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Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition

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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2026) | Viewed by 10136

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yifeng Wang

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State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
Interests: seed developmental biology; seed dormancy; germination; phytohormone; molecular mechanism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jie Huang

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State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
Interests: rice (Oryza sativa L.); developmental biology; plant genetics; molecular biology
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Prof. Dr. Jian Zhang

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State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
Interests: plant genetics; molecular biology; biochemistry; transcriptome; proteome approaches; synthetic biology; seed development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Jiezheng Ying

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State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
Interests: rice (Oryza sativa L.); quantitative trait locus; seed development; grain weight
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Crop breeders currently focus on improving the yield, resistance and quality of crops through biological breeding. The study of the functional genomics of crops is a crucial approach in biological breeding. Understanding the functional genomics of crops would provide insight into the genetic mechanisms that govern crucial traits such as yield, resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to environmental stresses, and quality. This knowledge is instrumental in developing improved crop varieties with enhanced productivity and resilience, contributing to global efforts that aim to ensure an adequate and stable food supply. The aim of this Special Issue of Plants, entitled “Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding”, is to provide an overview of recent research and discoveries regarding the functional genomics of crops, including the mapping and cloning of novel genes related to the yield, resistance, germination and quality of crops. This research can encompass the functional analysis of these genes and investigate their applications in biological breeding. We welcome original research articles, reviews and methodologies whose scope includes, but is not limited to, the following topics:

Cloning and functional studies of new crop genes;
Bioinformatics analysis of functional genes in crops;
The application of rice functional genomics in crop breeding.

Dr. Yifeng Wang
Dr. Jie Huang
Dr. Jian Zhang
Prof. Dr. Jiezheng Ying
Guest Editors

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Keywords

crops
functional genomics
biological breeding
yield
resistance
seed germination
quality
genetic improvement

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

7 pages, 173 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition

by Guangan Hu, Jie Huang, Jiezheng Ying, Jian Zhang and Yifeng Wang

Plants 2026, 15(8), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15081195 - 13 Apr 2026

Viewed by 309

Abstract

Functional genomics serves as a critical link between genotype and phenotype, with its core mission being to elucidate gene functions and their regulatory networks at the genome-wide level [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

19 pages, 1834 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Genome-Wide Pseudogene Map Reveals the Asymmetric Evolution of the A, B, and D Subgenomes in Common Wheat

by Haifeng Zhu, Hao Tang, Yang Li, Ning Yang, Qin Wang, Fan Yang, Hongshen Wan, Wuyun Yang, Jun Li and Zehou Liu

Plants 2026, 15(5), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15050818 - 7 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 489

Abstract

Formerly considered nonfunctional “junk DNA,” pseudogenes have been re-evaluated in light of technological advances in bioinformatics and high-throughput sequencing. The limited research to date on pseudogenes in hexaploid common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is largely confined to individual gene families, thus hindering our understanding of the long-term evolutionary dynamics among the A, B, and D subgenomes. Using the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1 genome assembly, we performed genome-wide identification, classification, and analysis of pseudogenes in wheat, including their distribution, evolutionary history, and parental gene functions. Marked asymmetries in pseudogene abundance, distribution, evolutionary dynamics, and constraints were detected among the subgenomes. The B subgenome harbored significantly more pseudogenes and showed distinct evolutionary patterns compared with the A and D subgenomes. Pseudogenes were strongly associated with transposable elements and peaks in their formation were incongruent with ancient genomic upheavals of wheat ancestral lineages. The parent genes were predominantly enriched in non-core functions and showed tissue-specific expression. The findings provide direct evidence for long-term asymmetric, post-polyploidization evolution in wheat, enhance our understanding of polyploid genome evolution, and offer a methodological framework for research on other genetically complex polyploid crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Coumarin Biosynthesis Pathway and Key Regulatory Genes in the Pericarp of Zanthoxylum

by Shengqun Chen, Lianwen Shen, Yajun Zeng, Shijing Feng, Hong Luo and Gang Wang

Plants 2026, 15(5), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15050769 - 2 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 420

