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Minerals
Special Issues
Understanding Hydrogeochemical Responses to Earthquake
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Understanding Hydrogeochemical Responses to Earthquake

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 17508

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Andrea Pozzi

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
Interests: analytical chemistry; environmental chemistry; metals trace analysis; microprobe X analysis; environmental hydrogeochemistry; field analysis
Dr. Gilberto Binda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
Interests: environmental geochemistry; hydrogeology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Earthquakes are catastrophic events that can affect the hydrosphere, as well as the whole environment. In recent years, different case studies have reported changes in water flow, permeability, and hydrochemical parameters connected with seismicity, but the mechanisms causing these changes remain unclear and different questions are still unsolved. The role of aquifer features, the timing of responses, and the reliability of pre-earthquake anomalies as potential precursors are just some of the major ongoing debates in the geoscience community. Therefore, there is a need for focused research in the understanding of earthquake-related hydrogeochemical responses in different settings, as well as the collection of long-term datasets to understand the main mechanisms causing responses.

This Special Issue aims to collect case studies related to hydrogeochemical responses to earthquakes, studies reporting regional or large-scale monitoring systems, and reports on data treatment and harmonization to assess the relationships between water systems and seismicity. Critical and perspective reviews that explore issues related to hydrogeochemical responses to earthquakes are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Andrea Pozzi
Dr. Gilberto Binda
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Earthquake
  • Geochemical anomalies
  • Earthquake precursors
  • Groundwater
  • Dissolved gases
  • Permeability
  • Geofluids
  • Hydrogeology
  • Hydrochemistry
  • Isotopes

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 6253 KiB  
Article
Preseismic Groundwater Ion Content Variations: Observational Data in Flowing Wells of the Kamchatka Peninsula and Conceptual Model
by Galina Kopylova and Svetlana Boldina
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070731 - 6 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
Repeated manifestations of hydrogeochemical anomalies in groundwater ion content variations before local strong earthquakes were recorded in three flowing wells of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky test site. A model of changes in chemical composition of groundwater is considered using observational data and modeling of two [...] Read more.
Repeated manifestations of hydrogeochemical anomalies in groundwater ion content variations before local strong earthquakes were recorded in three flowing wells of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky test site. A model of changes in chemical composition of groundwater is considered using observational data and modeling of two waters mixing with contrasting composition in a zone of increased permeability in aquifer. Hydrodynamic parameters of the model—relaxation time of water pressure impulses and the time of mixed water movement in aquifer and wellbore—can vary from days to hundreds of days in individual wells. These parameters determine the duration and morphological features of anomaly in mixed water from a well. Using observational data from self-flowing well M-1, an assessment was made of chemical composition and mineralization of two mixing waters and their ratio in mixed water under background conditions and during the preparation of earthquake on 2 March 1992, Mw = 6.9. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Hydrogeochemical Responses to Earthquake)
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16 pages, 5493 KiB  
Article
Tectonic-Related Geochemical and Hydrological Anomalies in Italy during the Last Fifty Years
by Giovanni Martinelli, Riccardo Ciolini, Gianluca Facca, Francesco Fazio, Fabrizio Gherardi, Jens Heinicke and Lisa Pierotti
Minerals 2021, 11(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020107 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3746
Abstract
Seismic hazard reduction policies usually utilize earthquake catalogues and probability evaluations of occurrence. Further geophysical and geochemical parameters could contribute to hazard reduction policies as is currently the case in some countries, such as Iceland, Taiwan, China and Russian Federation. In the past [...] Read more.
Seismic hazard reduction policies usually utilize earthquake catalogues and probability evaluations of occurrence. Further geophysical and geochemical parameters could contribute to hazard reduction policies as is currently the case in some countries, such as Iceland, Taiwan, China and Russian Federation. In the past four decades, intense research activity carried out by many different institutions in Italy has allowed us to recognize the most relevant sensitive sites for detecting acceleration in crustal deformation processes by means of geofluids monitoring. All scientific papers published in the period 1976–2020 concerning tectonic-related signals in geofluids have been considered. An in-depth review of previous and present-day research activities, as well as an update of two unpublished time series recorded in Central and southern Italy, has contributed to identifying areas where an instrumental array is still lacking and the most relevant priority areas for monitoring activities in geofluids. An atlas of all experimental sites utilized in recent decades has been obtained with the purpose of contributing to identifying the most suitable monitoring areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Hydrogeochemical Responses to Earthquake)
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17 pages, 8788 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Japanese 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake on Nitrate Content in Groundwater Supply
by Kei Nakagawa, Jun Shimada, Zhi-Qiang Yu, Kiyoshi Ide and Ronny Berndtsson
Minerals 2021, 11(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11010043 - 31 Dec 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4034
Abstract
The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake had a significant impact on groundwater levels and quality. In some areas, the groundwater level increased significantly due to the release of groundwater from upstream mountainous regions. Conversely, the groundwater level in other areas greatly decreased due to the [...] Read more.
The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake had a significant impact on groundwater levels and quality. In some areas, the groundwater level increased significantly due to the release of groundwater from upstream mountainous regions. Conversely, the groundwater level in other areas greatly decreased due to the creation of new fracture networks by the earthquake. There were also significant changes in certain groundwater quality variables. In this study, we used clustering based SOM (self-organizing maps) analysis to improve the understanding of earthquake effects on groundwater quality. We were especially interested in effects on groundwater used for drinking purposes and in nitrate concentration. For this purpose, we studied groundwater nitrate (NO3− + NO2−–N) concentrations for the period 2012–2017. Nitrate concentration changes were classified into seven typical SOM clusters. The clusters were distributed in three representative geographical regions: a high concentration region (>4 mg/L), a low concentration region (<1.6 mg/L) with minimal anthropogenic loading area, and an intermediate concentration region (2–4 mg/L). Depending on these regions, the nitrate concentration changes just before and after the earthquake had both increasing and decreasing trends between 2015–2017. This points to complex physiographical relationships for release of stored upstream groundwater, promotion of infiltration of shallow soil water/groundwater, and nitrate concentration as affected by earthquakes. We present an analysis of these complex relationships and a discussion of causes of nitrate concentration changes due to earthquakes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Hydrogeochemical Responses to Earthquake)
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Review

