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Nutrients
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Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
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Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2024) | Viewed by 8810

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sandra M. Colorado-Yohar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
Interests: dietary; lifestyle factors; cardiovascular diseases; cancer; chronic diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to emphasize the critical role of optimal diets in preventing coronary heart disease (CHD), which is a major global health concern. Cardiovascular diseases, including CHD, ischemic heart diseases, and hypertension, remain leading causes of mortality, especially in high-income countries. These conditions are closely linked to risk factors like hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, which can often be exacerbated by unhealthy lifestyles and poor diets.

CHD can manifest in various ways, including angina, heart attacks, heart failure, and arrhythmias, some of which can be life-threatening. Prevention and treatment typically involve lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise, smoking cessation), medications, and sometimes even medical procedures to address blocked arteries. Early detection and risk factor management are crucial for reducing CHD risk.

Our Special Issue aims to spotlight the significance of dietary interventions in CHD prevention. Researchers are invited to contribute their findings, whether related to dietary patterns, nutrients, or lifestyle modifications, in order to assist in advancing cardiovascular health. Join us in understanding how optimal diets can be a potent tool against coronary heart disease. Submit your manuscript to shape the future of global heart health and save lives.

Dr. Sandra M. Colorado-Yohar
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
  • diet quality
  • nutrition
  • preventiving coronary heart disease
  • cardiovascular risk factors
  • evolution cardiovascular diseases
  • risk scores