Abstract

Coumarins in the pericarp of Zanthoxylum contribute to the characteristic numbing–aromatic flavor and are associated with diverse bioactivities. To characterize coumarin divergence between two Zanthoxylum materials, mature pericarps of Dahongpao Z. bungeanum (red Sichuan pepper) and Z. planispinum var. dingtanensis (green Sichuan pepper) were analyzed by widely targeted UPLC–ESI–MS/MS metabolomics integrated with transcriptome sequencing. This approach enabled joint profiling of metabolites and transcripts to identify genes associated with material-specific coumarin accumulation. Across the two materials, 583 metabolites were detected, with flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids as the predominant classes. Among these, 24 coumarins were identified, and most showed significantly higher abundance in green Sichuan pepper than in red Sichuan pepper. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that differentially accumulated coumarins were mainly associated with the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, consistent with coordinated metabolic and transcriptional regulation. The integration of metabolite abundance with gene expression patterns identified 56 candidate genes strongly correlated with scopoletin and scopolin accumulation. To evaluate functional relevance, CCoAOMT, COMT, and F6H were cloned and transiently overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression assays showed that overexpression of each gene increased scopoletin and scopolin, supporting their involvement in coumarin biosynthesis. Collectively, these results clarify molecular determinants of coumarin variation between the two materials and highlight candidate genes for quality improvement and metabolic engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 4505 KB

Open AccessArticle

BnaMYB73, a Brassica napus L. R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Enhances Plant Salt and Osmotic Stress Tolerance

by Limin Wang, Yuzhe Zhang, Xiaoyan Zhou, Xin Xu, Hongxia Zhang, Nan Sun, Dong Li and Yanfeng Liu

Plants 2026, 15(5), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15050694 - 25 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 462

Abstract

MYB transcription factors (TFs) are crucial for plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress. However, their exact functions in abiotic stress responses in rapeseed remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identified and characterized BnaMYB73, a member of the R2R3-MYB subfamily, and investigated its role in abiotic stress tolerance. The transcription level of BnaMYB73 was significantly upregulated in response to salt and osmotic stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing BnaMYB73 displayed significantly enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stress, while showing no phenotypic differences in growth compared with wild-type (WT) plants under normal conditions. Physiological analyses revealed that the BnaMYB73-expressing plants accumulated higher proline levels, exhibited elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content under stress conditions. Moreover, the BnaMYB73-expressing plants significantly upregulated key stress-responsive genes, including AtRD29B, AtDREB2A, AtRAB18, AtP5CS1, AtSOS1 and AtCAT1. Collectively, these findings establish BnaMYB73 functions as a stress-responsive transcription factor that enhances abiotic stress tolerance and provide a promising target for breeding stress-resilient rapeseed cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4666 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomics Reveals Cold Tolerance Maize Lines Involved in the Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Pathways

by Shuna Zhou, Xinling Yu, Jian Tan, Haixiao Sun, Wei Yang, Liangyu Jiang, Zhenyuan Zang, Jiabin Ci and Xuejiao Ren

Plants 2026, 15(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15010161 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 697

Abstract

Low temperature during early spring severely impairs maize germination, leading to significant yield losses. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying cold tolerance at the germination stage, we compared two cold-tolerant maize inbred lines (AM and CM) with a cold-sensitive line (BM) under control (25 °C) and chilling (6 °C) conditions. Phenotypic observations showed that AM and CM maintained high germination rates and exhibited enhanced coleoptile elongation under cold stress, whereas BM displayed substantial growth inhibition. Cold-tolerant lines accumulated less malondialdehyde and showed markedly higher SOD and POD activities, indicating a stronger antioxidant defense. Transcriptome profiling revealed that cold tolerance is associated with a more robust transcriptional response in AM and CM, characterized by significant activation of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Among the differentially expressed genes, the class III peroxidase gene ZmPER5 was strongly upregulated in AM and CM but only weakly induced in BM, suggesting its central role in reinforcing the cell wall structure and enhancing ROS-scavenging capacity under chilling conditions. Other lignin- and flavonoid-related genes, including ZmHCT4 and ZmCYP75, also exhibited genotype-specific induction patterns consistent with cold tolerance. qRT-PCR validation confirmed the RNA-seq expression trends. These results demonstrate that maize cold tolerance during germination relies on the coordinated enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity, activation of phenylpropanoid-derived lignin biosynthesis, and accumulation of protective flavonoids. The identified candidate genes, especially ZmPER5, provide valuable targets for improving cold tolerance in maize breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 6244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Dof Gene Family in Soybean and Functional Identification of GmDof63 in Response to Phytophthora sojae Infection

