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Minerals
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CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II
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CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 21977

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tuncel M. Yegulalp

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Henry Krumb School of Mines, Columbia University, 500 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA
Interests: mining engineering/operations research; statistics; carbon capture; zero emission power plants; methane hydrates
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I am pleased to invite researchers to share their findings in this international platform. The second volume will focus on the recent advances on CO2 sequestration by mineral carbonation. There are challenges with respect to the selection of suitable minerals and rock amenable to conversion of CO2 to mineral carbonates as well as the problems of extraction of these minerals and rocks and disposition of the products at economically viable means.

Prof. Tuncel M. Yegulalp
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Energy
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Global warming
  • Mineral sequestration of CO2

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1773 KiB  
Article
Carbon Mineralization with North American PGM Mine Tailings—Characterization and Reactivity Analysis
by Caleb M. Woodall, Xueya Lu, Gregory Dipple and Jennifer Wilcox
Minerals 2021, 11(8), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080844 - 5 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4023
Abstract
Global efforts to combat climate change call for methods to capture and store CO2. Meanwhile, the global transition away from fossil energy will result in increased production of tailings (i.e., wastes) from the mining of nickel and platinum group metals (PGMs). [...] Read more.
Global efforts to combat climate change call for methods to capture and store CO2. Meanwhile, the global transition away from fossil energy will result in increased production of tailings (i.e., wastes) from the mining of nickel and platinum group metals (PGMs). Through carbon mineralization, CO2 can be permanently stored in calcium- and magnesium-bearing mine tailings. The Stillwater mine in Nye, Montana produces copper, nickel, and PGMs, along with 1 Mt of tailings each year. Stillwater tailings samples have been characterized, revealing that they contain a variety of mineral phases, most notably Ca-bearing plagioclase feldspar. Increases in inorganic carbon in the tailings and ion concentration in the tailings storage facilities suggest carbonation has taken place at ambient conditions over time within the tailings storage facilities. Two experiments were performed to simulate carbon mineralization at ambient temperature and pressure with elevated CO2 concentration (10% with N2), revealing that less than 1% of the silicate-bound calcium within the tailings is labile, or easily released from silicate structures at low-cost ambient conditions. The Stillwater tailings could be useful for developing strategies of waste management as production of nickel and PGM minerals increases during the global transition away from fossil energy, but further work is needed to develop a process that can realize their full carbon storage potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II)
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19 pages, 2934 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of a Mineral Carbonation Technique Using Iron-Silicate Mining Waste by Direct Flue Gas CO2 Capture and Cation Complexation Using 2,2′-Bipyridine
by Javier F. Reynes, Guy Mercier, Jean-François Blais and Louis-César Pasquier
Minerals 2021, 11(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040343 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3172
Abstract
Mineral carbonation is gaining increasing attention for its ability to sequester CO2. The main challenge is doing it economically and energy-efficiently. Recently, many studies have focused on the aqueous reaction of carbon dioxide with the alkaline earth minerals such as serpentine, [...] Read more.
Mineral carbonation is gaining increasing attention for its ability to sequester CO2. The main challenge is doing it economically and energy-efficiently. Recently, many studies have focused on the aqueous reaction of carbon dioxide with the alkaline earth minerals such as serpentine, Mg-rich olivine and wollastonite. Nevertheless, Fe-rich olivines have been poorly studied because of their high energy demand, which make them unfeasible for industrial implementation. This article describes the feasibility of an indirect mineral carbonation process using silicic, Fe-rich mining waste with direct flue gas CO2 via iron complexation using 2,2′-bipyridine. The overall process was performed in three main steps: leaching, iron complexation, and aqueous mineral carbonation reactions. The preferential parameters resulted in a recirculation scenario, where 38% of Fe cations were leached, complexed, and reacted under mild conditions. CO2 uptake of 57.3% was achieved, obtaining a Fe-rich carbonate. These results are promising for the application of mineral carbonation to reduce CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas balance had a global vision of the overall reaction’s feasibility. The results showed a positive balance in CO2 removal, with an estimated 130 kg CO2/ton of residue. Although an exhaustive study should be done, the new and innovative mineral carbonation CO2 sequestration approach in this study is promising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II)
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14 pages, 2506 KiB  
Article
Separation of Products from Mineral Sequestration of CO2 with Primary and Secondary Raw Materials
by Dario Kremer and Hermann Wotruba
Minerals 2020, 10(12), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121098 - 7 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3436
Abstract
Rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in our atmosphere make it necessary to find pathways to reduce the amount of GHG, especially emissions of CO2. One approach is carbon capture and utilization by mineralization (CCUM). With this technology, it is possible [...] Read more.
Rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in our atmosphere make it necessary to find pathways to reduce the amount of GHG, especially emissions of CO2. One approach is carbon capture and utilization by mineralization (CCUM). With this technology, it is possible to bind CO2 chemically from exhaust gas streams in magnesium or calcium silicates. Stable products of this exothermic reaction are carbonates and amorphous silica. Being amongst the biggest emitters of CO2, the cement industry has to find ways to reduce emissions. Geological mapping in Europe has been carried out to find suitable feedstock material, mainly olivines but also slags, to perform lab‑scale carbonation tests. These tests, conducted in a 1.5 L autoclave with increased pressure and temperature, have been scaled up to a 10 L and a 1000 L autoclave. The outcomes of the carbonation are unreacted feed material, carbonate, and amorphous silica, which have to be separated to produce substitutes for the cement industry as pozzolanic material (amorphous silica) or a value‑added product for other applications like paper or plastics (magnesite/calcite with bound anthropogenic CO2). Therefore, a process for the separation of ultrafine carbonation product was developed, consisting mainly of classification and flotation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II)
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14 pages, 4092 KiB  
Article
Potential for CO2 Mineral Carbonation in the Paleogene Segamat Basalt of Malaysia
by Syifa Afiza Ayub, Haylay Tsegab, Omeid Rahmani and Amin Beiranvand Pour
Minerals 2020, 10(12), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121045 - 24 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4679
Abstract
Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) requires the host rock to have the capacity to permanently store CO2 with minimum post-storage monitoring. Mineral carbonation in geological formations is one of the most promising approaches to CO2 storage as the [...] Read more.
Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) requires the host rock to have the capacity to permanently store CO2 with minimum post-storage monitoring. Mineral carbonation in geological formations is one of the most promising approaches to CO2 storage as the captured CO2 is converted into stable carbonated minerals (e.g., calcite and magnesite). In this study, we investigated the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Segamat basalt in the Central Belt of Malaysia and evaluated its potential for mineral carbonation by using laboratory analyses of X–ray fluorescence (XRF), X–ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and petrographic study. The XRF results showed that Segamat basalt samples contain a number of elements such as Fe (21.81–23.80 wt.%), Ca (15.40–20.83 wt.%), and Mg (3.43–5.36 wt.%) that can react with CO2 to form stable carbonated minerals. The XRD and petrographic results indicated that Segamat basalt contains the reactive mineral groups of pyroxene and olivine, which are suitable for the mineral carbonation process. The results of this study could help to identify the spatial distribution of elements and minerals in the Segamat basalt and to assess its mineral carbonation potential for geological storage in Malaysia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II)
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Review