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 450 KiB  
Article
Planetary Health Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Cohort
by Karen Berenice Guzmán-Castellanos, Itziar Zazpe, Susana Santiago, Maira Bes-Rastrollo and Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010027 - 25 Dec 2024
Viewed by 908
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Noncommunicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), represent a significant global public health challenge, with unhealthy diets as a major risk factor. This study investigates the association between adherence to the Planetary Health Diet proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission and CVD risk. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Noncommunicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), represent a significant global public health challenge, with unhealthy diets as a major risk factor. This study investigates the association between adherence to the Planetary Health Diet proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission and CVD risk. Methods: Utilizing data from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort, which included 18,656 participants (mean age 38 years; 61% women), we assessed dietary intake using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the Planetary Health Diet Index to evaluate adherence (range 0–42). CVD was defined as new-onset stroke, myocardial infarction, or CVD death. Results: After a median follow-up time of 11.5 years, 220 cases of CVD were identified. Higher adherence to the Planetary Health Diet revealed no statistically significant reduction in CVD risk associated with the diet. Cox proportional hazard models indicated a trend towards lower CVD risk in the highest adherence quartile, but this did not reach significance (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.51–1.18, p-trend = 0.127). Sensitivity analyses corroborated these results. Discrepancies in previous studies highlight the complexity of dietary assessments and underscore the need for standardized scoring systems. Conclusions: In a large Spanish cohort, adherence to the Planetary Health Diet showed no significant reduction in CVD risk. Further research is needed to reach a consensus on the operational definition of the Planetary Health Diet and to clarify the relationship between diet and CVD risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease)
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19 pages, 8995 KiB  
Article
Association of Metabolic Diseases and Moderate Fat Intake with Myocardial Infarction Risk
by Junyu Zhou, Meiling Liu and Sunmin Park
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4273; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244273 - 11 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1319
Abstract
Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) can range from mild to severe cardiovascular events and typically develops through complex interactions between genetic and lifestyle factors. Objectives: We aimed to understand the genetic predisposition associated with MI through genetic correlation, colocalization analysis, and cells’ gene expression [...] Read more.
Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) can range from mild to severe cardiovascular events and typically develops through complex interactions between genetic and lifestyle factors. Objectives: We aimed to understand the genetic predisposition associated with MI through genetic correlation, colocalization analysis, and cells’ gene expression values to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies to reduce its burden. Methods: A polygenic risk score (PRS) was employed to estimate the genetic risk for MI and to analyze the dietary interactions with PRS that affect MI risk in adults over 45 years (n = 58,701). Genetic correlation (rg) between MI and metabolic syndrome-related traits was estimated with linkage disequilibrium score regression. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was performed to investigate cellular heterogeneity in MI-associated genes. Results: Ten significant genetic variants associated with MI risk were related to cardiac, immune, and brain functions. A high PRS was associated with a threefold increase in MI risk (OR: 3.074, 95% CI: 2.354–4.014, p < 0.001). This increased the risk of MI plus obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension by about twofold after adjusting for MI-related covariates (p < 0.001). The PRS interacted with moderate fat intake (>15 energy percent), alcohol consumption (<30 g/day), and non-smoking, reducing MI risk in participants with a high PRS. MI was negatively correlated with the consumption of olive oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil used for cooking (rg = −0.364). MI risk was associated with storkhead box 1 (STOX1) and vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 26A (VPS26A) in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Conclusions: This study identified novel genetic variants and gene expression patterns associated with MI risk, influenced by their interaction with fat and alcohol intake, and smoking status. Our findings provide insights for developing personalized prevention and treatment strategies targeting this complex clinical presentation of MI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease)
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10 pages, 823 KiB  
Article
Integrated Cardiorespiratory Rehabilitation and Its Impact on Cardio–Renal–Metabolic Profile After Cardiac Surgery
by Stefanie Marek-Iannucci, Alberto Palazzuoli, Matteo Babarto, Zlatan Lazarevic, Matteo Beltrami and Francesco Fedele
Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3699; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213699 - 30 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common causes of morbidity and mortality. However, the impact of changes in lifestyle and rehabilitation programs on the progression of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic (CRM) conditions, remains unclear. Methods: In a retrospective manner, [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common causes of morbidity and mortality. However, the impact of changes in lifestyle and rehabilitation programs on the progression of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic (CRM) conditions, remains unclear. Methods: In a retrospective manner, we analyzed charts of 200 patients admitted for cardiorespiratory rehabilitation at our facility in 2023. A 6 min walk test, echocardiographic features, and laboratory values were investigated to evaluate the impact of cardiorespiratory rehabilitation in patients post cardiac surgery. This study examined the impact of combined lifestyle and exercise scores (diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, aerobic physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, and social connection) on cardio–renal–metabolic profiles and on a quality-of-life score measured by the Borg Scale. Results: During the rehabilitation program, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly increased (51.2 vs. 54.3%, SEM 0.51 p = 0.001). The six-minute walk test (6 MWT) significantly improved in terms of meters (133 vs. 373 m, SEM 6.41, p < 0.001) and Borg scale (6.6 vs. 2.5, SEM 0.06, p < 0.001). Glycemia levels reduced significantly (114.5± vs. 107.4± mg/dL, SEM 2.45, p = 0.001). While total cholesterol levels (119.4 vs. 129.6 mg/dL, SEM 2.4, p < 0.001) as well as HDL levels (29.9 vs. 40 mg/dL, SEM 0.62, p < 0.001) significantly increased, triglyceride levels significantly decreased (128.5 vs. 122.1 mg/dL, SEM 3.8, p = 0.048). There was no change in LDL levels. Creatinine levels remained stable throughout the period of rehabilitation. Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory rehabilitation has a significant impact on myocardial function, quality of life in terms of exercise capacity and symptoms (6 MWT) as well as laboratory levels relevant for cardiovascular prevention such as glycemia and lipid profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease)
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14 pages, 2184 KiB  
Article
The Combination Effect of the Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Prognostic Nutrition Index on the Prognosis in Patients Undergoing PCI
by Likun Huo, Wenjuan Zhao, Xiang Ji, Kangyin Chen and Tong Liu
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183176 - 19 Sep 2024
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Abstract
Background: Inflammation and malnutrition are related to adverse clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between the PNI (prognostic nutritional index) and RDW (red blood cell distribution width) regarding the impact on [...] Read more.
Background: Inflammation and malnutrition are related to adverse clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between the PNI (prognostic nutritional index) and RDW (red blood cell distribution width) regarding the impact on the prognosis in patients with CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 5605 consecutive CAD patients undergoing PCI were selected retrospectively. The patients were stratified into four groups according to the PNI [high PNI (H-PNI) and low PNI (L-PNI)] and RDW [high RDW (H-RDW) and low RDW (L-RDW)]. The cutoff values of RDW and PNI were calculated using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. The primary endpoint was 1-year all-cause mortality (ACM). The secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiac cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), the composite of cardiac death (CD), the recurrence of MI, target lesion revascularization (TLR), and stroke. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between the PNI, RDW, and clinical endpoints. Results: During 1-year follow-up, 235 (4.19%) patients died. In multivariate regression analysis, the L-PNI/H-RDW group was found to have the highest risk of 1-year ACM [hazard ratio (HR) = 8.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.96–13.15, p = 0.020] with the H-PNI/L-RDW group as a reference, followed by the L-PNI/L-RDW (HR = 3.96, 95% CI: 2.60–6.00, p < 0.001) and H-RDW/H-PNI groups (HR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.99–4.50, p < 0.001). Nomograms were developed to predict the probability of 1-year ACM and MACCEs. Conclusions: CAD patients with L-PNI and H-RDW experienced the worst prognosis. The combination of PNI and RDW was a strong predictor of 1-year ACM. The coexistence of PNI and RDW appears to have a synergistic effect, providing further information for the risk stratification of CAD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease)
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11 pages, 937 KiB  
Review
The Cardioprotective Effects of Nutritional Ketosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
by Claudia Venturini, Lucia Mancinelli, Giulia Matacchione, Fabiola Olivieri and Roberto Antonicelli
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4204; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234204 - 5 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3404
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist as the primary cause of death worldwide, accounting for roughly 17.9 million fatalities each year. The prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (key risk factors for CVD) continues to escalate at an alarming rate, necessitating novel [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist as the primary cause of death worldwide, accounting for roughly 17.9 million fatalities each year. The prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (key risk factors for CVD) continues to escalate at an alarming rate, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies to address this global health crisis. Nutritional ketosis, induced through ketogenic diets, modified fasting, intermittent fasting, and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil consumption, has garnered attention for its potential cardioprotective effects. Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body, due to a significantly reduced intake of carbohydrates, shifts its primary energy source from glucose to ketone bodies, i.e., beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate, and acetone, which are produced in the liver from fatty acids. This review examines the mechanisms by which ketone bodies, particularly BHB, mitigate cardiovascular risk. We focus mainly on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of BHB and summarize recent evidence to highlight the clinical relevance of ketosis in cardiometabolic health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease)
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