by Sujie Fan, Haiyuan Chen, Yuhan Huo, Yang Song, Piwu Wang, Zhuo Zhang and Liangyu Jiang

Plants 2025, 14(23), 3621; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233621 - 27 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 716

Abstract

Phytophthora root and stem infection by Phytophthora sojae is a global and devastating disease of soybeans. Selecting disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure for controlling this disease. Delving into the disease resistance and defense molecular mechanisms can lay a theoretical foundation for solving this problem. Here, we screened the soybean genome and identified 78 GmDof genes distributed on nineteen chromosomes. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the majority of GmDof proteins were located in the cell nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis categorized these genes into nine subfamilies. Gene structure analysis showed that all GmDofs contained 0 to 2 introns, and most of them did not have introns. Motif and conserved domain analysis showed that all GmDofs contained a common motif (motif-1) and a typical conserved C₂-C₂ domain. The prediction of cis-acting elements in promoter regions revealed numerous cis-regulatory elements responsible for stress responses, plant growth and development, plant hormone responses, and light responses. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR results showed that GmDof63 (Glyma.16G145000) was specifically expressed at high levels after P. sojae infection. GmDof63 was strongly induced by SA and ETH treatments. The soybean seedlings overexpressing GmDof63 displayed enhanced resistance to P. sojae infection compared with the wild-type soybean seedlings. Further experiments indicated that the expression levels of pathogenesis-related protein genes PR1a, PR4, PR5a, and PR10 were significantly up-regulated in GmDof63-overexpressing transgenic soybean seedlings. Taken together, these findings reveal the mechanism by which GmDof63 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of PR genes to modulate the soybean response to P. sojae infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 9506 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Bitter Gourd Transcription Factor McNAC087 Confers Cold Resistance in Transgenic Arabidopsis

by Xuetong Yang, Kai Wang, Feng Guan, Bo Shi, Yuanyuan Xie, Chang Du, Tong Tang, Zheng Yang, Shijie Ma and Xinjian Wan

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3440; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223440 - 10 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 799

Abstract

Low-temperature stress severely restricts the growth, development, and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), a warm-loving crop with inherent low cold tolerance. NAC transcription factors (TFs) serve as crucial regulators in plant responses to abiotic stresses like cold, while their roles in coping with cold stress in bitter gourd remain unclear. This study identified cold-responsive genes in bitter gourd and characterized the candidate NAC TF McNAC087 through transcriptome analysis. Transcriptome sequencing of cold-tolerant (R) and cold-sensitive (S) bitter gourd inbred lines under 5 °C stress (0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h) revealed 1157 co-expressed differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enriched via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis in cold tolerance-related pathways (signal transduction, carbohydrate/amino acid metabolism). RT-qPCR showed higher McNAC087 expression in R than S under cold stress, and subcellular localization confirmed it as a nucleus-localized protein. McNAC087 overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced cold tolerance after sequential stress (−14 °C for 1.5 h, 4 °C for 16 h, and 22 °C recovery for 2 days), with less damage compared to wildtype (WT). Physiologically, overexpressing lines had higher proline, elevated superoxide dismutase/peroxidase/catalase (SOD/POD/CAT) activities, lower malondialdehyde/hydrogen peroxide/superoxide anion (MDA/H₂O₂/O₂⁻) accumulation under cold stress, and upregulated ICE-CBF-COR pathway marker genes (CBF1, DREB2A, RD29A, COR47). In conclusion, McNAC087 enhances Arabidopsis cold tolerance by regulating physiology and activating cold-responsive genes, providing insights for bitter gourd cold tolerance mechanisms and crop breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2906 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of Rice Spotted-Leaf Mutant HM113 Reveals an Amino Acid Substitution in a Cysteine-Rich Receptor-like Kinase