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16 pages, 2253 KiB  
Review
Emerging CO2-Mineralization Technologies for Co-Utilization of Industrial Solid Waste and Carbon Resources in China
by Junlin Meng, Wenjie Liao and Guoquan Zhang
Minerals 2021, 11(3), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030274 - 7 Mar 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5891
Abstract
CO2 mineralization (aka mineral carbonation) is a promising method for the chemical sequestration of CO2 via reaction with oxides of alkaline or alkaline-earth metals to form carbonates. It has documented advantages over similar technological solutions to climate change. The huge amount [...] Read more.
CO2 mineralization (aka mineral carbonation) is a promising method for the chemical sequestration of CO2 via reaction with oxides of alkaline or alkaline-earth metals to form carbonates. It has documented advantages over similar technological solutions to climate change. The huge amount of industrial solid waste, as a serious environmental issue confronted by China, can provide additional alkalinity sources for CO2 mineralization. In this study, we present an overview of the latest advances in the emerging technologies of CO2-mineralization via industrial solid waste in China, from the perspective of both theoretical and practical considerations. We summarize the types of industrial solid waste that are used (mainly coal fly ash, steel slag, phosphogypsum, and blast furnace slag) and the technological options available in the literature, with an emphasis on the discussion of the involved process-intensification methods and valuable chemicals produced. Furthermore, we illustrate the current status of pertinent policies, and research and development activities in China. Finally, we identify the current knowledge gaps, particularly in understanding the overall sustainability performance of these CO2-mineralization technologies, and indicate that the technical, economic, and environmental challenges of promoting and commercializing these technologies for the co-utilization of industrial solid waste and carbon resources call for, amongst other things, more joint efforts by chemists, chemical engineers, and environmental scientists, and more feedback from the energy and industrial sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation, Volume II)
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