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Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals

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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Organic Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 August 2023) | Viewed by 2447

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Valerio D' Elia

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Guest Editor

School of Molecular Science & Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, Thailand
Interests: catalysis(homogeneous and heterogeneous); CO₂ conversion; cyclic carbonate synthesis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Catalysis is a crucial process in every aspect of chemistry, ranging from established industrial processes to drug discovery and synthesis, and to vital biochemical cycles. The design of new compounds and materials, either metal-based or metal-free (organocatalysis) is, naturally, at the heart of catalysis science. In this context, heterogeneous catalysts have an edge over their homogeneous counterparts for the sake of product purification and recyclability; however, molecular catalysis is crucial to the understanding of reaction mechanisms because it facilitates reaction monitoring via readily available techniques. However, many catalytic processes, often including those that are already industrially applied, still suffer from poor yields, selectivities, tedious separation procedures, etc., and necessitate new ideas and approaches. Therefore, this Special Issue of Molecules is dedicated to new cutting-edge strategies to push the boundaries of catalysis toward the preparation of fine chemicals by either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis. This can be achieved either through the design of new catalysts and materials, the reinvention of the catalytic methodology, or both. In all cases, particular attention should be directed to the investigation of the reaction mechanism, especially for new catalysts and reactions.

Dr. Valerio D' Elia
Guest Editor

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Keywords

design of new catalysts and materials
reinvention of the catalytic methodology
fine chemicals
homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Process for the Synthesis of 3-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal for More Sustainable Production of Cinacalcet HCl

by Vikas Damu Rathod, Stefano Paganelli, Marijan Kočevar, Marko Krivec and Oreste Piccolo

Molecules 2023, 28(16), 6042; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166042 - 13 Aug 2023

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Abstract

Cinacalcet (I), sold as hydrochloride salt, is a calcimimetic drug which has been approved for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal disease and for the treatment of hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Here, an improved method for the synthesis of 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal (II), a key intermediate for the preparation of I, is described. The protocol required a Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reaction between 1-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene and acroleine diethyl acetal, catalyzed by Pd(OAc)₂ in the presence of nBu₄NOAc (tetrabutylammonium acetate), followed by the hydrogenation reaction of the crude mixture of products in a cascade process. Palladium species, at the end of the reaction, were efficiently recovered as Pd/Al₂O₃. The procedure was developed under conventional heating conditions as well as under microwave-assisted conditions. The obtained mixture of 1-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (III), impure for ethyl 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) propanoate (IV), was finally treated, under mild conditions, with potassium diisobutyl-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride (PDBBA) to obtain after hydrolysis 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal (II), in an excellent overall yield and very high purity. Microwave conditions permitted a reduction in reaction times without affecting selectivity and yield. The final API was obtained through reductive amination of (II) with (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (V) using a catalyst prepared by us with a very low content of precious metal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals)

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Review

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25 pages, 10994 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Developments in Direct C–H Functionalization of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-Ones via Heterogeneous Catalysis Reactions

by Qiming Yang, Hu Wang, Xiang Wang and Yizhu Lei

Molecules 2023, 28(13), 5030; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135030 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1188

Abstract

In recent years, Web of Science has published nearly one hundred reports per year on quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, which have attracted great interest due to their wide applications in pharmaceutical and materials fields, especially in recyclable heterogeneous catalytic reactions for direct C–H functionalisation. This review summarises for the first time the methods and reaction mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, including six major types of heterogeneous catalysts involved. The heterogeneous reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones are summarised by classifying different types of catalytic materials (graphitic phase carbon nitride, MOF, COF, ion exchange resin, piezoelectric materials, and microsphere catalysis). In addition, this review discusses the future development of heterogeneous catalytic reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, including the construction of C-B/Si/P/R_F/X/Se bonds by heterogeneous catalytic reactions, the enrichment of heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxides, graphene-based composites, doped metal nanoparticles, and molecular sieve-based porous materials, asymmetric synthesis, and other areas. The aim of this review is to contribute to the development of green and sustainable heterogeneous reaction methods for quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with applications in materials chemistry and pharmacology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals)

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