by Ringki Kuinamei Sanglou, Marie Gorette Kampire, Xia Xu, Jian-Li Wu, Junyi Gong and Xiaobo Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3429; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223429 - 9 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 869

Abstract

The spotted-leaf mutant, characterized by spontaneous lesion formation resembling pathogen-induced hypersensitive cell death, serves as an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms behind rice (Oryza sativa) disease resistance and programmed cell death, as these plants display hypersensitive responses that mimic those triggered by pathogen infection. In this study, we generated a knockout line using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in homologous mutant HM113-induced calli. LOC_Os07g30510 encodes a cysteine-rich receptor kinase with a DUF26 domain, consisting of 688 amino acids. HM113 was localized to the cytosol and expressed in most rice tissues at various growth stages. A single nucleotide substitution from A to T was observed at the 847th base of LOC_Os07g30510, causing an amino acid change from serine to cysteine. Our results demonstrated that the A847T mutation was responsible for the spotted-leaf phenotype in the HM113 mutant through gene editing technology, as new frameshift mutations were introduced upstream of the A847T site in the HM113 gene. The mutation phenotype of HM113 was eliminated and resistance to bacterial blight was also lost, indicating that it is a gain-of-function gene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2876 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Analyses, BSA-Seq, and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Candidate Genes Controlling Leaf Plastochron in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

by Mengfan Qin, Xiang Liu, Jia Song, Feixue Zhao, Yiji Shi, Yu Xu, Zhiting Guo, Tianye Zhang, Jiapeng Wu, Jinxiong Wang, Wu Li, Keqi Li, Shimeng Li, Zhen Huang and Aixia Xu

Plants 2025, 14(11), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111719 - 5 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1269

Abstract

The leaf plastochron serves as an indicator of the rate of leaf appearance, biomass accumulation, and branch number, while also impacting plant architecture and seed yield. However, research on the leaf plastochron of crops remains limited. In this study, 2116C exhibited a rapid leaf plastochron compared to ZH18 during both rosette and bud periods. There were significant positive correlations among the leaf plastochron and primary branch number of the F₂ populations (r ranging from 0.395 to 0.635, p < 0.01). Genetic analyses over two years demonstrated that two equally dominant genes might govern the leaf plastochron. Through bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), three novel genomic intervals were identified on chromosomes A02 (9.04–9.48 Mb and 13.52–13.66 Mb) and A04 (19.84–20.14 Mb) of ZS11 and Darmor-bzh reference genomes. By gene functional annotations, single-nucleotide variation (SNV) analyses, transcriptome data from parents, genetic progeny, and natural accessions, we identified ten candidate genes within the intervals, including FLOWERING LOCUS T, RGL1, MYB-like, CYP96A8, BLH3, NIT2, ASK6, and three CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-related genes. These findings lay the molecular foundation for further exploration into the leaf plastochron and the implications in plastochron-related breeding in rapeseed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1672 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Response Mechanisms in Rice Seedlings Exposed to Brown Planthopper Infestation and High-Temperature Stress

by Danyun Cao, Yuchen Ping, Yiru Lin, Jinyan Hu, Zimeng Wang, Wei Yuan, Tongtong Li, Linxin Liu, Bo Zhang, Shijiao Xiong, Cong Dang and Dawei Xue

Plants 2025, 14(11), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111644 - 28 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 985