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28 pages, 4455 KiB  
Review
Towards the Understanding of Hydrogeochemical Seismic Responses in Karst Aquifers: A Retrospective Meta-Analysis Focused on the Apennines (Italy)
by Gilberto Binda, Andrea Pozzi, Alessandro M. Michetti, Paula J. Noble and Michael R. Rosen
Minerals 2020, 10(12), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121058 - 26 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6298
Abstract
Earthquakes are known to affect groundwater properties, yet the mechanisms causing chemical and physical aquifer changes are still unclear. The Apennines mountain belt in Italy presents a rich literature of case studies documenting hydrogeochemical response to seismicity, due to the high frequency of [...] Read more.
Earthquakes are known to affect groundwater properties, yet the mechanisms causing chemical and physical aquifer changes are still unclear. The Apennines mountain belt in Italy presents a rich literature of case studies documenting hydrogeochemical response to seismicity, due to the high frequency of seismic events and the presence of different regional aquifers in the area. In this study, we synthesize published data from the last 30 years in the Apennine region in order to shed light on the main mechanisms causing earthquake induced water changes. The results suggest the geologic and hydrologic setting specific to a given spring play an important role in spring response, as well as the timing of the observed response. In contrast to setting, the main focal mechanisms of earthquake and the distance between epicenter and the analyzed springs seems to present a minor role in defining the response. The analysis of different response variables, moreover, indicates that an important driver of change is the degassing of CO2, especially in thermal springs, whereas a rapid increase in solute concentration due to permeability enhancement is observable in different cold and shallow springs. These findings also leave open the debate regarding whether earthquake precursors can be recognized beyond site-specific responses. Such responses can be understood more comprehensively through the establishment of a regional long-term monitoring system and continuous harmonization of data and sampling strategies, achievable in the Apennine region through the set-up of a monitoring network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Hydrogeochemical Responses to Earthquake)
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