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Multimedia

Multimedia is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the diverse impacts and applications of multimedia, published quarterly online by MDPI.

All Articles (9)

Effective signaling in instructional materials—through cues such as highlights, arrows, and annotations—can guide learner attention, reduce cognitive load, and enhance comprehension in multimedia-rich online courses. While the benefits of signaling are well documented, little is known about how combinations of signaling strategies influence both the average performance and the consistency of student outcomes. In this study, we propose a data-driven approach to evaluate and optimize signaling strategies in online teaching. Using lecture materials from three semesters of introductory and intermediate statistics courses, we extracted multiple features of textual and visual signaling, including highlighted words, annotated formulas, arrows, and notes. Principal Component Analysis identified four distinct signaling strategies employed by the instructor. We then applied a heteroscedastic beta regression model to link these strategies to topic-level exam performance, allowing simultaneous assessment of mean learning outcomes and their variability. Results show that strategies combining formula highlighting with arrows and detailed notes improve both the average proportion of successful learners and the stability of outcomes, while relying solely on formula highlighting increases variability. Our findings provide actionable guidance for instructors to design effective signaling strategies, and demonstrate a flexible framework for data-driven evaluation of teaching practices in online learning environments.

22 January 2026

Examples of different signaling strategies used in the lecture materials. The unannotated formula 
  
    
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 serves as the basis, and each panel illustrates the formula after applying a signaling strategy. Upper left: annotating formulas with arrows and explanatory notes. Upper right: highlighting formulas accompanied by an oral explanation of their components. Bottom left: clarifying content through written notes and highlighted keywords. Bottom right: consistently highlighting formulas and corresponding textual elements. Colors illustrate the highlighting.

An Airflow-Orchestrated AI Pipeline for Podcast Transcription, Topic Modeling, and Recommendation System

  • Ioannis Kazlaris,
  • Georgios Papadopoulos and
  • Anagnostis Yenitzes
  • + 3 authors

This study presents a production-ready AI pipeline for audio content processing, implemented within the Youth Radio platform, which serves as an extension of the European School Radio initiative. The system uses a multi-server architecture: an AI Server that runs batch/offline jobs, orchestrated by Apache Airflow, and two Web Servers that deliver all the Backend as well as the Frontend applications, configured with load balancing and redundancy to ensure high availability and fault tolerance. The implemented AI Pipeline includes tasks such as preprocessing, transcription, audio classification and topic modeling. Processed Podcasts are indexed in a Qdrant vector database to facilitate both dense and sparse retrieval while a recommendation system enriches the user’s experience. We summarize design choices and report system-level metrics and task-level indicators (ASR quality after correction, retrieval effectiveness) to guide similar deployments.

9 January 2026

A Review of Accessibility and Sustainability in Augmented Reality Tabletop Gaming Experiences

  • Jennifer Challenor,
  • Esther MacCallum-Stewart and
  • Benjamin Rimmer

Tabletop Gaming Experiences are a form of traditional gaming that traditionally requires either models, illustrations, or a vivid imagination to fully benefit from. Technology can be used to supplement this, such as mobile or tablet applications to help visualise aspects of gameplay content. Augmented Reality technology has the potential to further enhance Tabletop Gaming; however, there is little research into how it can be used in the areas of accessibility and sustainability, whether by reducing the carbon footprint of producing these games or by enabling wider participation. Our research aims to explore these topics and answer the following questions: How is Augmented Reality currently being used in Tabletop Gaming Experiences? How can it be used to assist with accessibility and make Tabletop Gaming Experiences more available to a wider range of audiences? Can Augmented Reality be used to lower the environmental impact of producing and distributing these games? This paper seeks to review the existing literature on this topic to identify how existing research has explored these issues, and how their findings may inform future Augmented Reality research on Tabletop Gaming experiences that are both inclusive and environmentally sustainable.

4 December 2025

Designing inclusive multimedia systems that meet diverse accessibility needs remains a complex challenge requiring iterative refinement and sustained collaboration with end-users. This paper presents an empirically grounded case study of an accessible Augmented Reality (AR) authoring tool project that integrates Design-Based Research (DBR) with Agile Scrum. By blending DBR’s iterative design experimentation with Scrum’s adaptive software development cycles, we designed and implemented a multimedia authoring tool for instructors with diverse accessibility needs. We document the best practices derived through iterative evaluation, such as early stakeholder involvement, the use of accessibility-focused user stories, and the alignment of research evaluation cycles with sprint reviews. The study also identifies key challenges, including balancing research and development goals, coordinating interdisciplinary roles, and maintaining an accessibility focus under compressed iteration cycles. We situate our contribution within prior DBR–Agile integrations, emphasizing its novelty in addressing inclusive system design rather than pedagogical interventions. The paper offers actionable insights and a validated methodological framework for human–computer interaction (HCI) researchers and practitioners seeking to design accessible multimedia systems by leveraging the complementary strengths of DBR and Agile Scrum.

17 November 2025

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Multimedia - ISSN 3042-6308