Abstract

Recently, rice yield has been severely affected by both brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) infestation and high-temperature stress. Numerous previous studies have identified genes conferring resistance to BPH and high-temperature tolerance in rice, respectively. However, it remains unclear how rice synergistically responds to these two stress factors. In the present study, we found that pre-treatment with high temperature can enhance rice seeding resistance to BPH, while BPH feeding did not alter the high-temperature tolerance of rice. This result can be elucidated by the subsequent transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following high-temperature treatment were enriched in metabolic processes and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, thereby enhancing rice resistance to BPH. Further weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that genes in the magenta and black modules were predominantly associated with the protein folding and transmembrane transport biological processes. And several candidate genes, including Loc_Os01g02170 and Loc_Os01g59870, were identified that may play crucial roles in simultaneously regulating rice resistance to BPH and high-temperature stress. This research will provide new gene resources for cultivating rice with compound traits and provide ideas for the mechanism analysis of rice response to multiple stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2432 KB

Open AccessArticle

NAC Transcription Factor GmNAC035 Exerts a Positive Regulatory Role in Enhancing Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants

by Wanting Shi, Sixin Ye, Yiting Xin, Hongmiao Jin, Meiling Hu, Yueping Zheng, Yihua Zhan, Hongbo Liu, Yi Gan, Zhifu Zheng and Tian Pan

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091391 - 5 May 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1506

Abstract

Soybean, a globally significant and versatile crop, serves as a vital source of both oil and protein. However, environmental factors such as soil salinization pose substantial challenges to its cultivation, adversely affecting both yield and quality. Enhancing the salt tolerance of soybeans can mitigate yield losses and promote the development of the soybean industry. Members of the plant-specific transcription factor family NAC play crucial roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we screened the soybean GmNAC family genes potentially involved in the salt stress response and identified 18 GmNAC genes that may function during the early stages of salt stress. Among these, the GmNAC035 gene exhibited a rapid increase in expression within one hour of salt treatment, with its expression being induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), suggesting its significant role in the soybean salt stress response. We further elucidated the role of GmNAC035 in soybean salt tolerance. GmNAC035, a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator, enhances salt tolerance when overexpressed in Arabidopsis, reducing oxidative damage and boosting the expression of stress-responsive genes. It achieves this by regulating key stress response pathways, including the SOS pathway, calcium signaling, and ABA signaling. These findings highlight the potential of GmNAC035 as a genetic engineering target to improve crop salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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Review

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19 pages, 3124 KB

Open AccessReview

From Model Plants to Staple Crops: Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Saline–Alkali Tolerance

by Delong Fan, Jing Ruan, Qinan Xu, Jiezheng Ying, Yifeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong, Zhiyong Li, Yu Cheng, Dawei Xue, Jian Zhang and Jie Huang

Plants 2026, 15(4), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040532 - 8 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 871

Abstract

Soil salinization, as a key constraint to global agricultural sustainable development, has threatened over one billion hectares of farmland, posing severe challenges to staple crop production. Therefore, this review summarizes important advances in the molecular mechanisms of salt–alkali tolerance from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to staple crops (rice, maize, and wheat) and compares the commonalities and differences in physiological structure and molecular regulatory networks among these species. Studies have shown that plants respond to saline–alkali stress mainly through conserved mechanisms, including salt overly sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway-mediated ion homeostasis, accumulation of osmoprotectants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and coordination of multiple hormone signals. However, different species have evolved unique adaptive strategies: Arabidopsis has revealed core regulatory pathways, but its simple root system limits direct application in crops; rice employs root barriers and a stem node “ion filter” to precisely regulate Na⁺ transport; maize utilizes the C4 photosynthetic pathway along with efficient osmotic adjustment and tissue compartmentalization to enhance tolerance; and wheat achieves ion detoxification through TaHKT allele variation and vacuolar sequestration. Looking forward, future breeding for salt–alkali tolerance should adopt a “crop-centric” approach, focusing on the mining and molecular design of superior alleles, combined with gene editing and multi-trait integration, to provide a theoretical basis and strategic support for developing high-yield and stable crop varieties adapted to saline–alkali lands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding—2nd Edition)

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