altering color parameters. Specifically, lightness (L*), chroma (C*), and hue angle (h), measured using the CIE-Lab color system, were reduced, while the Color Index for Red Grapes (CIRG) was increased. Additionally, total anthocyanin content, determined through spectrophotometric analysis, also showed an increase. These changes indicate a more intense red coloration. This research highlights the effectiveness of tsikoudia in improving grape coloration and contributes to the development of more sustainable viticultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Variability of Berry Parameters Could Be an Indicator of the Potential Quality of the Vineyard

by Zlavek Travanic-Fuentes, Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa and Yerko Moreno-Simunovic

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2617; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182617 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 856

Abstract

Background: Berry quality potential from a single vineyard is mainly defined based on some physicochemical parameters and subjective assessments. In this way, berry maturity variability would be a key factor affecting berry quality. Methods: This trial aimed to study the effects of the maturity variability of berries harvested from plots of low (~37,080 kg ha⁻¹), middle (~12,545 kg ha⁻¹), and high (~1476 kg ha⁻¹) quality potential on berry and wine physicochemical parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon in two consecutive seasons. The quality potential of the plots was defined by the winemakers considering mostly yield per hectare and the final price of their wines. Results: The berry heterogeneous maturity of soluble solids and berry weight in Cabernet Sauvignon was confirmed. The coefficient of variability (CV) of berry weight of high-quality plots was high at véraison and decreased as ripening progressed, reaching CV of 19.9% at harvest. Low-quality plots showed the lowest CV of berry weight in all the studied dates, whereas high-quality plots presented the lowest CV in soluble solids content of berries, reaching a 5.1% of variability at harvest. The physicochemical parameters showed that high-quality plots were characterized by high levels of soluble solids and phenolic maturity parameters, whereas samples from low-quality plots reached high berry weight and malic acid content. Berry differences among the physicochemical parameters determined wine quality, which allowed for plots to be classified by their potential quality at harvest. Conclusions: Studying maturity variability of soluble solids and berry weight will allow for sampling to be sectorized within a vineyard to reduce the extremes of maturity that would affect wine quality and productive goals of winemakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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21 pages, 11139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Transcriptional Landscape of Berry Skin in Red and White PIWI (“Pilzwiderstandsfähig”) Grapevines Possessing QTLs for Partial Resistance to Downy and Powdery Mildews

by Francesco Scariolo, Giovanni Gabelli, Gabriele Magon, Fabio Palumbo, Carlotta Pirrello, Silvia Farinati, Andrea Curioni, Aurélien Devillars, Margherita Lucchin, Gianni Barcaccia and Alessandro Vannozzi

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2574; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182574 - 13 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

PIWI, from the German word Pilzwiderstandsfähig, meaning “fungus-resistant”, refers to grapevine cultivars bred for resistance to fungal pathogens such as Erysiphe necator (the causal agent of powdery mildew) and Plasmopara viticola (the causal agent of downy mildew), two major diseases in viticulture. These varieties are typically developed through traditional breeding, often crossbreeding European Vitis vinifera with American or Asian species that carry natural disease resistance. This study investigates the transcriptional profiles of exocarp tissues in mature berries from four PIWI grapevine varieties compared to their elite parental counterparts using RNA-seq analysis. We performed RNA-seq on four PIWI varieties (two red and two white) and their noble parents to identify differential gene expression patterns. Comprehensive analyses, including Differential Gene Expression (DEGs), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), and tau analysis, revealed distinct gene clusters and individual genes characterizing the transcriptional landscape of PIWI varieties. Differentially expressed genes indicated significant changes in pathways related to organic acid metabolism and membrane transport, potentially contributing to enhanced resilience. WGCNA and k-means clustering highlighted co-expression modules linked to PIWI genotypes and their unique tolerance profiles. Tau analysis identified genes uniquely expressed in specific genotypes, with several already known for their defense roles. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine resistance and suggest promising avenues for breeding strategies to enhance disease resistance and overall grape quality in viticulture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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10 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rootstock Effects on Fruit Yield and Quality of ‘BRS Tainá’ Seedless Table Grape in Semi-Arid Tropical Conditions

by Carlos Roberto Silva de Oliveira, Antônio Francisco de Mendonca Junior and Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão

Plants 2024, 13(16), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162314 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 989

Abstract

In viticulture, choosing the most suitable rootstock for a specific scion cultivar is an efficient and cost-effective way to increase yield and enhance the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of the ‘BRS Tainá’ grapevine on different rootstocks under the conditions of the Sub-Middle São Francisco Valley. The main experimental factor consisted of eight rootstocks (IAC 313, IAC 572, IAC 766, 101-14 MgT, Paulsen 1103, Ramsey, SO4, and Teleki 5C), arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates. The experiment was conducted over four production cycles, from 2021 to 2023, in a commercial crop area in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. There were significant effects of rootstocks for the yield and number of bunches per plant, as well as berry length and firmness. ‘BRS Tainá’ achieved the highest yield (22.2 kg per plant) when grafted onto the Paulsen 1103 rootstock, which was superior to the yield on 101-14 MgT, IAC 313, and IAC 572 rootstocks. The highest number of bunches (88) was obtained with ‘BRS Tainá’ grafted on Paulsen 1103, while the lowest number (63) was obtained on IAC 572; both these rootstocks were not significantly different from the other rootstocks. For all scion–rootstock combinations, the mean values for soluble solid (SS) content, titratable acidity (TA), and the SS/TA ratio were similar to those previously described for ‘BRS Tainá’, meeting the commercialization standard. The results for the yield and number of bunches per plant indicate the suitability of grafting ‘BRS Tainá’ on Paulsen 1103 under the semi-arid tropical conditions of the São Francisco Valley. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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36 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Adaptation to Climate Change in Viticulture: The Role of Varietal Selection—A Review

by Miguel Baltazar, Isaura Castro and Berta Gonçalves

Plants 2025, 14(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010104 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

Viticulture faces unprecedented challenges due to the rapidly changing climate, particularly in regions like the Mediterranean Basin. Consequently, climate change adaptation strategies are crucial in viticulture, with short-term strategies being widely used despite increasing concerns about their sustainability, and long-term strategies considered promising, though costly. A promising but understudied strategy is varietal selection, as grapevines exhibit vast intervarietal diversity with untapped potential for climate-resilient varieties. By integrating research across plant physiology, biochemistry, histology, and genetics, we can better understand the traits behind the grapevine’s capability for adaptation. Several traits, including morphological, physiological, and molecular aspects, have been shown to be crucial in adapting to environmental stresses such as drought and heat. By studying the abundant grapevine intervarietal diversity, the potential for viticulture adaptation to climate change through varietal selection is immense. This review article focuses on the potential of varietal selection in the adaptation of viticulture to climate change. For this, we will delve into the research regarding how climate affects grapevine growth and grape quality and how the grapevine responds to stress conditions, followed by a summary of different climate change adaptation strategies of viticulture. Finally, we will focus on varietal selection, discussing and summarizing different studies surrounding grapevine variety behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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